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Polygonatum verticillatum has traditionally been used for various purposes. The present study was aimed to validate the antispasmodic and antidiarrheal properties of crude methanolic extract of rhizomes of P. verticillatum (PR). Isolated rabbit jejunum preparations were suspended in tissue baths to measure the isotonic responses using Power Lab dat...
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... of TLC studies. A variety of compounds were detected (Figure 4) on the basis of their Rf values (Table 2). In P1, 6 compounds were detected, and 16 compounds were detected in solvent system of intermediate polarity (P2), while 7 compounds were noticed in high polar solvent system (P3). ...
Citations
... In a study comparing the treatment and control groups, it was shown that the substance isolated from Dracocephalum kotschyi (Lamiaceae) significantly reduced the beginning of diarrhea in the treatment group by 32%. [67,68], anti-muscarinic mechanism, inhibition of butyrylcholinesterase [69], inhibition of phosphodiesterase enzyme [70], activation of adenosine triphosphate-sensitive K+ channels [71,72], enhanced activity of Na+-K+ ATPase in the small intestine, and attenuation of nitric oxide concentration. When it comes to the pathophysiology of gastrointestinal illnesses like diarrhea, changes in smooth muscle contractility are an important factor. ...
Millions of people throughout the globe rely on traditional medicines as part of their alternative health care systems. In contrast to contemporary pharmaceuticals, which are single molecules that have undergone extensive testing, structural optimization, and toxicological clearance, traditional herbal remedies are multi-constituent treatments whose safety and effectiveness is dependent on the experiences of practitioners. More than 80% of today’s pharmaceuticals come from natural sources (plants, bacteria, cells, etc.), either as the original molecules or as synthetic versions of the original chemicals. Diarrhea and similar gastrointestinal diseases are treated using a wide variety of medicinal herbs used in traditional medicine. The effectiveness of several of these plants in treating diarrhea in animal models has been shown by science. Unfortunately, only a small fraction of these have been subjected to rigorous clinical trial testing. Several traditional anti-diarrheal medicinal herbs are discussed, and their effectiveness in in-vivo models is highlighted. While a small number of active phytomolecules have been isolated from these plants, their potential therapeutic use and safety have not been thoroughly investigated. The prospective herbal extracts that might be researched for the discovery of new active molecules against diarrhea and other gastrointestinal illnesses are also described in this study. The development of innovative, effective, and safe phyto-medicines for fighting diarrhea and related illnesses will need rigorous clinical studies of lead plants/phyto-molecules.
... The genus comprises 71 species, of which 37 species are reported for medicinal value (Zhao et al. 2018). Most Polygonatum species comprises global curative properties and hence, consists of positions in Indian Ayurveda, traditional Chinese medicines, different pharmacopoeias, etc. Polygonatum herbs are rich source of diosgenin, polysaccharides, steroidal saponins, homoisoflavanones, etc. (Liu et al. 2011;Khan et al. 2016;Wang et al. 2019) and hence, act as a cardio-tonic (Hirai et al. 1997) and possess antiinflammatory (Khan et al. 2013), antispasmodic (Khan et al. 2016), antimutagenic (Suyal et al. 2019a) activities. Most of the important Polygonatum species lacks phytochemical, pharmacological and genetic diversity research. ...
... The genus comprises 71 species, of which 37 species are reported for medicinal value (Zhao et al. 2018). Most Polygonatum species comprises global curative properties and hence, consists of positions in Indian Ayurveda, traditional Chinese medicines, different pharmacopoeias, etc. Polygonatum herbs are rich source of diosgenin, polysaccharides, steroidal saponins, homoisoflavanones, etc. (Liu et al. 2011;Khan et al. 2016;Wang et al. 2019) and hence, act as a cardio-tonic (Hirai et al. 1997) and possess antiinflammatory (Khan et al. 2013), antispasmodic (Khan et al. 2016), antimutagenic (Suyal et al. 2019a) activities. Most of the important Polygonatum species lacks phytochemical, pharmacological and genetic diversity research. ...
