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TEM images of NP and NW before and after treatment in the flow-through cells with phagolysosomal simulant fluid (PSF).
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While the toxicity of metal-based nanoparticles (NP) has been investigated in an increasing number of studies, little is known about metal-based fibrous materials, so-called nanowires (NWs). Within the present study, the physico-chemical properties of particulate and fibrous nanomaterials based on Cu, CuO, Ni, and Ag as well as TiO2 and CeO2 NP wer...
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... Such materials can also be utilized to improve observations by utilizing an electron microscope. Nanoparticles (NPs), which have excellent stability and carrier capability, nanowires (NWs) as well as nanorods (NRs), which are capable of elevated detection sensitivity, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), which have a large surface area and excellent thermal and electrical conductivity, and quantum dots (QDs) are among the nanomaterials (NMs) used in the fabrication of nanobiosensors (Salhi et al., 2016), (Wall et al., 2022). These nanomaterials can also function as transduction components by themselves. ...
The need for novel healthcare treatments and drugs has increased due to the expanding human population,
detection of newer diseases, and looming pandemics. The development of nanotechnology offers a platform for
cutting-edge in vivo non-invasive monitoring and point-of-care-testing (POCT) for rehabilitative disease detection
and management. The advancement and uses of nanobiosensors are currently becoming more common in a
variety of scientific fields, such as environmental monitoring, food safety, biomedical, clinical, and sustainable
healthcare sciences, since the advent of nanotechnology. The identification and detection of biological patterns
connected to any type of disease (communicable or not) have been made possible in recent years by several
sensing techniques utilizing nanotechnology concerning biosensors and nanobiosensors. In this work, 2218 articles
are drawn and screened from six digital databases out of which 17 were shortlisted for this review by using
the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) technique. As a result, this
study uses a systematic methodology to review some recently developed extremely sensitive nanobiosensors,
along with their biomedical, point-of-care diagnostics (POCD), or healthcare applications and their capabilities,
particularly for the prediction of some fatal diseases based on a few of the most recent publications. The potential
of nanobiosensors for medicinal, therapeutic, or other sustainable healthcare applications, notably for ailments
diagnostics, is also recognized as a way forward in the manifestation of future trends.
... The size distributions obtained by (LA)−spICP−MS were slightly broader than those determined from the micrograph most likely resulting from slight CeO 2 NM212 aggregates/agglomerates, as present in aqueous media. 38 The mean particle size and the size distribution obtained by LA−spICP−MS compared to pneumatic nebulizer-based spICP−MS were in good agreement, supporting the fact that the particles did not undergo fragmentation . For LA−spICP−MS analysis, the particle mass was determined using liquid calibration with dissolved metal standards, and the particle size was determined assuming a cubic shape. ...
In the field of nanotoxicology, the detection and size characterization of nanoparticles (NPs) in biological tissues become increasingly important. To gain information on both particle size and particle distribution in histological sections, laser ablation and single particle inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-spICP-MS) was used in combination with a liquid calibration of dissolved metal standards via a pneumatic nebulizer. In the first step, the particle size distribution of Ag NPs embedded in matrix-matched gelatine standards introduced via LA was compared with that of Ag NPs in a suspension and nebulizer-based ICP-MS. The data show that the particles remained intact by the ablation process as confirmed by transmission electron microscopy. Moreover, the optimized method was applied to CeO2 NPs that are highly relevant for (eco-)toxicological research but, unlike Ag NPs, are multi-shaped and have a broad particle size distribution. Upon analyzing the particle size distribution of CeO2 NPs in cryosections of rat spleen, CeO2 NPs were found to remain unchanged in size over 3 h, 3 d, and 3 weeks post-intratracheal instillation, with the fraction of smaller particles reaching the spleen first. Overall, LA-spICP-MS combined with a calibration based on dissolved metal standards is a powerful tool to simultaneously localize and size NPs in histological sections in the absence of particle standards.
... Although many studies on nanotoxicity are produced every year [23,24,[34][35][36][37][38], the mechanisms that trigger cytotoxicity are not yet fully elucidated. Moreover, the cellular effects of NPs are dependent on several factors, such as particle size, surface ligands, their agglomeration state, as well as the dose and exposure time in addition to the cell line being studied [3,22,26]. ...
Background/aims:
Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) are extensively applied in the industry due to their photocatalytic potential, low cost, and considerably low toxicity. However, new unrelated physicochemical properties and the wide use of nanoparticles brought concern about their toxic effects. Thereby, we evaluated the cytotoxicity of a TiO2 NP composed of anatase and functionalized with sodium carboxylate ligands in a murine fibroblast cell line (LA-9).
Methods:
Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), and ATR-FTIR spectroscopy were applied to determine nanoparticle physicochemical properties. The cell viability (MTT assay) and clonogenic survival were analyzed in fibroblasts exposed to TiO2 NP (50, 150, and 250 µg/mL) after 24h. Moreover, oxidative stress, proinflammatory state, and apoptosis were evaluated after 24h.
