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SERAN is a two-layer (routing and MAC) protocol for wireless sensor networks in manufacturing plants. At both layers, SERAN combines a randomized and a deterministic approach. While the randomized component provides robustness over unreliable channels, the deterministic component avoids an explosion of packet collisions and allows our protocol to s...
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... introduction of this high level TDMA structure has the goal of limiting interference between nodes transmitting from different clusters. The time granularity of this level is the TDMA-slot (see Figure 3). ...
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... To reduce cabling cost impact, there has been initiatives to develop wireless communications protocol for industrial environment [10]. One example is Security Equipment protocol in Routing in Adhoc Networks, SERAN [11,12]. More recently there has been an effort towards extending industrial real-time ethernet to Industrial Internet of Things, IIoT [13,14]. ...
Pressure and temperature profile are key data for safe production in oil and gas wells. In this paper, a bucket-brigade inspired sensor network protocol is proposed which can be used to extract sensed data profile from the nanoscale up to kilometer long structures. The PHY/MAC layers are discussed. This protocol is best suited for low data rate exchanges in small fixed-size packets, named buckets, transmitted as time-domain bursts among high-precision smart sensors deployed as a queue. There is only one coordinator, which is not directly accessible by most of the sensor nodes. The coordinator is responsible for collecting the measurement profile and send it to a supervisory node. There is no need for complex routing mechanism, as the network topology is determined during deployment. There are many applications which require sensors to be deployed as a long queue and sensed data could be transmitted at low data rates. Examples of such monitoring applications are: neural connected artificial skin, oil/gas/water pipeline integrity, power transmission line tower integrity, (rail)road/highway lighting and integrity, individualized monitoring in vineyard or re-foresting or plantation, underwater telecommunications cable integrity, oil/gas riser integrity, oil/gas well temperature and pressure profile, among others. For robustness and reduced electromagnetic interference, wired network is preferred. Besides in some harsh environment wireless is not feasible. To reduce wiring, communications can be carried out in the same cable used to supply electrical power.
... To reduce cabling cost impact, there has been initiatives to develop wireless communications protocol for industrial environment [10]. One example is Security Equipment protocol in Routing in Ad-hoc Networks, SERAN [11,12]. In some applications, such as: Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANET), farm made up of several greenhouses, or geographically distributed devices, the communications link has to be wireless or hybrid wired/wireless [13][14][15]. ...
Pressure and temperature profile are key data for safe production in oil and gas wells. In this paper, a bucket-brigade inspired sensor network protocol is proposed which can be used to extract sensed data profile from the nanoscale up to kilometer long structures. The PHY/MAC layers are discussed. This protocol is best suited for low data rate exchanges in small fixed-size packets, named buckets, transmitted as time-domain bursts among high-precision smart sensors deployed as a queue. There is only one coordinator, which is not directly accessible by most of the sensor nodes. The coordinator is responsible for collecting the measurement profile and send it to a supervisory node. There is no need for complex routing mechanism, as the network topology is determined during deployment. There are many applications which require sensors to be deployed as a long queue and sensed data could be transmitted at low data rates. Examples of such monitoring applications are: neural connected artificial skin, oil/gas/water pipeline integrity, power transmission line tower integrity, (rail)road/highway lighting and integrity, individualized monitoring in vineyard or re-foresting or plantation, underwater telecommunications cable integrity, oil/gas riser integrity, oil/gas well temperature and pressure profile, among others. For robustness and reduced electromagnetic interference, wired network is preferred. Besides in some harsh environment wireless is not feasible. To reduce wiring, communications can be carried out in the same cable used to supply electrical power.
... The former architecture of wireless sensor networks consisted of single central processing station that is connected to several sensor nodes [2]. With introduction of mobility, wireless network applications have redirected the focus towards distributed sensing nodes networks. ...
Wireless Sensor and Actor Networks (WSANs) comprise of sensors and actors to perform distributed sensing and acting tasks. Sensing of the environment using wireless sensor networks (WSN) has been one of the favorite areas of the research community. Conversion of this concept into real life implementable solutions would find interest only if a response mechanism is developed to complement the sensing. Introduction of the actor element in the WSNs makes it Wireless Sensor and Actor Networks (WSANs). The WSANs come with their set of issues having subtle differences from the WSN. The protocol design thus differs from the traditional WSNs. The issues like mobility of nodes, energy consumption, scalability, fault tolerance, response time have been highlighted in this paper and a survey and comparison are undertaken in respect to clustering based WSAN protocols.
