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TEM images (A, B) and EDX spectrum (C) of pure clam shells (chemical formula; CaCO 3 ), (D, E) TEM image and EDX spectrum of Tr-Au NPs of exposed clams. The inset in (D) shows typical selected area electron diffraction (SAED) pattern from Tr-Au NP-exposed clams.
Citations
... The main organ for detoxification in mollusks in stages I and II is the digestive gland. When phase I enzymes are unable to cope with toxic substances and cells are damaged, GST activity increases and promotes redox homeostasis, playing a key detoxification role, which is particularly evident in the liver [41,42]. Several studies have shown that GST activity in the digestive glands of snails increased when exposed to pesticides or pollutants. ...
Pomacea canaliculata, as an invasive exotic species in Asia, can adversely affect crop yields, eco-environment, and human health. Application of molluscicides containing metaldehyde is one effective method for controlling P. canaliculata. In order to investigate the effects of metaldehyde on adult snails, we conducted acute toxicological experiments to investigate the changes in enzyme activities and histopathology after 24 h and 48 h of metaldehyde action. The results showed that the median lethal concentrations (LC) of metaldehyde on P. canaliculata were 3.792, 2.195, 1.833, and 1.706 mg/L at exposure times of 24, 48, 72, and 96 h, respectively. Treatment and time significantly affected acetylcholinesterase (AChE), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) activity, with sex significantly affecting AChE, GST, and TAC activity and time significantly affecting carboxylesterase (CarE). In addition, the interaction of treatment and time significantly affected the activity of GST, CarE and TAC. In addition, histopathological changes occurred in the digestive glands, gills and gastropods of apple snail exposed to metaldehyde. Histological examination of the digestive glands included atrophy of the digestive cells, widening of the hemolymph gap, and an increase in basophils. In treated snails, the hemolymph gap in the gills was widely dilated, the columnar cells were disorganized or even necrotic, and the columnar muscle cells in the ventral foot were loosely arranged and the muscle fibers reduced. The findings of this study can provide some references for controlling the toxicity mechanism of invasive species.
... Cypermethrin had a shortand long-term influence on lipid oxidation in P. canaliculata gills, resulting in significantly elevated TBAR levels. However, in clams R. decussatus and V. decussate, the digestive gland was shown to be more vulnerable to phyretroid toxicity than the gills (Sellami et al., 2013;Sellami et al., 2015). The digestive gland, which detoxifies pesticides and produces large levels of ROS, may be responsible for these tissue-specific reactions . ...
Molluscs are significant species in aquatic ecology. Molluscs are crucial for maintaining ecological balance as secondary consumers and serving as bioindicator species in biomonitoring systems. Molluscs are threatened by pesticides such as commonly used pyrethroid insecticides. Pyrethroids are typical insecticides used to control insects in agriculture and gardening. Pyrethroids are increasingly being utilized in both agricultural and human activities. Pyrethroids enter aquatic bodies through rainfall and drainage systems. The use of pyrethroids is becoming a significant concern for aquatic creatures, particularly molluscs. The discussion will focus on the increasing issue of pyrethroids becoming a nightmare for molluscs. Pyrethroids, due to their lipophilic nature, pose a significant risk to molluscs by affecting their metabolites, producing reactive oxygen species, and influencing neurotransmitter actions. Molluscs are crucial organisms in aquatic ecosystems, and their threats warrant significant discussion and attention. This review will delve into the behaviour of pyrethroids on molluscs.
... Cysteine residue is evolutionary conserved, and its ability to exhibit chemical flexibility and oxidation states is commonly associated with important biochemistry such as enzyme catalysis, transcriptional regulation, protein folding, and metal coordination (Go et al., 2015). This oxidative stress biomarker has been applied in Atlantic Cod (Karlsen et al., 2014) and bivalves (Jaafar et al., 2015;Pedriali et al., 2013;Sellami et al., 2014Sellami et al., , 2015Tedesco et al., 2010Tedesco et al., , 2012Trevisan et al., 2017). To our knowledge, however, there is no study investigating the thiol content in coral species. ...
