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TEM micrographs of normal keratinocytes treated with SPIONs. (A) keratinocytes treated with 10 nm naked SPIONs for 24 hours; (B) keratinocytes treated with 100 nm naked SPIONs for 24 hours; (C) keratinocytes treated by hyperthermia with 10 nm naked SPIONs; (D) keratinocytes treated by hyperthermia with 100 nm naked SPIONs. vs-vesicle, ly-lysis, cp-cytoplasmic process, N-nucleus, arrow-SPIONs
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Iron oxide nanoparticles have become widely used today in medicine for magnetic resonance imaging due to their superparamagnetic properties. The fact that these nanoparticles are generally not toxic opened the way for other medical applications, such as hyperthermia. We applied a hyperthermia treatment with 10 and 100 nm naked and polyethylene glyc...
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... could still be identified outside the cells, but attached to the cells' membranes. Endocytosed SPIONs were grouped in small clumps in which individual particles could be identified, meaning that the nanoparticles were not yet transformed to hemosiderin. Some evident derangement could be seen in keratinocytes exposed to 10 nm SPIONs for 24 hours (Fig. 5A): the cytoplasm was homogenous with constant, normal granulations, but in some places, there could be seen lysis areas of the cytoplasm, not surrounded by a membrane; mitochondria were scarce and swollen. Keratinocytes exposed to 100 nm SPIONs (Fig. 5B) had electron-dense cytoplasm packed with vesicles, and nuclei with homogenous ...
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... Some evident derangement could be seen in keratinocytes exposed to 10 nm SPIONs for 24 hours (Fig. 5A): the cytoplasm was homogenous with constant, normal granulations, but in some places, there could be seen lysis areas of the cytoplasm, not surrounded by a membrane; mitochondria were scarce and swollen. Keratinocytes exposed to 100 nm SPIONs (Fig. 5B) had electron-dense cytoplasm packed with vesicles, and nuclei with homogenous chromatin. The strongly electron-dense cytoplasm and homogenous nuclei suggest protein synthesis problems, and the high number of cytoplasmic vesicles suggests an overdrive of cell functions (Panariti et al., ...
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... the hyperthermia treatment, the cells were left to recover for 24 hours and the effects were ultrastructurally assessed. In the case of 10 nm SPIONs, most of the nanoparticles were located around the cells, only a few inside the cell and no evident differences could be seen between the hyperthermia treated and not-treated cells (Fig. 5C). It is possible that because of the reduced endocytosis, the heat produced by the 10 nm SPIONs placed in alternating magnetic field had dissipated into the cell culture media and did not affect the cell equilibrium. In the case of 100 nm SPIONs hyperthermia treated keratinocytes some differences could be discerned ultrastructurally ...
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... (Fig. 5C). It is possible that because of the reduced endocytosis, the heat produced by the 10 nm SPIONs placed in alternating magnetic field had dissipated into the cell culture media and did not affect the cell equilibrium. In the case of 100 nm SPIONs hyperthermia treated keratinocytes some differences could be discerned ultrastructurally (Fig. 5D): the number of intracellular SPIONs increased, the cell cytoplasm became much more electron-transparent than in the untreated cells, with large areas of undelimited lysis, and the nuclei contained a lot of euchromatin with many small patches of not so dense heterochromatin. SPIONs could be identified in the cytoplasm and in vesicles ...
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Iron oxide nanoparticles have received sustained interest for biomedical applications as synthetic approaches are continually developed for control of nanoparticle properties. However, many approaches focus solely on the material, rather than the complete optimization of synthesis and functionalization together to enhance translation into biologica...
Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) have attracted great attention in many biomedical fields and are used in preclinical/experimental drug delivery, hyperthermia and medical imaging. In this study, biocompatible magnetite drug carriers, stabilized by a dextran shell, were developed to carry tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) for tar...
Citations
... Cytotoxicity assays were conducted on normal human keratinocytes (HaCaT 300493, CLS, Heidelberg, Germany) and skin melanoma (A375, ATCC CRL-1619), as previously described [84]. Briefly, the cells were cultured on 25 cm 2 plastic dishes in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's media (DMEM) with 4.5 g/L glucose (Lonza Group Ltd., Basel, Switzerland), supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum (FCS; Ghibco, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Paisley, UK), 1% penicillin-streptomycin and 1% L-glutamine (Lonza Group Ltd., Basel, Switzerland). ...
The phytochemical analysis of Vinca minor, V. herbacea, V. major, and V. major var. variegata leaf extracts showed species-dependent antioxidant, antibacterial, and cytotoxic effects correlated with the identified phytoconstituents. Vincamine was present in V. minor, V. major, and V. major var. variegata, while V. minor had the richest alkaloid content, followed by V. herbacea. V. major var. variegata was richest in flavonoids and the highest total phenolic content was found in V. herbacea which also had elevated levels of rutin. Consequently, V. herbacea had the highest antioxidant activity followed by V. major var. variegata. Whereas, the lowest one was of V. major. The V. minor extract showed the most efficient inhibitory effect against both Staphylococcus aureus and E. coli. On the other hand, V. herbacea had a good anti-bacterial potential only against S. aureus, which was most affected at morphological levels, as indicated by scanning electron microscopy. The Vinca extracts acted in a dose-depended manner against HaCaT keratinocytes and A375 melanoma cells and moreover, with effects on the ultrastructure, nitric oxide concentration, and lactate dehydrogenase release. Therefore, the Vinca species could be exploited further for the development of alternative treatments in bacterial infections or as anticancer adjuvants.
... The exact mechanisms are not yet known or understood, and many studies regarding the endocytosis of SPIONs are still underway [108]. It is believed that size is the major criterion regarding endocytosis [27], and this was also noticed by our group [109]. Exocytosis has been less extensively studied in vitro and is cytoskeleton-mediated. ...
Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) have unique properties with regard to biological and medical applications. SPIONs have been used in clinical settings although their safety of use remains unclear due to the great differences in their structure and in intra- and inter-patient absorption and response. This review addresses potential applications of SPIONs in vitro (formulations), ex vivo (in biological cells and tissues) and in vivo (preclinical animal models), as well as potential biomedical applications in the context of drug targeting, disease treatment and therapeutic efficacy, and safety studies.
Super Para- magnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles (SPIONs) have been manifested for their broad spectrum of applications ranging from biomedical imaging to the treatment of many diseases. Many experiments are being conducted across the globe to especially investigate their potential in the field of targeted treatment for malignant tissues. However, challenges pertaining to the desired delivery of anticancer drugs in the body remain unresolved or unattended. The bare iron oxide nanoparticles are liable to form agglomerates or get easily oxidized in air that can lead to loss of magnetism and viability. Moreover, in several reactions, these magnetic nanoparticles leach into the solution/ suspension, making it kinetically unstable. The nanoparticles, further readily metabolize in the stomach pH or are phagocytosed by macrophages. In this article, we address these issues by shedding light on the impact of controlling parameters like size, synthesis method and surface engineering. After studying the existing literature, it is noted that currently, these magnetically guided delivery systems are being rigorously tested in areas like pancreatic cancer, colon cancer, and prostate cancer, which will be discussed in this review. The fact that the major issue in the conventional treatment of these cancers is intrinsic and acquired drug resistance. In this context, the potential of SPIONs as efficient nanotherapeutics is presented. The article provides a deeper insight into the research performed on these focused areas in cancer. This review also discusses, in brief, the consolidation of artificial intelligence in cancer nanomedicine assuring better treatment outcome in near future.
