Figure 2 - available via license: CC BY
Content may be subject to copyright.
TLC plate demonstrating the phytochemical profile of quaking aspen. TLC was executed using three revelation methods: (A) UV light at 254 nm; (B) p-anisaldehyde reagent; (C) iron chloride (FeCl3). The different extracts (1-10) represent quaking aspen extracts with different extraction solvents. From left to right: (1) water, (2) methanol, (3) ethanol, (4) acetone, (5) methylene chloride, (6) ethyl acetate, (7) chloroform, (8) hexane, (9) water-ethanol, (10) acid-base extract. (S) corresponds to a standard mix of glucose (g), ferrulic acid (f), vanillin (v), betulin (b) and piperine (p) with their respective localisation on TLC.
Source publication
The continual emergence of pathogen resistance is a recurring challenge and pushes for the development of antimicrobial compounds. Here, we investigated compounds from quaking aspen trees (Populus tremuloides) as potential antimicrobial agents. Several extractions using different solvents were realized, and corresponding antimicrobial activity was...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... compounds from the same family can be revealed in the presence of a specific revelation agent. Figure 2 shows the chemical profile of the extracts according to different revelation methods. Overall, polyconjugated compounds were revealed under UV light at 254 nm ( Figure 2A). ...
Context 2
... 2 shows the chemical profile of the extracts according to different revelation methods. Overall, polyconjugated compounds were revealed under UV light at 254 nm ( Figure 2A). The majority of organic compounds were revealed in different colors using the p-anisaldehyde reagent, a universal stain for nucleophile and oxygenated compounds ( Figure 2B); phenolic compounds were revealed in orange color using the FeCl 3 reagent ( Figure 2C); and the Dragendorff reagent exposed nitrogenous compounds including alkaloids (data not shown) [22]. ...
Context 3
... polyconjugated compounds were revealed under UV light at 254 nm ( Figure 2A). The majority of organic compounds were revealed in different colors using the p-anisaldehyde reagent, a universal stain for nucleophile and oxygenated compounds ( Figure 2B); phenolic compounds were revealed in orange color using the FeCl 3 reagent ( Figure 2C); and the Dragendorff reagent exposed nitrogenous compounds including alkaloids (data not shown) [22]. ...
Context 4
... polyconjugated compounds were revealed under UV light at 254 nm ( Figure 2A). The majority of organic compounds were revealed in different colors using the p-anisaldehyde reagent, a universal stain for nucleophile and oxygenated compounds ( Figure 2B); phenolic compounds were revealed in orange color using the FeCl 3 reagent ( Figure 2C); and the Dragendorff reagent exposed nitrogenous compounds including alkaloids (data not shown) [22]. ...
Context 5
... three TLC plates in Figure 2 show that the chemical profile was very similar for extracts (1) water, (2) methanol, (3) ethanol, (4) acetone and (6) ethyl acetate. For instance, similitudes between spots at R f values of ~0.04, 0.10, 0.19, 0.29, 0.38 and 0.52 were apparent. ...
Context 6
... water-ethanol (9) extract contained few compounds with a larger spot present at the bottom the silica sheet. Also, all extracts showed similar phenolic compounds profile except for the extracts with hexane (8) and water-ethanol (9) ( Figure 2C), which contained low amounts of phenolic compounds. For instance, the apparent spots in the other extracts had the same R f : ~0.12, 0.28 and 0.56. ...
Context 7
... hypothesis correlated with the chemical profile obtained following the TLC analysis. The three revelation methods (UV, FeCl 3 and p-anisaldehyde) allowed us to determine that a large number of compounds were highly polar by the presence of many spots with a low R f (Figure 2). The FeCl 3 revelation demonstrated that quaking aspen extracts contain many phenolic compounds ( Figure 2C). ...
Context 8
... three revelation methods (UV, FeCl 3 and p-anisaldehyde) allowed us to determine that a large number of compounds were highly polar by the presence of many spots with a low R f (Figure 2). The FeCl 3 revelation demonstrated that quaking aspen extracts contain many phenolic compounds ( Figure 2C). Finally, revelation with the p-anisaldehyde reagent suggests that extracts have compounds similar to sugars based on the presence of spots with the same color and migration as a glucose standard, i.e., green and with an R f value around 0 ( Figure 2B). ...