Results:
TiO2 NP characterization showed an increased hydrodynamic size (3.57 to 7.62 nm) due to solvent composition and a heterogeneity dispersion in water and cell culture media. Also, we observed a zeta potential increased from -20 to -11 mV in function of protein adsorption. TiO2 NP reduced fibroblast cell viability and induced ROS production at the highest concentrations (150 and 250 µg/mL). Moreover, TiO2 NP reduced the fibroblasts clonogenic survival at the highest concentration (250 µg/mL) on the 7th day after the 24h exposure. Nevertheless, TiO2 NP did not affect the fibroblast proinflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and TNF) secretion at any condition. Early and late apoptotic fibroblast cells were detected only at 150 µg/mL TiO2 NP after 24h.
Conclusion:
Probably, TiO2 NP photocatalytic activity unbalanced ROS production which induced apoptosis and consequently reduced cell viability and metabolic activity at higher concentrations.
... The unique physicochemical characteristics of NMs based on metals such as silver [4,[22][23][24], gold [25][26][27], nickel [3,28], copper [29], and palladium [30] are also one of the reason for NMs turned out to be a popular in the field of research. Due to their capability of being potentially applied in diverse fields including catalysis [31], photonics, and electronics [32], sensing [33], data storage devices [34], environmental remediation [35,36], drug delivery [37,38], metal-based consumer products [39], textile engineering [40], and bioengineering [41], etc. Transition metal nanomaterials (TMN) possess a large surface area (SA) to volume (V) ratio [42,43] and high surface energy, making them more efficient in homogenous and heterogeneous catalysis [44]. Palladium NMs are extensively used in hydrogen storage devices to adsorb hydrogen [45] and are largely employed as nanocatalysts in different coupling reactions inclusive of Suzuki coupling [46], Heck coupling [47], and hydrogenation of allyl alcohols [48]. ...
For nanomaterials and nanodrugs formulation, there is a growing need to embrace herbal plants. The advancement of the green approach is achieving new places and importance due to an environmentally sustainable methodology of synthesis and other added advantages. This work emphasizes to use of Ricinus communis plant leaves (RLE) as it is a potential source of natural compounds to formulate nanodrug. Hence, a greener approach has been developed to fabricate palladium nanoparticles using aqueous Ricinus communis leaves extract ([email protected]/PdO NPs) at 80 ℃. Several analytical tools such as UV–visible (UV–vis), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), photon correlation spectroscopy (PCS), and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDAX) have been used to confirm the fabrication of [email protected]/PdO NPs. The as-prepared [email protected]/PdO NPs are subjected to test their antioxidant and anti-carcinogenic activity. The components of RLE behave as a supporting material to prevent agglomeration of [email protected]/PdO NPs and enhances the surface area of [email protected]/PdO NPs (TEM & PCS). Consequently, ∼76 % radical scavenging activity (RSA) of [email protected]/PdO NPs had been observed. Irregular, necrotic, shrunken, and detached morphology from the well surface had been observed using phase-contrast microscopy. An excellent anti-carcinogenic activity against the lung cancer cells (A549 cell lines) had been evaluated with the minimum inhibition concentration (IC-50) of 16.32 μg/ml. Hence, this study will be a potential contribution for attracting interest in RLE plants for future nanomaterials and nanodrugs formulation.
... Sulaiman et al. [36] reported inflammation and cellular degeneration of rat tissues administered 10, 50 and 100 mg/kg body weight of chemical AgNPs orally for 30 days. In addition to the nature/type of metal, it is also possible that the dose, mode of synthesis, size, intracellular solubility, bioavailability, route of administration and duration of exposure can affect the biological response to NPs [( Table 5), [37]]. Roda et al. [38] reported that intratracheal AgNO 3 (7 μg/rat) caused more liver damage than commercial AgNPs (50 μg/rat). ...
Objective
The applications of silver nanoparticles in household and biomedical products have become widespread, with scanty information on effects of biogenic nanoparticles on the living system. This work investigated the effects of cocoa pod husk extract-mediated silver nanoparticles (CPHE-AgNPs) on tissues of albino rats.
Methods
Twelve female albino rats were randomly assigned to three groups of four rats each and treated once daily with distilled water, 50 µg/mL, and 100 µg/mL of CPHE-AgNPs intraperitoneally for fourteen days. Activities of selected enzymes were monitored in the serum, liver, kidney and heart. Hepatic and renal function indices, lipid profile, organ-body weight ratios, Hb, PCV and organ histoarchitectural examination were also carried out.
Results
There were significant (p < 0.05) elevations in the heart ALP, liver GGT and AST, serum albumin, creatinine and Na + and K + in response to CPHE-AgNPs treatment. The nanoparticles also caused significant (p < 0.05) reductions in liver ALT and ALP, serum AST, ALP and creatine kinase (CK), liver and heart protein, and serum conjugated bilirubin. However, there were no significant (p > 0.05) changes in serum ALT and GGT, heart aminotransferases and CK, all kidney enzymes, serum total protein, total bilirubin, urea, uric acid, Cl- and lipids. Liver and kidney protein, Hb, PCV, tissue-body weight ratios and histoarchitecture of the organs were also not affected.