Polygonatum cirrhifolium (Wall.) Royle is an important medicinal herb of the family Asparagaceae used to cure several ailments. The rhizome of the species forms an important ingredient of “Chyavanprash” which is identified for its rejuvenating properties. However, P. cirrhifolium is least explored scientifically and systematically till date. Therefore, in this study genetic diversity and phytochemical variations along with antimutagenic activity of P. cirrhifolium populations were evaluated. Antimutagenic activity varied remarkably (p < 0.05) among population and Gagar population with significantly (p < 0.05) higher DNA recovery (84.95%) percentage. Higher genetic diversity (He) was recorded among populations using RAPD (He, 0.30–0.36) and ISSR (0.25–0.38) markers. High intra and low inter population variations were recorded in the species using both kinds of markers. Phenolics (p < 0.05; r = 0.924); tannins (p < 0.05; r = 0.897) and DNA damage inhibition efficiency displayed a highly positive correlation with genetic diversity (estimated using ISSR markers). The population structure analysis of P. cirrhifolium revealed that the greatest value of the K was 3 for studied populations. Gene flow among studied populations was found sufficient to encounter genetic erosion in the species. Therefore, it is recommended that the populations with higher ingredient and genetic diversity can be utilized for conservation priority and management plan of this species.
... These pharmacological examinations show the utilization of this plant as an antioxidant and antifungal (Parveen et al., 2013), anti-inflammatory, lower blood pressure, antibacterial (Mala and Sofi, 2017), for the treatment of antihistamine, alopecia (Ambi et al., 2017), anticonvulsant, anti-HIV, anticholinergic, antidiabetic (Mahmood et al., 1997Rahmatullah et al., 2010), muscle relaxant, analgesic, antitumor, diuretic, CNS depression, and anthelmintic (Chatterjee et al., 2011;Udavant et al., 2012), It also has anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer activity (Suresh et al., 2011). Various distributed articles have detailed the antidiarrheal employment of C. reflexa by various networks, albeit test proof is missing (Mukherjee et al., 2006;Khan et al., 2016;Sharma and Kapoor, 2014). In dairy cattle, C. reflexa stem juice is normally administered three times per day to treat diarrhoea (Gosh, 2008). ...
Cuscuta reflexa is an extensive leafless, parasitic climber that has been used since ancient times for various purposes and as a therapeutic plant in different areas of Pakistan. The phytochemical, antibacterial, antioxidant, and fatty acid investigations were carried out on the leaves, stems, and fruit extracts of C. reflexa. Preliminary phytochemical screening has shown the presence of various phytochemicals such as carbohydrates, protein, amino acids, alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, glycosides, saponins, tannins, terpenoids, steroids, and phenolic compounds. The percentage variation of some components fluctuated like moisture (6.85-10.34%), ash (5.38-7.83%), acid insoluble ash (0.28-0.71%), water-soluble ash (0.78-0.96%), hexane extractives (1.23-1.91%), alcohol extractives (10.39-12.23%), water extractives (25.34-30.35%), loss on drying (1.16-1.47%) and crude fiber (15.04-18.26%) for leaves, stems, and fruits respectively. The level of free fatty acid was different as follows: leaves (2.37%), stems (2.16%), and fruits (2.94%); a high value of peroxide was observed in stems, followed by leaves and fruits. The iodine and saponification values in leaves, stems, and fruits were found in the range of 105-116 g I2/100 g, and 165-175 mg KOH/g. The antibacterial activity was carried out by the disc diffusion method against gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and gram-negative Escherichia coli bacteria. It was found that all extracts of the selected plant were most active against E. coli with a zone of inhibition of 4, 4, and 6 at MIC 250 as compared to S. aureus, which showed a zone of inhibition of 3, 4, and 5 at MIC 250 µg/ml. The antioxidant potential of the leaves, stems, and fruit extracts, examined on the basis of their scavenging activity of free radicals, was found to be good. The result of the gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) analysis reveals that linoleic acid (38.10-40.53%) is the most abundant fatty acid of C. reflexa and the smallest amount was found in tricosanoic acid (0.12-0.19%). In general, the isolated compounds were reported to possess anticarcinogenic, antitumor, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory properties. It was concluded that C. reflexa has a markedly therapeutic potential to heal wounds and may provide the pharmacological basis for AcademicPres Notulae Botanicae Horti Cluj-Napoca Agrobotanici Sidhu AR et al. (2022). Not Bot Horti Agrobo 50(3):12691 2 its folk uses.