Context 9
... FeCl 3 revelation demonstrated that quaking aspen extracts contain many phenolic compounds ( Figure 2C). Finally, revelation with the p-anisaldehyde reagent suggests that extracts have compounds similar to sugars based on the presence of spots with the same color and migration as a glucose standard, i.e., green and with an R f value around 0 ( Figure 2B). Furthermore, according to Prado and Meireles (2010), green spots with low R f values could be associated with flavonoid compounds. ...
Context 10
... UPLC-QTOF-MS analyses enabled the potential identification of the compounds present in water and methanol extracts. These results (Tables 2 and 3) coupled with TLC revealed the FeCl 3 reagent (Figure 2C), which showed that the water and methanol extraction allowed the recovery of an important variety of phenolic compounds. Interestingly, several studies reviewed the importance of polyphenols and phenolic acids in extracts responsible for antimicrobial activity [13,48,92,93]. ...
Citations
... The current investigation can explain why the petroleum ether extract that was not exposed to laser light did not produce inhibitory values against the fungi. The bioactive substances found in the plant extracts, including glycosides, tannins, saponins, and phenols, prevent the growth of microbes [30]. The addition of a second polar fluid will increase the polarity of the solvents. ...
... The addition of a second polar fluid will increase the polarity of the solvents. The bioactive substances discovered in plant matrices are medium-sized compounds because of their aromatic delocalized -electrons [30]. This event demonstrates the requirement for polar solvents to be used to extract the matrices because they are very polar and are one of the most amazing fermenting microorganisms [31][32][33]. ...
NTIMICROBIAL substances have been found in plants because medicinal plants are a rich supply of medications, traditional medicines, and ingredients for drug manufacture. This study aimed to examine how laser irradiation affected the crude petroleum ether extract made from populus spp. leaves. In this study, crude petroleum extract exposed to laser light was tested in vitro for its ability to inhibit the growth of several fungal species, including Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Penicillium brevicompactum, and Penicillium expansum, which were isolated from isolate bank of the Veterinary-Microbiology Laboratory-Hospital in Wasit. Before and after being exposed to laser light, Populus spp. extracts had no antifungal effects on culture using well diffusion techniques. No statistically significant differences were found when comparing the biomass concentration of fungus exposed to light for 30 and 60 minutes with the control group. The GC-MS analysis revealed the existence of additional substances in the crude petroleum ether extracts, whether they had been subjected to laser light or not. Different substances, including Dimethyl methylphosphonate, Propanoic acid, 2-chloro-, 1-methy lbutyl ester 3-Chloropropionic acid, 3-chloropr op-2-enyl ester tetra-n-Propoxymethane, cis-9-Hexadecenoic acid cis-Vaccenic acid, Propyl tetradecyl carbonate-Carbonic acid, butyl decyl ester, Carbonic acid, heptadecyl propyl ester and Hexanedioic acid, bis(2-ethylhexyl) ester. The current study hypothesizes that short-term laser treatment of a crude petroleum ether extract made from Populus spp. leaves causes changes in the plant compounds that can be detected through GC-MS thanks to the radiation's increased energy consumption.
... A central question in ecology is how plants withstand dangers in their environment, and phenolic compounds are frequently explored to address plant resistance properties [1][2][3] . As plants adapted to the terrestrial environment, a diversification of plant and associated arthropod herbivore taxon took place 4 , which was paralleled by the evolution and diversification of the phenylpropanoid biosynthetic pathway 5,6 . ...
... Aspen trees (Populus tremula) are outcrossing and genetically diverse keystone species of the northern hemisphere 41,42 , that like North American aspen (Populus tremuloides), produce CT and SPG defence phenolic compounds in leaves, bark, and roots 3,23,25,43,44 that considerably contribute to the pool of total phenolics (TPs) 13 . In this study we used Aspen genotypes that represented a range of CT genotypes from the Swedish Aspen (SwAsp) collection 16,45 , to study the relationship between genotype specific constitutive CT concentrations and induced responses after two kinds of damage: infestation by Chaitophorus aphids and mechanical rupture. ...
