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TEM image of cadmium sulfide nanostructures produced by nanosecond pulsed laser ablation in liquid of sulfur immersed in cadmium chloride.
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A pulsed laser-assisted in liquid environment method has been developed successfully to synthesize size-tunable (5–12 nm) and different shapes (sphere, rod, rope) of nano II–VI semiconductor (cadmium sulfide). This method can be carried out in two ways; the first one is the top-down technique, which has been discussed in publications in the last fe...
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... 2-5 show TEM images of nano-CdS, synthesized by laser ablation of a sulfur (S) target immersed in CdCl 2 sol- ution (M ¼ 10 À2 ) as a medium by varying the pulse width and wavelength. Figure 2 shows the TEM image of nanopar- ticles produced by ns-laser (1064 nm, 385 mJ) of S-target immersed in CdCl 2 . It is clear from this figure that a number of well-dispersed nanostructures can clearly be seen in the TEM picture with a fairly even size distribution. ...
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... 5 mm effective beam diameter. The other one is used to produce femtosecond (fs)-laser and picosecond (ps)-laser, a titanium:sapphire (Ti:S) Oscillator, solid- state laser (Micra 5, Coherent, Inc., Santa Clara, California, USA)’’ produces a pulse-train at a 80 MHz repetition rate, 4 nJ = pulse energy, 400 mW average maximum power, 37 fs of full-width at half-maximum (FWHM), and 810 nm cen- tral wavelength. Then the pulses are expanded first in time (over 200 ps FWHM) by a grating telescope combination in the ‘‘stretcher’’, and then the seed laser beam is directed onto the regenerative amplifier. The amplifier is a second Ti:sapphire crystal pumped with 532 nm radiation from a Q-switched Neodymium-doped Yttrium Aluminum Garnet (Nd-YAG) laser. The amplified pulses are finally recom- pressed (fs pulse width) to obtain very short and high-power pulses (1 mJ = pulse) by a grating ‘‘compressor’’. A schematic diagram of the experimental setup for the generation of nanostructures by PLAL is shown in Fig. 1. The target samples used were carried out on samples in the form of disc of about 0.85 cm diameter and 0.16 cm thick. It was positioned inside a cuvette (inner dimensions 10 Â 10 Â 35 mm) (Suprasil 300 quartz) and held firmly in a holder placed with a flexible thin Teflon ring, which was placed at the bottom of the cuvette, acting as a spring and pushing the sample onto its vertical wall. The cuvette was filled with liquid. It was then placed onto a moving stage that could be moved in the x -, y -, and z -directions with an accuracy of Æ 5 m m. The laser beam (Nd:YAG solid-state laser, and Ti:S solid-state laser) was focused onto the target material surface using a lens of focal length 7 cm. Laser ablation was carried out by scanning the sample. The ablation was carried out for 15 min and formation of nanostructures in the solution could be confirmed by the slight change of the color of the solvent during ablation. No bubbles were observed to adhere onto the sample surface during ablation, which would have otherwise shielded or scattered the laser radiation. The laser fluence on the material surface was kept low at 1 J = cm 2 (laser pulse energy 800 mJ). The synthesis of nano-CdS, a binary compound, was carried by immersed Cd, S, or CdS-tablet after sintering below its melting point in Na 2 S, CdCl 2 , or deionized water, respectively. The concentration solution ( M 1⁄4 10 À 2 ) in deionized medium and the laser ablation produced at a position from the target upper to the focal plane. We will study the synthesis of CdS in nanoscale by the following two methods: 1. Bottom-up technique: The tablet represents one of the precursors of the binary compound of CdS (tablet 1⁄4 S or Cd) whereas the other one of the precursors presents in the solution (sufficient medium) as an electrolyte form. 2. Top-down technique: The tablet represents the two precursors of the binary compound of CdS (tablet 1⁄4 CdS). This technique is a traditional technique. It has been used in the recent two decades to synthesize different nanomaterials but not much information on the mechanism is available to date. The shape and particles size distribution were studied using JEOL 2010 TEM (JEOL JEM.