... Glibenclamide is a potassium receptor antagonist, and when it binds to potassium receptors, it blocks potassium channels resulting in the depolarisation of intestinal smooth muscle cells with the opening of voltage-dependent calcium channels and entry of calcium [32]. On the other hand, its opening leads to the entry of K + ions followed by hyperpolarisation and thus the closing of voltage-dependent calcium channels, and thus, the consequence is muscle relaxation [32]. ...
... Glibenclamide is a potassium receptor antagonist, and when it binds to potassium receptors, it blocks potassium channels resulting in the depolarisation of intestinal smooth muscle cells with the opening of voltage-dependent calcium channels and entry of calcium [32]. On the other hand, its opening leads to the entry of K + ions followed by hyperpolarisation and thus the closing of voltage-dependent calcium channels, and thus, the consequence is muscle relaxation [32]. In this study, glibenclamide reduced the antidiarrheal activity of AEND, suggesting that glibenclamide lifted the inhibition caused by AEND and showing that AEND would act by activating the opening of potassium channels. ...
... This [33]. Yohimbine is an α2-adrenergic receptor antagonist; by binding to these receptors, it decreases the absorption of fluids and electrolytes [32]. Pretreatment with yohimbine did not alter the effect of the aqueous extract of Nauclea diderrichii. ...
Background:
Diarrheal diseases are a major cause of morbidity and mortality throughout the world and particularly in developing countries. Nauclea diderrichii is a plant used in traditional medicine in the treatment of anemia, fever, gastric ulcer, malaria, abdominal pain, skin infections, and diarrhea. The present work is aimed at evaluating the antisecretory and spasmolytic activities of aqueous and ethanolic stem bark extracts of Nauclea diderrichii in Wistar rats.
Methods:
The effect of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Nauclea diderrichii was tested at doses of 100, 200, and 300 mg/kg on castor oil-induced secretory diarrhea, misoprostol-induced fluid accumulation, and the effect of pretreatment with yohimbine and glibenclamide. They were also tested on normal motility and castor oil- and carbachol-induced hypermotility.
Results:
The results showed that the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Nauclea diderrichii significantly (p < 0.001) inhibited castor oil-induced secretory diarrhea at all the doses. Both extracts significantly (p < 0.001) inhibit fluid accumulation induced by misoprostol. The pretreatment with glibenclamide reduced the antidiarrheal activity of aqueous extract of Nauclea diderrichii. The pretreatment with yohimbine did not alter the effect of the aqueous extract of Nauclea diderrichii. On intestine transit as on castor oil- and carbachol-induced motility, the aqueous and ethanolic extracts at doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg reduced significantly (p < 0.05, p < 0.01, and p < 0.001) the travelled distance by charcoal and peristaltic index.
Conclusions:
The study demonstrated that the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Nauclea diderrichii possess antisecretory and antispasmolytic properties hence its use in traditional medicine against diarrhea.
... Polygonatum verticillatum possesses remarkable antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer [11], lipoxygenase and urease inhibition [12], antidiarrheal [13], bronchodilator [14], antimicrobial [15], insecticidal [16], and tracheorelaxant [17] activities, which could be due to the plant's secondary metabolites. The methanolic extract of the rhizomes of this plant comprises a significant number of life-essential components such as protein, fat, carbs, and ascorbic acid. ...
Background: Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder that has become a major health issue in modern era due to the long-term health consequences. α-amylase and α-glucosidase are the key enzymes involved in the digestion of starchy foods, and the inhibition of these enzymes is regarded as a postprandial hyperglycemia control strategy.
Objective: The primary goal of this work is to examine the antioxidant activity as well as α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of Polygonatum verticillatum rhizomes via in vitro test.