The role of phenolic compounds as defense chemicals in aspen is usually considered to explain resistance to herbivorous arthropods. In a controlled experiment we challenged young aspen trees with aphid infestation and mechanical "rupture" damage. While Total Phenolics (TPs) increased in response to damage by Chaitophorus aphid infestation, condensed tannin (CT) induction was generally low and it even dropped below constitutive levels in more CT-rich genotypes, suggesting that constitutive CTs are more relevant measurements of resistance compared to induced CT-levels. Relating CT and TP dynamics with phenolic low molecular compounds further suggested that catechin (the building block of CTs) increased in response to aphid damage in amounts that correlated negatively with CT-induction and positively with constitutive CT-levels and aphid fecundity. Our study portrays dynamic phenolic responses to two kinds of damage detailed for major phenylpropanoid classes and suggests that the ability of a genotype to produce and store CTs may be a measurement of resistance, caused by other, more reactive, phenolic compounds such as catechin. Rupture damage however appeared to induce catechin levels oppositely supporting that CTs may respond differently to different kinds of damage.
... It is now known that phenolic glucosides (also known as salicylic glucosides), as well as salicylic acid, are responsible for this effect. They are mainly present in plants of the family Salicaceae, with the highest concentrations in willow and poplar bark (St-Pierre et al., 2018;Sulima et al., 2021;Warmiński et al., 2021). The first substance in this group to be discovered was salicin, isolated from willow bark in the early 19th century. ...
... High concentrations of flavonoids (as well as other bioactive phenols) are present in the buds of plants of the genera Salix, Populus and Prunus, but also in their generative parts (Benedec et al., 2014;Dimkić et al., 2016;Kuś et al., 2018). Flavonoids are also detected at lower concentrations in the leaves, bark and roots of plants, including willow, poplar and black locust (Benedec et al., 2014;St-Pierre et al., 2018;Warmiński et al., 2021). Phenolic compounds (mainly flavonoids) have proven antioxidative, antibacterial, antifungal, anticancer and diuretic effects in human and animal bodies (Berk et al., 2022;Dimkić et al., 2016;Joshi et al., 2015;Nguyen et al., 2021). ...
... Valuable herbal material can also be obtained from SRWC plantations (Warmiński et al., 2021), with great differences being observed between species or even clones regarding salicylic glucosides concentrations. Salicin was also detected in poplar bark, but there is a limited number of scientific reports on this subject (St-Pierre et al., 2018). To the authors' best knowledge, there are no publications in the scientific literature presenting a comprehensive assessment of salicin and other salicylic glucosides, flavonoids and phenolic acids content in the bark of poplar and black locust genotypes grown in the SRWC system. ...
Short rotation woody crops (SRWC) are one of the available sources of renewable feedstock which can be used in the medical, chemical and power industries. The current study evaluated the usability of the bark from different SRWC genotypes as a source of bioactive compounds. The specific objectives were to determine the concentrations of six bioactive substances in bark, bark yield and potential bioactive substance yield. A two-factorial field experiment was carried out in north-eastern Poland and comprised 14 SRWC genotypes, including one Robinia genotype, five Populus genotypes, seven clones and one variety of the genus Salix and two cycles of biomass harvest: annual and quadrennial. The genetic variability had a significant impact on the qualitative and quantitative composition of the bioactive substances in the bark of the studied SRWC, whereas the biomass harvest cycle determined the quantitative concentration of individual bioactive substances. Extending the biomass harvest rotation decreased the mean concentration of the substances under analysis by ca. 20%. The highest total concentration of bioactive substances was found in poplar bark obtained from P. balsamifera. Among the six studied bioactive substances, the highest mean concentration was determined for salicin (20.61 mg g⁻¹ d.m.), followed by salicortin (12.58 mg g⁻¹ d.m.). A significantly lower concentration was determined for salicylic acid (2.74 mg g⁻¹ d.m.) and salireposide (2.51 mg g⁻¹ d.m.), whereas kaempferol and quercetin were determined in trace amounts. The total potential yield of the analyzed bioactive compounds varied significantly, both with respect to genetic variability and biomass harvest cycle.
... (Al-douri 2000; Zhang et al. 2006a,b;Xu et al. 2013Xu et al. , 2014St-Pierre et al. 2018). The bark from the Populus genus was also used against inflammation and rheumatism (Al-douri 2000; Benedec et al. 2014). ...