Over the past 40 years, recurrent episodes of coral bleaching have been observed around the world, which have led to coral reef degradation. The investigation of several biomarkers’ responses is essential to understand the phenomenon. The present field experiment study was conducted on nine healthy colonies of the scleractinian coral Acropora digitifera collected in Bidong Island (north-eastern Peninsular Malaysia) between 2019 and 2020 to evaluate their oxidative stress status through the assessment of Symbiodiniaceae (SD) density, antioxidant enzyme activities, lipid oxidation, and protein thiol, with special emphasis on temperature. This study revealed that the presence of the dominant SD ITS2 type C3 from 2019 to 2020 suggests that the relationship between A. digitifera and the genus Cladocopium remains unaffected by the temperature. Concomitantly, there was no significant increase in antioxidant enzyme activities (glutathione S-transferase and catalase) with temperature, indicating that A. digitifera was capable of managing oxidative stress even in a warm environment. The monthly mean antioxidant enzyme activities and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were lowest in July 2020 and then increased significantly in the subsequent sampling month, indicating a biochemical regulation to maintain cellular homeostasis. Meanwhile, the level of sensitive protein thiol was highest at 30.8 ◦C and significantly reduced up to 60% as temperature fluctuated, showing that proteins undergo only a small range of oxidative modifications. In addition, we found a weak negative correlation between SD density and thiol content, which may indicate that (1) the presence of SD constantly causes subtle oxidative pressure on coral hosts and (2) the presence of high SD density increases the potential for thiol oxidation. We conclude that there is no direct evidence of A. digitifera experiencing considerable oxidative stress and cellular damage, provided the rate of disturbance remains low.
... PERM's mechanism of action interacts with sodium channels, receptor-ionophore complexes, and neurotransmitters (Imamura et al. 2000). Despite the low mammalian toxicity of PERM, an increasing number of studies in vertebrates and invertebrates indicate its neurotoxicity in animals and humans (Nasuti et al. 2007(Nasuti et al. , 2008(Nasuti et al. , 2014Gabbianelli et al. 2009b;Falcioni et al. 2010;Carloni et al. 2012), immunotoxicity (Olgun and Misra 2006;Gabbianelli et al. 2009a;Jin et al. 2010), cardiotoxicity (Dhivya Vadhana et al. 2010, 2013Vadhana et al. 2011a, b), hepatotoxicity (Gabbianelli et al. 2004(Gabbianelli et al. , 2013, reproductive (Issam et al. 2011), genotoxic (Türkez and Toǧar 2011;Aydin 2012, 2013;, hematotoxicity (Nasuti et al. 2003), digestive system toxicity (Mahmoud et al. 2012;Sellami et al. 2014Sellami et al. , 2015, antiandrogenic activity (Xu et al. 2008;Christen et al. 2014), fetotoxicity (Erkmen 2015) and cytotoxicity (Hu et al. 2010). ...
This study investigated changes in hematological and antioxidant parameters of carp exposed to two different doses of synthetic pyrethroid permethrin (control, vehicle, 10 ppm, and 20 ppm) for two different periods (4 days and 21 days). Hematological analyses were then performed on a veterinary Ms4 (Melet Schloesing, France) blood counter using commercially available kits (Cat. No. WD1153). Buege and Aust for MDA, Luck for CAT, McCord and Frivovich for SOD, Lawrence and Burk methods for GSH-Px were used to determine antioxidant parameters. Decreases in RBC count, Hb amount, Hct value, granulocyte ratios, and increases in total WBC and lymphocyte ratios were statistically significant in both dose groups treated with permethrin compared to the control group (p < 0.05). However, there was no statistically significant difference in monocyte ratios (p > 0.05). Overall, permethrin exposure caused an increase in MDA levels in the liver and gill tissues of carp in both dose and duration groups compared to the control group. Also, no statistically significant difference between the two dose groups in the liver tissue was observed in terms of duration (p > 0.05). Nonetheless, the increase in MDA levels in PERM10 and PERM20 dose groups in the gill tissues over 21 days was statistically significant (p < 0.05). Furthermore, permethrin exposure increased CAT, SOD, and GSH-Px enzyme activities in the gill tissue, while impacting in the opposite direction the liver tissue. Finally, regarding MDA, CAT, SOD, and GSH-Px levels, the control, and control acetone dose groups of all experimental groups were observed to be similar (p > 0.05). As a result, permethrin produced a toxic effect on Cyprinus carpio, triggering changes in blood parameters and inducing the antioxidant enzyme system.