Method: The in vitro α-glucosidase inhibition activity was performed using p-nitrophenyl α-D¬-glucopyranoside (PNPG) substrate. 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay was performed to estimate the antioxidant activity.
Results: The in vitro -glucosidase inhibitory activity of Polygonatum verticillatum was investigated for the very first time. Of the three fractions and a crude extract, the ethyl acetate (EA) fraction disclosed potent inhibition activity against α-glucosidase enzyme with an IC50 value of 22.3 ± 0.1 μg/mL. Likewise, the IC50 values for dichloromethane (DCM) fraction and the crude extract against α-glucosidase were reported 34 ± 0.1 μg/mL, and 402.2 ± 0.2 μg/mL, respectively. Similarly, the EA fraction, crude extract, and DCM fraction disclosed promising antioxidant activity with IC50 55 ± 0.3 μg/mL, 171.5 ± 0.6 μg/mL, and 164.1 ± 3.4 μg/mL, respectively.
Conclusion: These findings concluded that among the crude extract and fractions of Polygonatum verticillatum of Nepalese origin, the EA fraction constituted a potent α-glucosidase inhibiting and antioxidant agent. Further research is required to expose the inhibiting compounds.
Keywords: Antioxidant, anti-diabetic, Diabetes mellitus, Polygonatum verticillatum, α-glucosidase inhibiton, IC50
... A number of published articles have reported the antidiarrheal uses of C. reflexa by different communities, although experimental evidence is lacking [25][26][27]. C. reflexa stem's juice is commonly fed to cattle three times a day, to treat diarrhea [28]. The validated anticholinergic [29], antihistamine, antifungal, and antibacterial [9] effects of this plant suggest further scientific studies on its antidiarrheal effect. ...
Cuscuta reflexa (dodder) of the family Convolvulaceae has many ethno-medicinal uses such as antidiarrheal and antiemetic. The antidiarrheal use of this plant is well established in different communities around the world without many scientific bases. One of the uses of this plant is the alleviation of diarrhea. The antibacterial, anthelmintic, anticholinergic, and antihistaminic effects of this parasitic vine are partly responsible for the folkloric antidiarrheal use of this plant. In the present study, the antidiarrheal activity of C. reflexa was evaluated in pigeons (Columba livia) using the juice (JCR), aqueous (CRAE), and methanol (CRME) extracts.
Methods: The antidiarrheal effect of C. reflexa was evaluated using different reported research models, with few modifications. In pigeons, diarrhea was induced by administration of castor oil (6 mL/kg, PO), ampicillin (250 mg/kg, IP), magnesium sulphate (2 gm/kg, PO), and cisplatin (6 mg/kg, IV). Loperamide (2 mg/kg, IM) was used as a positive control, whereas JCR (1 mL/kg (1%) and 1 mL/kg (2%), CRAE (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg) and CRME (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg) were administered intramuscularly at different doses into each pigeon in the characterized groups.
Results: In addition to cisplatin-induced diarrhea, all paradigms tested gave significant results (P < 0.01). The JCR, at different doses, exhibited a significant (p < 0.01) dose-dependent antidiarrheal effect on both the frequency and the onset of diarrhea. Similarly, CRAE and CRME, at doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg, showed significant (p < 0.001) inhibition against the onset and frequency of diarrhea. On the other hand, JCR, CRAE, and CRME exerted significant effects (p < 0.001) on the percentage inhibition (PI) of diarrhea and gastrointestinal charcoal transit in a dose-dependent manner. In this respect, the maximum PI (p < 0.01) of JCR, CRAE, and CRME in different experimental paradigms was 43.13, 49.14, and 55.99%, respectively.
Conclusions: Taken all together, results from this study show that the juice, aqueous, and methanol extract of C. reflexa exhibit significant anti-motility and anti-secretory potential. These findings may explain the medicinal use of C. reflexa as an antidiarrheal medicinal plant in folk medicine.
... In short, over the years, natural products have shown outstanding therapeutic potential [34][35][36][37][38][39]. In our study, compounds 1-5 isolated from D. cycadina possessed strong α-glucosidase inhibition when studied at different concentrations with an overall, concentration-dependent effect. ...