Genus Populus (Salicaceae family) consists of dioecious, deciduous, and commercially important forest tree species which are widely spread over the Northern Hemisphere. Traditionally, Populus species are used in the treatment of rheumatism, arthritis, lower back pains, urinary complaints, digestive, liver disorders, debility, anorexia, fevers, and also relieve the pain of menstrual cramps. This review compiles or discusses the general morphology, ethno-medicinal uses and phytochemistry of Populus species along with their pharmacological activities (anti-microbial, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-obesity, anti-diarrhea, and anti-oxidants) covering the period of 1990–2020. The literature shows that the genus Populus is a rich source of phytocompounds especially phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and terpenoids, etc. A total of one hundred and fifty-nine constituents were isolated from different plant parts like leaves, bark, buds, and roots of Populus species. Only some of the phytocompounds were screened for their biological activities and the rest of them are unexplored. Through this review, the authors hope to attract the attention of natural product researchers throughout the world to focus on the unexplored species of Populus and their unique phytocompounds. This review underlines the potential of phytocompounds from Populus species that could lead to a new pathway in Pharma industries.
... Compounds 38, and 44 were constituted by kaempferol attached to a rutinosyl, and a deoxyhexosyl moiety, respectively. The antimicrobial activity of kaempferol glucosides from Populus tremuloides was recently reported (St-Pierre et al., 2018). Furthermore, kaempferol was observed to be enhanced, together with other phenol compounds in Populus deltoides, when water deficit occurred . ...
The growing need for biomass recovery suggests forest waste leaf material for technological applications in a circular economy scenario. In this context, white poplar (Populus alba L.) foliar material was recovered in a forest site planted on a former agricultural land was identified in Tuscany (Italy), and intercropping eventually occurred was also valuated. In fact, the mixed plantation was characterized by tree different associations consisting of broad-leaf trees, including Populus alba L. intercropped with another valuable species (walnut, Juglans regia L.), and different nurse species (Italian alder, Alnus cordata (Loisel.); hazelnut, Corylus avellana L., Autumn olive, Elaeagnus umbellata (Thunb.)). Thus, Populus albaleaves were investigated for their lignin and phenol content, and for their anti-radical activity by (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) DPPH and [2, 2-azinobis (3-eth-ylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)] ABTS assays. Furthermore, Populus alba extracts were profiled by liquid chromatography hyphenated to high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS/MS), in order to deepen into the intercropping influence on specialized metabolites' content. In particular, it was observed that when Populus alba grows in presence of the nurse species Elaeagnus umbellata, a decrease in the aforementioned parameters was observed, as well as a negative impact on the polyphenol profile. Thus, our findings are in line with the observation that white poplar leaf residue has a high potential for achieving bioactive polyphenol compounds , and that an intercropped nurse species such as Alnus cordata could favourably augment flavonoids and chlorogenic acids to be used as multifunctional ingredients.
... However, this approach did not fully maximize the potential. Indeed, several studies have highlighted the interest of using forest residues as sources of bioactive molecules that possess numerous biological activities such as antimicrobial (fungal and bacterial), antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer properties [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12]. ...
... Three extraction processes were carried out on each biomass: water extraction (W), ethyl acetate fractionation of the water extract (EAc), and acid-base extraction (AB). These extraction methods were chosen based on antimicrobial results of Blondeau et al., 2019 [27] and St-Pierre et al., 2018, 2019 [11,26]. They demonstrated that polar solvents were more efficient to retrieve the active molecules of barks, such as phenolic compounds. ...
Canadian forest residues, such as bark, are an abundant and accessible biomass currently burned to produce energy, therefore neglecting their great potential for various applications owing to their multiple biological properties. Potato storage constitutes a challenge for potato producers because of disease propagation and potato sprouting. Barks appear to be promising candidates in the research of greener alternatives to synthetic chemicals presently used to limit these problems. Hence, this study aimed to develop a bio-based ingredient from bark residues to prevent diseases and sprouting of potatoes during storage. First, forest extracts were produced from the bark of black spruce (Picea mariana Mill.), balsam fir (Abies balsamea L. Mill.) and yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis Britton) by three different methods: water extraction, ethyl acetate fractionation of the water extract, and acid-base extraction. Then, in vitro screening of extracts and commercial essential oils was performed to determine their ability to inhibit potato soft and dry rot and potato sprouting. More specifically, Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium graminearum, Fusarium sambucinum, Pectobacterium atrosepticum, Pectobacterium carotovorum, and Dickeya dianthicola were selected for antimicrobial assays. Two black spruce extracts, ethyl acetate extract and essential oil, showed promising antimicrobial and anti-sprouting properties. The black spruce ethyl acetate extract inhibited microorganism growth with minimum concentrations ranging from 1.37 × 10–3 to 3.00% (w/w) depending on the strain. Black spruce essential oil completely prevented potato sprouting in Colomba cv. at a minimal concentration of 25% (w/w). Furthermore, when mixed, both properties were maintained, and even showed a synergistic effect. Indeed, in antimicrobial assays, the fractional inhibitory concentration index obtained was lower than 0.50. Therefore, these two black spruce extracts can be formulated into one product with broad properties aimed at controlling potato post-harvest losses due to rot and sprouting.