... Due to their effective filtration process, freshwater mussels are recognized as delicate indicators of xenobiotic contamination. Moreover, bivalves (mussels) provide significant practical benefits for the surveillance of chemical pollution in aquatic environments (Yang et al. 2011;Sellami et al. 2015). Although there is evidence of a connection between exposure to NPs and harmful environmental consequences in indicator species such as mussels, there is limited knowledge regarding the potential interactions of these substances with bivalve. ...
Our study aimed to investigate the impact of nano-zinc oxide (nZnO),
a widely used pollutant in industry, pharmaceuticals, and personal care
products, on the behavior and oxidative stress of freshwater mussels
(Potomida littoralis) an indicator species and also a model non-target
organism in ecotoxicology. To this end mussels were exposed to nZnO
(50 and 100 µg/L) and Zn2+ from ZnSO4 (50 and 100 µg/L) for 7 days.
ZnSO4 was used for comparison purposes and to determine if the toxicity
of nZnO was due to the release of ions into the aquatic environment. We
evaluated changes in oxidative stress markers, including catalase (CAT),
glutathione-S-transferase (GST), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, on the mussel gills and digestive glands.
Additionally, the effect of nZnO on the filtration rate of bivalves was
studied. The findings showed that the mussel tissue’s different parameters
were significantly affected by exposure to various concentrations of nZnO,
causing changes in their behavior that led to a decrease in filtration rate.
Additionally, noteworthy increments were observed in CAT activity, AChE
activity, and MDA levels, whereas GST activity displayed a decreasing
trend, implying that oxidative stress contributes to the toxicity of nZnO.
The purpose of this review is to present a framework for comprehending
the toxicological impacts of nanoparticles from an environmental standpoint. Additionally, it includes novel information about the connections
between nanoparticles (NPs) and bivalve species.
... The PAHs-treated group represents the mussels exposed to nominal concentrations of benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)p, fluoranthene (FL), and benzanthracene (Banth) at a final concentrations of 50 μg/L/seawater (B(a)p1, FL1, and Banth1) and 100 μg/L/seawater (B(a)p2, FL2, and Banth2), under the same experimental conditions used in acclimation. PAH concentrations used in the present study were within the range of their persistence in heavily polluted coastal areas (Anyakora et al. 2005;Zhou and Maskoui 2003), while similar concentrations were reported to enhance toxic effects on tissues of bivalves, under laboratory conditions (Bellas et al. 2008;Giannapas et al. 2012;Sellami et al. 2015). ...
In the present study, five NPs (containing ZnO, Au-ZnO, Cu-ZnO, TiO2, and Au-TiO2) were characterized using dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy, in order to observe their behavior under environmental change. The applicability of NPs for degradation of three polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), including benzo(a)pyrene, fluoranthene, and benzanthracene, using UV irradiation showed the high photocatalytic efficiency of doped NPs for the removal of the study pollutants. To predict the environmental impact and interaction between NPs and PAHs on marine organisms, Mytilus galloprovincialis mussels were exposed to concentrations of each chemical (50 and 100 μg/L) for 14 days. The mussel’s response was determined using the oxidative stress biomarker approach. Measured biomarkers in the mussel’s digestive gland showed possible oxidative mechanisms in a concentration-dependent manner occurring after exposure to PAHs and NPs separately. Overall, this finding provides an interesting combination to remove PAHs in water, and the incorporation of chemical element into the crystallographic structure of NPs and the combination of two different NPs to form a binary hybrid NPs are promising materials.
... Komórki serca izolowane od szczurów rasy Wistar traktowano 3-PBA (kwas 3-fenoksybenzoesowy), 3-PBAlc (alkohol 3-fenoksybenzylowy) oraz PBAld(aldehyd 3-fenksybenzylowy). Metabolity te spowodowały wzrost utleniania białek Tabela 1. Podział pyretroidów ze względu na ich typ wraz z charakterystyką [10,47,49,50] Zbadano wpływ antracenu i permetryny na małże morskie Venerupis decussata, oceniano aktywność CAT, SOD oraz GST [40]. ...