α-glucosidase is responsible for the hydrolysis of complex carbohydrates into simple absorbable glucose and causes postprandial hyperglycemia. α-glucosidase inhibition is thus the ideal target to prevent postprandial hyperglycemia. The present study was therefore designed to analyze the effects of various compounds isolated from Dryopteris cycadina against α-glucosidase including β-Sitosterol 1, β-Sitosterol3-O-β-d-glucopyranoside 2, 3, 5, 7-trihydroxy-2-(p-tolyl) chorman-4-one 3, Quercetin-3-0-β-d-glucopyranoside (3/→0-3///)- β-d- Quercetin -3-0- β –d-galactopyranoside 4 and 5, 7, 4/-Trihydroxyflavon-3-glucopyranoid 5. The in vitro spectrophotometric method was used for the analysis of test compounds against possible inhibition. Similarly, molecular docking studies were performed using the MOE software. These compounds showed concentration-dependent inhibition on α-glucosidase, and compounds 1 (IC50: 143 ± 0.47 µM), 3 (IC50:133 ± 6.90 µM) and 5 (IC50: 146 ± 1.93 µM) were more potent than the standard drug, acarbose (IC50: 290 ± 0.54 µM). Computational studies of these compounds strongly supported the in vitro studies and showed strong binding receptor sensitivity. In short, the secondary metabolites isolated from D. cycadina demonstrated potent α-glucosidase inhibition that were supported by molecular docking with a high docking score.
... It has also been studied for antimalarial and antioxidant, metal accumulating, insecticidal, antibacterial, antipyretic, tracheorelaxant and antiinflammatory, antispasmodic and antidiarrheal, antinociceptive, aphrodisiac [199,235,[238][239][240][241][242]. Lipoxygenase, urease inhibition, anti tyrosinase activity of the aerial parts of the P. verticillatum was also observed which were attributed to the presence of saponins, alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, tannins and terpenoids in considerable amount [243][244][245]. ...
Astavarga is nature's most extravagant group of flowering plants found in Himalayan region. As the name Astavarga
indicates, it contains eight medicinal plants belonging to Zingiberaceae, Orchidaceae and Liliaceae family viz, Kakoli,
Kshirakakoli, Meda, Mahameda, Jeevak, Risbhaka, Riddhi and Vridddhi. As per Ayurveda this group of medicinal plants is
classified as Rasayana (Rejuvenation) and is important constituents of preparations like Chyawanprasha rasayan,
Ashtavarga churna, Brimhanigutika and Vajikaraghrita, etc. Astavarga plants are mostly used to treat sexual disorders,
physical weakness, body pain, strengthen the immune system and as an overall tonic. The plants under this group have
been the subject of limited biochemical phytochemical and biological activities investigations. Taking into consideration
the therapeutic significance of Astavarga plants as described in the ancient Ayurvedic system of medicine, the detailed
phytochemical and pharmacological studies appear imperative to scientifically validate the ancient claims. Thus, the
present review article provides detailed information on the Ayurvedic uses, habit and habitats, botanical descriptions,
chemical constituents and biological activities reported for this important group of plants. The chemical structures of the
isolated compounds from these plants and their reported biological activities in the literature have also been included.
The information provided in the present review may stimulate the researchers to explore their phytochemical and
pharmacological properties which have not yet been attempted, comprehensively. It will generate the interest on
“reverse pharmacology” approach to validate the knowledge that has been known from ancient times.
... It has also been studied for antimalarial and antioxidant, metal accumulating, insecticidal, antibacterial, antipyretic, tracheorelaxant and antiinflammatory, antispasmodic and antidiarrheal, antinociceptive, aphrodisiac [199,235,[238][239][240][241][242]. Lipoxygenase, urease inhibition, anti tyrosinase activity of the aerial parts of the P. verticillatum was also observed which were attributed to the presence of saponins, alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, tannins and terpenoids in considerable amount [243][244][245]. ...
... After 30 minutes of incubation, a control concentration response curve (CCRC) of calcium chloride (CaCl 2 ) is established. Thereafter, various concentrations of the test drug are interacted with the CCRC [12,36]. ...