-1230 Electron Micro- scope, Tokyo, Japan) imaging. The samples were prepared by making a suspension from the powder in distilled water using an ultrasonic water bath. Then a drop of suspension was put in the carbon grid and left to dry. The UV-Vis spectra were measured in the range of 1000–200 nm using a JASCO 570 UV-Vis-NIR spectrophotometer. X-ray diffraction technique was used to determine the diffraction patterns of the crystal structure. X-ray diffractometer (Shimadzu 7000, Shimadzu Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) was used, oper- ating with Cu K a radiation ( k 1⁄4 0.154060 nm) generated at 30 kV and 30 mA with a scanning rate of 4 min À 1 for 2 h values between 20 and 80 degrees. The materials used were cadmium chloride hemipentahy- drate (CdCl 2 Á x H 2 O) of molecular weight 228.35, specifi- cation assay 95%, from S.D. Fine-Chem. Ltd. India, sodium sulfide (Na 2 S) of molecular weight 78.03 from S.D. Fine-Chem. Ltd., sulfur (S) of atomic weight 32.97 from S.D. Fine-Chem. Ltd., and cadmium sulfide (CdS) of molecular weight 144.48 from S.D. Fine-Chem. Ltd. All chemicals were analytical grade and used without further purification. The liquid medium in the PLAL was chosen depending on the precursor of the used tablet: 1. CdCl 2 solved in deionized water when the tablet is sulfur (S). [bottom-up] 2. Deionized water, distilled water, and tap water when the tablet is CdS. [top-down] In our experiments, laser ablation of the target in water was accompanied by the production of a plasma plume, visible to the eye, forming a sharp sound near the target surface. [4,48,49] Figures 2–5 show TEM images of nano-CdS, synthesized by laser ablation of a sulfur (S) target immersed in CdCl 2 solution ( M 1⁄4 10 À 2 ) as a medium by varying the pulse width and wavelength. Figure 2 shows the TEM image of nanoparticles produced by ns-laser (1064 nm, 385 mJ) of S-target immersed in CdCl 2 . It is clear from this figure that a number of well-dispersed nanostructures can clearly be seen in the TEM picture with a fairly even size distribution. The image suggests that CdS nanostructures have an external spherical shape. However, the ablation process was carried out in the absence of surfactant and = or stabilizers. The particles are, to a large extent, well separated from one another and appear to be uniformly distributed throughout the field of the micrograph. The produced nanostructures exhibit a uniform shape and a very narrow size distribution with diameters % 7.5 nm. Figure 3 shows the TEM image of CdS nanostructures produced from the effect of the changing of pulse width to be Ps-laser (800 nm, 0.9 mJ) for ablation of S-target immersed in CdCl 2 solution. TEM analysis revealed that the resulting product has a rope-like or hair-like structure. The diameters of the formed nanostructures are in the nanore- gime ( % 6nm) and the formation of other nanostructures was not observed. Figure 4 shows the TEM image of CdS nanostructures produced from the effect of changing the pulse width to be Fs-laser (800 nm, 0.7 mJ). It is clear from this figure that nanorods were spontaneously produced without using any surfactant and a mixture of nanorods as well as aggregated nanostructures was observed in the field of the TEM image. The most striking feature of the previous samples is the spontaneous growth of the 1D nanostructure without the aid of any surfactant and = or complexing agent that provides a channel to collect the nanostructures in it. The nanorods and nanoropes are produced in the cases of Fs and Ps (see Figs. 4 and 5) because of self-assembly. This phenomenon can be understood as the reduction in particle size thermal fluctuation on its surface increase causes a thermal instability in the shape of nanostructures. To gain a stable size = shape or structure with minimum thermal fluctuation, the nanostructures get assembled and form several types of nanoarchitectures, such as nanoropes and nanorods, in our case. [50] CdS nanostructures have been synthesized by liquid–solid interaction techniques from S and CdCl precursors. Moreover, the synthesis of nanostructures was also proposed to occur primarily at the laser-liquid– solid interface by a nucleation and growth mechanism. Generally, it is proposed that PLAL would be very far from the equilibrium process, so that all metastable and stable phases forming at the initial, intermediate, and final stages of the conversion could be reserved in the final products, especially for the metastable intermediate phase. In other words, the quenching times of PLAL are so short that the metastable phase forming at the intermediate stage of the conversion could be frozen in the synthesized final products. Since the plasma is confined in the liquid, it expends adiaba- tically