... The concentration of the component in the extracts can be determined by the peak area, although no strong link was noted between the concentration and peak area. However, the concentration of the quinic acid could be compared among the peaks based on the peak area, since similar classes of compounds may possess similar chemical features and ionization potential [46]. The quinic acid exhibited the largest peak area (138266) which was prompted to be investigated (Table 2) and the algicidal activity of quinic acid was tested in the subsequent experiment. ...
Phaeocystis globosa is regarded as a notoriously harmful algal bloom species. Suppressing harmful algae using algicidal substances extracted from plants is considered an effective method. The physiological and biochemical processes of P. globosa were explored by exposure to different concentrations of aqueous extracts of Cyperus rotundus. All treatments indicated various inhibitory effects on the algal growth compared to the control samples without adding extracts. At 48 h, the 4, 8, and 16 mg/mL treatment groups showed a significant inhibitory effect, consistent with a decrease in the chlorophyll-a content and photosynthetic efficiency. The images of the transmission electron microscope (TEM) further confirmed that a subset of the cells in the treatment groups exhibited morphological anomalies. The algicidal active substances were mainly identified as phenolic acids containing maximal content of quinic acid in aqueous extracts according to the results of ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem time-of-flight mass spectrometer (UPLC-HRMS). The 50% anti-algal effect concentration of quinic acid was 22 mg/L at 96 h (EC50–96h). Thus, the phenolic acids might be considered as major inhibitors of the growth of P. globosa. These results demonstrated that the aqueous extracts of C. rotundus could potentially control the growth of P. globosa.
... These biological tests are often a cloned enzyme catalytic assay, a receptor binding assay, a protein-protein interaction assay or even a whole pathway (Ishibashi and Ohtsuki, 2008;Xie et al., 2018), to name but a few. Biological testing targeting whole-cells was also reported against cancer cells (Mazzio et al., 2014;Kant et al., 2016), virus-infected cells (Yi et al., 2004;Dai et al., 2012), or microorganisms (Correia et al., 2008;Figueroa-López et al., 2014;St-Pierre et al., 2018). Extracts showing activity on those tests are selected and submitted to fractionation by chromatography. ...
The screening and testing of extracts against a variety of pharmacological targets in order to benefit from the immense natural chemical diversity is a concern in many laboratories worldwide. And several successes have been recorded in finding new actives in natural products, some of which have become new drugs or new sources of inspiration for drugs. But in view of the vast amount of research on the subject, it is surprising that not more drug candidates were found. In our view, it is fundamental to reflect upon the approaches of such drug discovery programs and the technical processes that are used, along with their inherent difficulties and biases. Based on an extensive survey of recent publications, we discuss the origin and the variety of natural chemical diversity as well as the strategies to having the potential to embrace this diversity. It seemed to us that some of the difficulties of the area could be related with the technical approaches that are used, so the present review begins with synthetizing some of the more used discovery strategies, exemplifying some key points, in order to address some of their limitations. It appears that one of the challenges of natural product-based drug discovery programs should be an easier access to renewable sources of plant-derived products. Maximizing the use of the data together with the exploration of chemical diversity while working on reasonable supply of natural product-based entities could be a way to answer this challenge. We suggested alternative ways to access and explore part of this chemical diversity with in vitro cultures. We also reinforced how important it was organizing and making available this worldwide knowledge in an “inventory” of natural products and their sources. And finally, we focused on strategies based on synthetic biology and syntheses that allow reaching industrial scale supply. Approaches based on the opportunities lying in untapped natural plant chemical diversity are also considered.