Streszczenie
Pyretroidy, syntetyczne pochodne naturalnych pyretryn pochodzących z Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolim , powszechnie stosowane do ochrony roślin, w leśnictwie, przemyśle rolniczym, farmaceutycznym, a także w medycynie oraz weterynarii. Do organizmu mogą się dostać poprzez wdychanie, spożycie oraz kontakt ze skórą. Przyjęto, że charakteryzują się niewielką toksycznością dla ludzi, są szybko metabolizowane i nie kumulują się w tkankach, a wydalane są z moczem. Mimo istniejących licznych obostrzeń, ich stosowanie niesie duże ryzyko, ponieważ związki te oraz ich metabolity mogą przedostawać się do środowiska naturalnego, zanieczyszczając wodę, glebę oraz żywność. Od wielu lat opisywane są skutki stosowania pyretroidów jako bezpośrednie zagrożenie dla zdrowia zwierząt oraz ludzi. Na bieżąco publikowane są informuje o zatruciach tymi związkami u ludzi i zwierząt oraz o ofiarach śmiertelnych po ich zażyciu. Najbardziej narażone są dzieci, gdyż pyretroidy mogą występować w mleku matki. Związki te działają nefrotoksycznie, hepatotoksycznie, immunotoksycznie, neurotoksycznie oraz negatywnie na układ rozrodczy oraz na płód. Pyretroidy takie jak: permetryna, deltametryna, alfa-cypermetryna są dopuszczane przez Światową Organizację Zdrowia do codziennego użytku, jednak liczne badania naukowe informują, że mogą wywołać stres oksydacyjny. Doprowadzają do uszkodzenia DNA, białek, lipidów oraz do indukcji apoptozy. Celem pracy było zebranie oraz usystematyzowanie dostępnej wiedzy dotyczącej wywoływania stresu oksydacyjnego przez wybrane pyretroidy.
... Based on the results obtained in this study, we can hypothesise that protection against mixture-mediated oxidative stress was driven by SOD and CAT in gills, and by GR in digestive gland. In a previous study, exposure for two days of the clam Venerupis decussata to a mixture of permethrin and anthracene was shown to significantly increase SOD, CAT and GST in both gills and digestive gland (Sellami et al., 2015). In that study, the authors suggested a relationship between SOD and CAT activities in both tissues and hypothesised that the increase in enzyme activities was a signal of the activation of defence pathways against ROS. ...
In this study the effects of a mixture of glyphosate (herbicide), 17a-ethinylestradiol (synthetic estrogen) and amyl salicylate (fragrance) to the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis were evaluated. Mussels were exposed for 7 days to two realistic concentrations of the mixture (10 and 100 ng/L) and the effects on total haemocyte counts, haemocyte diameter and volume, haemocyte proliferation, haemolymph lactate dehydrogenase activity and haemocyte lysate lysozyme activity were measured. In addition, superoxide dismutase, catalase, acetylcholinesterase, glutathione-S-transferase and glutathione reductase activities were measured in gills and digestive gland. The survival-in-air test was also performed. Results demonstrated that the mixture affected both cellular and biochemical biomarkers, but not tolerance to aerial exposure of M. galloprovincialis. The negative effects recorded in this study suggested that more efforts should be done to assess the ecotoxicological risks posed by contaminant mixture to aquatic invertebrates.
... In molluscs, the digestive gland is usually the main target organ to evaluate the effects of many xenobiotics. Such organ is not only responsible for digestion and storage of nutrients but also for accumulation, detoxification and excretion of toxins, so it is considered suitable for biomarker estimations (Faggio et al., 2018;Mahmoud et al., 2012;Sellami et al., 2015;Usheva et al., 2006;Yao et al., 2017). CYP, like other toxicants, can interfere with optimal antioxidant status promoting oxidative damage, which may lead to biochemical (proteins, lipids and nucleic acids), physiological (cell functions) and morphological alterations (histopathologies) (Arrighetti et al., 2018;Shashikumar and Rajini, 2010). ...
... It is known that many aquatic organisms could detoxify CYP through GST activity (Shashikumar and Rajini, 2010;Xu and Huang, 2017), and the same can be deduced from C. parchappii in this study. Sellami et al. (2015) explained that the increase of GST activity in the digestive gland of the bivalve Venerupis decussata exposed to permethrin could be a result of the protective effect of this enzyme when the phase I metabolism is not sufficient. This could explain the high tolerance of C. parchapii to the pesticide. ...