at a supersonic velocity, creating a shock wave in front, and the shock wave will induce an extra pressure, called laser-induced pressure, in the plasma. [51–54] According to the shielding produced from the laser matter interaction process, when the laser beam ablated materials from the surface of the target, PLAL was affected by the shielding process. These shieldings influence the amount of nanostructures produced and we can solve that using a stirring process to produce a high yield of nano-CdS. Figure 5 shows the TEM image of CdS nanostructures produced from the effect of the stirring of the ps-laser (800 nm, 0.7 mJ). From this figure it is clear that the result produced is in microscale and its shape is a distorted circular structure because of the effect of the stirrer. Thus, we can use the direction of the movement of the tablet on its holder to produce an imaginary tunnel to force the nanostructures in that direction. Figure 6 shows the TEM image of CdS nanostructures synthesized by ns-laser (1064 nm) ablation of the CdS target immersed in deionized water as a medium. The produced nanostructures are very small with sizes in the range of 5 nm with high homogeneity and narrow particle size distribution. Figure 7 shows the UV-Vis absorption spectrum of CdS nanostructures prepared by PLAL of S-target immersed in CdCl solution ( M 1⁄4 10 À 2 ) by fs-laser (800 nm, 0.7 mJ), Ps-laser (800 nm, 0.7 mJ), and Ns-laser (1064 nm, 385 mJ). From this figure it is clear that the absorption edge is 524, 498, and 601 nm in the cases of Fs-, Ps-, and Ns-lasers, respectively. This is unlike the bulk material of CdS, which has steep absorption edges at % 515 nm. The absorption coefficient ( a ), at the corresponding wavelengths, is calculated using the Beer–Lambert relation [55] : 2 : 303 A where l is the path length of the quartz cuvette and A is the absorbance. The optical band gap was estimated from absorption coefficient data as a function of wavelength using the Tauc relation ...
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... CdS is a semiconductor that belongs to the II-VI group and has a direct wide-band gap of 2.42 eV at ambient temperature. The presence of CdS in nanostructured materials are usage in a variety of nanoscale semiconductor devices [7][8][9]. This material is commonly used in transistors, photo and gas detectors, and sensors. ...
The high-quality n-type CdS on a p-type Si (111) photodetector device was prepared for the first time by a one-pot method based on an ns laser ablation method in a liquid medium. Cadmium target was ablated in DMSO solution, containing sulfur precursor, and stirred, assisting in 1D-growth, to create the sulfide structure as CdS nano-ropes form, followed by depositing on the Si-substrate by spin coating. The morphological, structural, and optical characteristics of the CdS structure were examined using X-ray diffraction, transmission, and scanning electron microscopy, photoluminescence, and UV-VIS spectroscopy. From X-ray diffraction analysis, the growing CdS spheres have a good crystal nature, with a high purity and desired c-axis orientation along the (002) plane, and the crystallinity was around 30 nm. According to optical characterization, high transparency was found in the visible–near-infrared areas of the electromagnetic spectrum, and the CdS spheres have a direct optical energy band gap of 3.2 eV. After that, the CdS/Si hetero-structured device was found to be improved remarkably after adding CdS. It showed that the forward current is constantly linear, while the dark current is around 4.5 µA. Up to a bias voltage of 4 V, there was no breakdown, and the reverse current of the heterojunctions somewhat increased with reverse bias voltage, while the photocurrent reached up to 580 and 690 µA for using 15 and 30 W/cm2 light power, respectively. Additionally, the ideal factors for CdS/Si heterojunction were 3.1 and 3.3 for 15 and 30 W/cm2 light power, respectively. These results exhibited high performance compared to the same heterojunction produced by other techniques. In addition, this opens the route for obtaining more enhancements of these values based on the changing use of sulfide structures in the heterojunction formation.
... This method can synthesize NPs of almost any material using an identical experimental setup [1,2,[5][6][7]. NPs so fabricated by PLAL have been utilized for antibacterial applications [1,8,9], sensors [10][11][12], photonics [13][14][15]. Also, the potential in this method to be controlled remotely cannot be ignored [16]. ...