Conclusions
This study concludes that CPHE-AgNPs i.p. for fourteen days at 50 and 100 µg/mL exhibited mild hepatic, renal and cardiac cellular toxicities, with functional toxicity of the liver and kidney; an information which may guide safe use of the nanoparticles.
... In the present study, therefore, we aimed to obtain toxicity profiles for all three particles and to compare them with water-soluble Cr(VI) and Cr(III). To this end, we applied gene expression analyses using high-throughput RT-qPCR, established previously in our group using the BioMark HD system [11], and which has been used successfully for metal-based nanomaterials, both after submersed and air-liquid interface (ALI) exposure [16][17][18]. This method enables the parallel investigation of 96 samples with regard to their impact on 95 genes of interest. ...
Exposure to Cr(VI) compounds has been consistently associated with genotoxicity and carcinogenicity, whereas Cr(III) is far less toxic, due to its poor cellular uptake. However, contradictory results have been published in relation to particulate Cr2O3. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether Cr(III) particles exerted properties comparable to water soluble Cr(III) or to Cr(VI), including two nano-sized and one micro-sized particles. The morphology and size distribution were determined by TEM, while the oxidation state was analyzed by XPS. Chromium release was quantified via AAS, and colorimetrically differentiated between Cr(VI) and Cr(III). Furthermore, the toxicological fingerprints of the Cr2O3 particles were established using high-throughput RT-qPCR and then compared to water-soluble Cr(VI) and Cr(III) in A549 and HaCaT cells. Regarding the Cr2O3 particles, two out of three exerted only minor or no toxicity, and the gene expression profiles were comparable to Cr(III). However, one particle under investigation released considerable amounts of Cr(VI), and also resembled the toxicity profiles of Cr(VI); this was also evident in the altered gene expression related to DNA damage signaling, oxidative stress response, inflammation, and cell death pathways. Even though the highest toxicity was found in the case of the smallest particle, size did not appear to be the decisive parameter, but rather the purity of the Cr(III) particles with respect to Cr(VI) content.
Background:
Glass ionomer cement (GIC) is a commonly used restorative material in dentistry, but GIC does not have significant antibiofilm effects and its mechanical strength is limited.
Objective:
To investigate the antibiofilm and mechanical properties of a newly developed silver nanowire (AgNW) modified GIC.
Methods:
GICs were modified with different nanosilver formulations including 0.05%wt AgNW, 0.5%wt AgNW, 0.05%wt silver nanoparticle (AgNP) and 0.5%wt AgNP. Biofilms of Streptococcus mutans were cultured for 72 hours on GIC specimens. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was conducted to observe the accumulation and morphology of Streptococcus mutans on the material surfaces. Another set of biofilm/specimens was treated with SYTO-9 and the biofilm development was evaluated by quantifying the visible stain with an inverted fluorescence microscope. The compressive strength of the specimens was assessed according to ISO 9917-1:2007. The colour of GICs was compared using the VITA Easyshade system.
Results:
SEM images showed that fewer biofilms were accumulated on nanosilver-modified GICs. The Streptococcus mutans quantity was significantly lower in all nanosilver-modified groups compared to conventional GIC (p<0.0001). GIC modified with 0.5% AgNP showed slightly lower compressive strength than the negative control (58.3±12.9 MPa vs 78.3±13.8 MPa); but there is no significant difference between all study groups. The colour change between AgNW-modified GIC and conventional GIC was significantly lower than that between AgNP-modified GIC and conventional GIC.
Conclusion:
AgNW-modified GIC showed superior antibiofilm effect and comparable compressive strength to conventional GIC. In addition, the complement of AgNW would not influence the colour stability of GIC as much as AgNP.
Clinical significance:
This study developed a novel AgNW-modified GIC material. It showed good antibiofilm and mechanical properties and would not influence the colour stability of GIC. The AgNW-modified GIC has a large potential for clinical use and biomedical application.
Several million people worldwide have become witnesses of orthopedic ailments every year, resulting in an urgent need to develop biomimetic bone grafts. The bone's ability to self-heal is limited in critical-sized bone defects, which remains a massive obstacle. Bone tissue engineering (BTE) is a promising approach that could mitigate the risks associated with the conventional gold standard methods. Regardless of the advancement of several biomaterials, nanomaterials have received tremendous attention in recent decades for their potential use as a smart graft material for creating a hierarchical bone structure. Amongst the myriad nanostructures, nanowires/nanowhiskers (NWs) have emerged as ideal cutting-edge materials for accelerating bone rehabilitation due to their unique physicochemical properties such as high surface-to-volume ratio, multi-absorbing sites, high reactivity, and more amenable surface topography. This review explores recent developments on bone mineral, metal/metal oxide, and polymer-based NW constructs for BTE applications.