... The use of plant specialized metabolites as antimicrobial compounds tends to increase due to the constant emergence of microorganisms resistant to current antimicrobial agents (Amábile-Cuevas, 2003;Saleem et al., 2010). However, the majority of these studies focused on flowering plants and only few studied woody plants or forest residues (Annabelle, Dorian, Nathalie, Julien, & Isabel, 2019;Papuc, Goran, Predescu, Nicorescu, & Stefan, 2017;St-Pierre et al., 2018;Tanase et al., 2018). It is therefore essential to investigate the antimicrobial potential of specialized metabolites present in bark residues of Québec's forest industries to valorize these residues and to expend the repertoire of antimicrobial compounds. ...
Extracts from white birch have been reported to possess antimicrobial properties, but no study has linked the chemical composition of bark extract with antimicrobial activity. This study aimed to identify white birch (Betula papyrifera Marshall) bark extracts with antimicrobial activity and elucidate its composition. In order to obtain the highest extraction yield, bark residues >3 mm were retained for extraction. A total of 10 extraction solvents were used to determine the extraction yield of each of them. Methanol and ethanol solvents extracted a greater proportion of molecules. When tested on eight microorganism species, the water extract proved to have the best antimicrobial potential followed by the methanol extract. The water extract inhibited all microorganisms at low concentration with minimal inhibitory concentration between 0.83 and 1.67 mg/ml. Using ultraperformance liquid chromatography coupled to a time‐of‐flight quadrupole mass spectrometer, several molecules that have already been studied for their antimicrobial properties were identified in water and methanol extracts. Catechol was identified as one of the dominant components in white birch bark water extract, and its antimicrobial activity has already been demonstrated, suggesting that catechol could be one of the main components contributing to the antimicrobial activity of this extract. Thus, extractives from forestry wastes have potential for new applications to valorize these residues. We have shown that several extracts of white birch bark residues display natural antimicrobial activity. Among them, the water extract followed by the methanol extract proved to have the best antimicrobial potential. For the first time, extracts were characterized using ultrahigh‐performance liquid chromatography‐quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry, which led to the identification of several molecules including catechol, predominant in the water extract, which is known to have antimicrobial activity.
... There was no direct relation between concentrations and peak area, because the ionization difficulty and ionic stability of different compounds were different. However, we could compare concentrations of flavonoid compounds in aqueous extract based on peak area, because similar classes of compounds may possess similar chemical features and ionization potential [19]. Therefore, we speculated that luteolin-3′,7-Odiglucuronide and luteolin-7-O-glucuronide may have relatively higher concentrations compared to other flavonoids in aqueous extract, which might have inhibitory effects on P. globosa. ...
... There was no direct relation between concentrations and peak area, because the ionization difficulty and ionic stability of different compounds were different. However, we could compare concentrations of flavonoid compounds in aqueous extract based on peak area, because similar classes of compounds may possess similar chemical features and ionization potential [19]. Therefore, we speculated that luteolin-3 ,7-O-diglucuronide and luteolin-7-O-glucuronide may have relatively higher concentrations compared to other flavonoids in aqueous extract, which might have inhibitory effects on P. globosa. ...
Enhalus acoroides (E. acoroides) is one of the most common species in seagrass meadows. Based on the application of allelochemicals from aquatic plants to inhibit harmful algal blooms (HABs), we used E. acoroides aqueous extract against harmful algae species Phaeocystis globosa (P. globosa). The results showed that E. acoroides aqueous extract could significantly inhibited the growth of P. globosa, decrease the chlorophyll-a content and photosynthetic efficiency (Fv/Fm) values of P. globosa, followed by vacuolization, plasmolysis, and the destruction of organelles. Twelve types of major chemical constituents were identified in E. acoroides aqueous extracts by ultraperformance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (UPLC-HRMS), including six flavonoids, two homocyclic peptides, two long-chain aliphatic amides, one tannin, and one nitrogen heterocyclic compound. Flavonoids were the characteristic chemical constituents of E. acoroides aqueous extract. Furthermore, the antialgal activity of luteolin-7-O-glucuronide (68.125 μg/mL in 8 g/L E. acoroides aqueous extract) was assessed. The EC50–96 h value was 34.29 μg/mL. In conclusion, the results revealed that luteolin 7-O-glucuronide was one of the antialgal compounds of E. acoroides aqueous extract, with potential application as novel algaecide.