Pulsed laser ablation in liquid (PLAL) has gained popularity over time as an efficient method for fabrication of nanoparticles (NPs). This method depends on laser-induced dynamics at the solid–liquid interface, which is influenced by the experimental parameters. Hence, it becomes necessary to study the effect of various parameters for efficient synthesis of NPs and better control over their properties. The present study elucidates the role of liquid ambient in determining the properties of NPs. The effect of viscosity on the size of NPs is studied by conducting experiments in three liquids, viz., Distilled water (DW), propylene glycol (PG), and glycerol (GOL). This study uncovers that size of NPs significantly depends on the viscosity of liquid. The size of NPs is measured to be 35, 52, and 65 nm for DW, PG, and GOL, respectively. The dynamical processes of PLAL were probed using optical beam deflection technique with an attempt to connect the NPs size distribution to the bubble size in respective liquid. Maximum cavitation bubble radius was estimated to be 2.02, 1.85, and 1.45 mm for DW, PG, and GOL, respectively. Laser-produced craters were studied to know their effect on surface morphology. Theoretical calculation of the binding energies of PG and GOL complement the experimental results. This series of studies performed in the present work will further enhance the control over NPs during PLAL.
... In the case of ablation of LTO in PES solution, the amorphous aspect of the PES was reduced when LTO NPs were embedded, as shown in this diffractogram. Using Scherrer's formula, the crystalline size (D) of LTO was calculated from the equation of Bragg peaks [38,39]: ...
Nowadays, to increase the usage of energy storage applications like electric cars or stationary storage, the cost of these manufacturers must be reduced. Our present study focuses on an alternate electrode production approach to suit the needs of today's lithium ion battery’s cost efficiency by using an eco-friendly method, the pulsed laser ablation method in liquid media technique, which was used for the first time to synthesize spinel lithium titanate anode, Li4Ti5O12 nanoparticles (LTO NPs), and incorporate them with polyether sulfone (PES) in just one step to form a PES/LTO nanocomposite. The evidence from XRD showed that the nanocomposite film is formed as a crystalline phase from a cubic spinel structure corresponding to LTO, with crystalline sizes around 9.4 nm. Furthermore, SEM revealed a semi-spherical distribution of LTO NPs throughout the PES matrix. Also, the elemental analysis provides the elemental peaks for C, S, Ti, and O, and no other elemental peaks do, confirming their purity. Moreover, the FT-IR investigation affirmed the interaction between PES and LTO NPs via the sulfone group with the breakage of the sulfur and oxygen double bond and the formation of a new link between SOLa and SOTi that may be responsible for the emergence of this band. Also, the absorption study confirmed the formation of localized states between occupied and unoccupied molecular orbital bands is made feasible by the chemical linkages between PES chains and LTO NPs. As a result of the dielectric investigation, LTO NPs are a good choice for usage as dopants to enhance the electrical characteristics of PES polymer. Overall, the PES/LTO nanocomposite films' improved dielectric and optical properties make them appropriate for energy storage applications.
... It was also reported that the addition of SWCNTs onto the TiO 2 -NRs before decorating them by PbS-QDs further enhanced PCE to 5.3%, which may be due to more light absorption and improved charge collection by SWCNTs. Darwish et al. (2015) synthesized size-tunable (5À12 nm) cadmium sulfide (nano IIÀVI semiconductor) with different shapes, such as rod, sphere, rope, etc., using a pulsed laser in liquid environment method. It was confirmed that the NPs are crystalline. ...
Quantum dots (QDs) are potential agents for solar energy conversion due to their size-dependent optoelectronic properties. QD-sensitized solar cells (QDSSCs) are potential candidates to meet the growing demand for clean energy due to facile and low-cost fabrication techniques. High performance is expected in this type of solar cell architecture due to multiple exciton production and energy bandgap tuning in QDs. Various types of QDs have been explored, such as CdS/CdSe, CuInS2, PbS, Zn-Cu-In-Se and perovskite QDs (PQDs). Among all QDs, Cd chalcogenide-based sensitizers, especially CdS and CdSe (CdTe) are the preferred choices for solar cell devices due to easy fabrication, low cost, and performance. This chapter focuses on advances in QDSSCs like cosensitization of CdS/CdSe, introduction of passivation layer (ZnS), annealing temperature, counter electrode modification (Cu2S, CoS, and composites of Cu2S/rGO), polysulfide electrolyte modification, doping of QDs (e.g., Mn), and use of a wide bandgap semiconductor (TiO2/ZnO) to enhance the photon conversion efficiency (PCE). Additionally, PQDs and silicon tandem solar cells exhibit potential characteristics such as low production cost, high PCE (29.5%), and suitable architecture for large-scale production. Here, QDs sensitized solar cells, mechanism, working principle, unique properties, Cd chalcogenide-based, perovskite-based, and other QDs-based solar cells and recent modifications to enhance the PCE are reported.