The aim of the present work was to study the effect of the pyrethroid cypermethrin (CYP) on the non-target freshwater snail Chilina parchappi. Initially, the sensitivity of adult snails to CYP was evaluated via the 96-h LC50 test. Then, snails were exposed to subtethal CYP concentrations (0.1 and 10 mg/l) for 1, 4 and 10 days and the digestive glands were dissected for biomarkers analyses. Enzymatic activity of catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST), as well as total glutathione reduced (GSH) levels, were determined. Histological analyses of morphology, intracellular accumulation of lipofucsins and neutral lipids accumulation in the digestive gland were also evaluated. As compared to other molluscs, C. parchappi showed high resistance to CYP exposure evidenced by the 96-h LC50 value (44.59 mg/l). Snails exposed to sublethal CYP concentrations showed a statistically significant increase (p < 0.01) in GST (79–116%) and GPx (45–190%) activities with respect to controls. However, CAT activity showed a tendency to decrease with CYP treatment but was not statistically significantly different compared to control. Only high CYP concentration caused a statistically significant increase (p < 0.01) in GSH content (95–196%). There was evidence of structural changes in the digestive gland of snails exposed to CYP, showing a dose-dependent response. In exposed snails, some of the main symptoms included a reduction in the thickness of the epithelium, vacuolisation of the digestive cells and an increase in the number of excretory cells. Accumulation of lipofuscins (933–1006%) and neutral lipids (403%) were statistically significantly higher (p < 0.05) in snails exposed to CYP compared to control. This study showed that C. parchappii is quite tolerant to CYP exposure and that at sublethal concentrations, GSH metabolism could play a protective role against the pesticide harm in snails. Therefore, it would be interesting to study the response of this organism to other environmental stressors to assess its potential use in monitoring programs.
... This higher sensitivity of developing organisms has been associated with cellular redox unbalance, which can impair normal development [14,15]. Additionally, other evidences have indicated oxidative stress as a secondary mode of action of PM due to changes in redox biomarkers in different animal models, including DNA, lipid and protein damage, modulation of the antioxidant system [5,[16][17][18], and activation or repression of transcription factors regulating proinflammatory, anti-inflammatory, and apoptotic responses [19,20]. ...
Permethrin (PM) is a synthetic pyrethroid insecticide widely used as domestic repellent. Damage effects to nontarget organisms have been reported, particularly in the early stages of development. Studies indicate redox unbalance as secondary PM effect. Therefore, our goal was to investigate the acute PM effects on larval zebrafish. Larvae (6 days postfertilization) were exposed to PM (25–600 μ g/L) during 24 hours, and 50% lethal concentration was estimated. For subsequent assays, the sublethal PM concentrations of 25 and 50 μ g/L were used. PM increased anxiety-like behaviors according to the Novel Tank and Light-Dark tests. At the molecular level, PM induced increased ROS, which may be related to the increased lipid peroxidation, DNA damage, and apoptosis detected in PM-exposed organisms. In parallel, upregulation of the antioxidant system was detected after PM exposure, with increased superoxide dismutase, glutathione S-transferase and glutathione reductase activities, and thiol levels. The increased of Nrf2 target genes and the activation of an electrophile response element-driven reporter Tg( EPRE :LUC-EGFP) suggest that the Nrf2 pathway can mediate a fast response to PM, leading to antioxidant amplification. By using high-resolution respirometry, we found that exposure to PM decreased the oxygen consumption in all respiratory stages, disrupting the oxidative phosphorylation and inhibiting the electron transfer system, leading to decrease in bioenergetics capacity. In addition, PM led to increases of residual oxygen consumption and changes in substrate control ratio. Glucose metabolism seems to be affected by PM, with increased lactate dehydrogenase and decreased citrate synthase activities. Taken together, our results demonstrated the adverse effects of acute sublethal PM concentrations during larval development in zebrafish, causing apparent mitochondrial dysfunction, indicating a potential mechanism to redox unbalance and oxidative stress, which may be linked to the detected cell death and alterations in normal behavior patterns caused by acute PM exposure.