... In addition, it oxidizes more even after few pulses for both ambient conditions. For this reason, we took the values of α (16 × 10 5 /cm) [23] and (2.925 cm 2 /s) for CdO. The value of is calculated in Equation (2), where represents the target surface density (for CdO, 8.15 3 ), C is specific heat (0.3397 for CdO target) and K is thermal conductivity (8.1 for CdO). ...
In the present study KrF Excimer laser has been employed to irradiate the Cadmium (Cd) targets for various number of laser pulses of 500, 1000, 1500 and 2000, at constant fluence of 3.6 J cm−2. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis was utilized to reveal the formation of laser induced nano/micro structures on the irradiated target (Cd) surfaces. SEM results show the generation of cavities, cracks, micro/nano wires/rods, wrinkles along with re-deposited particles during irradiation in air, whereas subsurface boiling, pores, cavities and Laser Induced Periodic Surface Structures (LIPSS) on the inner walls of cavities are revealed at the central ablated area after irradiation in propanol. The ablated volume and depth of ablated region on irradiated Cd targets are evaluated for various number of pulses and is higher in air as compared to propanol ambient. Fast Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD) analyses show the presence of oxides and hydro-oxides of Cd after irradiation in propanol, whereas the existence of oxides is observed after irradiation in air ambient. Nano-hardness tester was used to investigate mechanical modifications of ablated Cd. It reveals an increase in hardness after irradiation which is more pronounced in propanol as compared to air.
... In EDX spectrum, these spectrums give informative details about their element (qualitative and semi-quantitative) and their ratio [57][58][59][60]. ...
... Response time is the amount of time it takes for a sensor to change to 90% of its original value. When the flow of reducing or oxidizing gas is removed, the recovery time is defined as the time required returning to within 10% of the original baseline [59][60][61][62][63][64][65]. ...
Laser ablation technique in solution has been advanced to achieve single step synthesis of varied gold: oxide nanocomposites with uniform morphology and supreme dispersibility. The core:shell Au:CdO nanoparticles were manufactured by using fundamental Nd:YAG laser (1064 nm) at several energy of laser 600, 800 and 1000 mJ/ 100pulses, after that deposited on surface of porous-Si (PS). PS is prepared by using photo-electrochemical etching (PECE) method of n-type Si wafer in 16% hydrofluoric acid (HF).Current density 12 mA/cm 2 and time of etching was 15 min. The characteristics of Au:CdO NPs that have been synthesized were studied. The structural properties were investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD). Furthermore, the results of the AFM "atomic force microscope" test indicated a 26.34 nm surface roughness for Au:CdO NPs, TEM "transmission electron microscope) revealed that the fabricated particles of Au:CdO were spherical shape, and Photo-luminescence (PL) test. Finally, the effects of different operation temperatures on the gas sensor sensitivity, recovery, and response times of NO 2 and H 2 S gas sensors which created from synthesized samples were investigated. The maximum sensitivity of Au:CdO NPS/PS ablated by energy laser 800 mJ is approximately 93.5% and 67.81% of gas H 2 S and NO 2 respectively.
... Likewise, CdS NPs with outstanding colloidal stability even at high laser fluences have been developed by Gong et al. 120 . The effect of various laser parameters such as pulse width, wavelength, fluence, and surfactant in liquid, on the formation of CdS NPs has been investigated by Darwish et al. 121 . Recently, a series of colloidal NPs of CdS, SnS, and CuS have been prepared efficiently by ablating their respective metal targets in sulfur precursors containing DMSO, and their antimicrobial activity against various microorganisms has been studied 36 . ...
The global energy crisis is increasing the demand for innovative materials with high purity and functionality for the development of clean energy production and storage. The development of novel photo- and electrocatalysts significantly depends on synthetic techniques that facilitate the production of tailored advanced nanomaterials. The emerging use of pulsed laser in liquid synthesis has attracted immense interest as an effective synthetic technology with several advantages over conventional chemical and physical synthetic routes, including the fine-tuning of size, composition, surface, and crystalline structures, and defect densities and is associated with the catalytic, electronic, thermal, optical, and mechanical properties of the produced nanomaterials. Herein, we present an overview of the fundamental understanding and importance of the pulsed laser process, namely various roles and mechanisms involved in the production of various types of nanomaterials, such as metal nanoparticles, oxides, non-oxides, and carbon-based materials. We mainly cover the advancement of photo- and electrocatalytic nanomaterials via pulsed laser-assisted technologies with detailed mechanistic insights and structural optimization along with effective catalytic performances in various energy and environmental remediation processes. Finally, the future directions and challenges of pulsed laser techniques are briefly underlined. This review can exert practical guidance for the future design and fabrication of innovative pulsed laser-induced nanomaterials with fascinating properties for advanced catalysis applications.
... This observation confirmed the high purity of th produced nanostructure materials. Moreover, the main crystalline peak used to deetec the crystallite size of Al2O3 nanostructure using the Debye-scherrer equation [51]. ...
... This observation confirmed the high purity of the produced nanostructure materials. Moreover, the main crystalline peak used to deetect the crystallite size of Al 2 O 3 nanostructure using the Debye-scherrer equation [51]. ...
Al2O3-poly(vinyl alcohol) nanocomposite (Al2O3-PVA nanocomposite) was generated in a single step using an eco-friendly method based on the pulsed laser ablation approach immersed in PVA solution to be applicable for the removal of Ni(II) from aqueous solution, followed by making a physicochemical characterization by SEM, XRD, FT-IR, and EDX. After that, the effect of adsorption parameters, such as pH, contact time, initial concentration of Ni(II), and medium temperature, were investigated for removal Ni(II) ions. The results showed that the adsorption was increased when pH was 5.3, and the process was initially relatively quick, with maximum adsorption detected within 90 min of contact time with the endothermic sorption process. Moreover, the pseudo-second-order rate kinetics (k2 = 9.9 × 10−4 g mg−1 min−1) exhibited greater agreement than that of the pseudo-first-order. For that, the Ni(II) was effectively collected by Al2O3-PVA nanocomposite prepared by an eco-friendly and simple method for the production of clean water to protect public health.
... To reduce the size, two mechanisms of bottom-up and top-down are proposed to synthesise nanostructures. Darwish et al. reported that the pulse width leads to important changes in the dominant ablation mechanisms [17]. ...
The role of laser fluence on the properties of graphene/CuO nanocomposite, prepared by pulsed laser ablation method was studied experimentally. Ablation processes were carried out with the fundamental wavelength of a Q-switched Nd:YAG laser. First, the graphene nanosheets were synthesized by irradiation of a graphite target in distilled water. Then, a Cu target was irradiated by the same laser pulses in the graphene suspension. Three samples of graphene/CuO nanocomposites were formed by different fluences of laser pulse. Results indicate that decoration of graphene with CuO nanoparticles was performed in all nanocomposite samples. As the laser fluence increased, adhesion of graphene nanosheets was enhanced, and the size of CuO nanoparticles was decreased, while the rate of their production was increased. According to the results, it can be concluded that the laser fluence is an effective tool to control the characteristics of laser ablation produced nanocomposites.
... The nanomaterials are active agents for electrochemical applications, and their attractive characteristics have facilitated the development of multipurpose and sensitive-sensor systems [1]. During the past decade, researchers have frequently used cadmium sulfide (CdS) nanomaterials because of their size-dependent properties, semiconductor nature, and cost-effectiveness [2,3]. CdS nanomaterials have potential applications in various fields such as optical filters [4], solar cells [5], gas sensors [6], thinfilm transistors [7], and photodetectors [8]. ...
In the present study, undoped and doped (iron and cobalt) cadmium sulfide (CdS) nanoparticles (NPs) are synthesized by a facile hydrothermal method and explored their potential as an electrochemical sensor. Different characterization techniques including X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), UV–Vis spectroscopy, Brunauer-Emmet and Teller's (BET) analysis, and dynamic light scattering (DLS) are used to study the structure, size, morphology, composition, and surface area of the synthesized materials. The electrochemical sensing properties of synthesized materials are assessed by cyclic voltammetry (CV), equipped with a three-electrode system. The iron-doped CdS/GCE displays the lowest detection limit (0.064 μM) and the linear response from 0.001 to 1.6 μM CAP concentration in comparison of pristine and cobalt-doped CdS/GCEs. Additionally, the proposed sensor shows promising selectivity in the presence of other biomolecules such as thiamphenicol, chlorphenicol, and clindamycin. This study presents the efficient potential of iron-doped CdS NPs for electrochemical sensing of chloramphenicol.