... SERAN is a two-layer semi-random protocol that specifies a routing algorithm and a MAC layer for clustered wireless sensor networks (Bonivento et al. 2005). It combines a randomized Intelligent Buildings International and a deterministic approach: The former provides robustness over unreliable channels and the latter reduces the packet collisions (Bonivento et al. 2005). ...
... SERAN is a two-layer semi-random protocol that specifies a routing algorithm and a MAC layer for clustered wireless sensor networks (Bonivento et al. 2005). It combines a randomized Intelligent Buildings International and a deterministic approach: The former provides robustness over unreliable channels and the latter reduces the packet collisions (Bonivento et al. 2005). SERAN has shown excellent performance for low data rate transmissions with low average node duty cycle, which yields a long network lifetime. ...
Increasing interest has been expressed towards intelligent HVAC systems in hospital environments. This paper presents a literature review of intelligent HVAC systems used in hospitals. First, we discuss the current state of HVAC systems and common ventilation issues regarding modern hospitals. Second, we describe hospital airflow modeling using CFD. We then define “intelligent HVAC systems” and address challenges concerning their design and implementation. Lastly, possibilities for HVAC system optimization and energy conservation are presented.
... Regarding the hardware and software specification, a hardware platform and sensor, the operating system required, the amount of memory needed, and a list of modules required to operate the software are proposed. Bonivento et al. [23,24] present a design procedure for industrial WSN, which begins with a high level description of the control algorithm and a set of possible hardware platforms for the itself synthesis, later to automatically generate an application to fulfill with system requirements and optimize energy consumption. To manage the heterogeneity and complexity, three abstraction layers and tools are introduced to facilitate the transition between different layers and obtain the final solution. ...
... @BULLET Middleware: receives requests from tasks to execute a predefined function, understanding it as a set of tasks with known computational requirements and constraints. The middleware then sends commands to the kernel, which based on a static voltage scaling algorithm, [23], sets the correct values of frequency and voltage to operate the processor and then selects the tasks to be executed by the kernel. In order to activate tasks for each application scenario and considering than in these applications the number of tasks unassigned to a specific node and its code is reduced, it is supposed that each node has a replica of every unassigned task which execute depending on the scenario of the system. ...
Because battery-powered nodes are required in wireless sensor networks and energy consumption represents an important design consideration, alternate energy sources are needed to provide more effective and optimal function. The main goal of this work is to present an energy harvesting wireless sensor network platform, the Open Wireless Sensor node (WiSe). The design and implementation of the solar powered wireless platform is described including the hardware architecture, firmware, and a POSIX Real-Time Kernel. A sleep and wake up strategy was implemented to prolong the lifetime of the wireless sensor network. This platform was developed as a tool for researchers investigating Wireless sensor network or system integrators.
... Regarding the hardware and software specification, a hardware platform and sensor, the operating system required, the amount of memory needed, and a list of modules required to operate the software are proposed. Bonivento et al. [23,24] present a design procedure for industrial WSN, which begins with a high level description of the control algorithm and a set of possible hardware platforms for the itself synthesis, later to automatically generate an application to fulfill with system requirements and optimize energy consumption. To manage the heterogeneity and complexity, three abstraction layers and tools are introduced to facilitate the transition between different layers and obtain the final solution. ...
... @BULLET Middleware: receives requests from tasks to execute a predefined function, understanding it as a set of tasks with known computational requirements and constraints. The middleware then sends commands to the kernel, which based on a static voltage scaling algorithm, [23], sets the correct values of frequency and voltage to operate the processor and then selects the tasks to be executed by the kernel. In order to activate tasks for each application scenario and considering than in these applications the number of tasks unassigned to a specific node and its code is reduced, it is supposed that each node has a replica of every unassigned task which execute depending on the scenario of the system. ...
A current trend in the development and implementation of industrial applications is to use wireless networks to communicate the system nodes, mainly to increase application flexibility, reliability and portability, as well as to reduce the implementation cost. However, the nondeterministic and concurrent behavior of distributed systems makes their analysis and design complex, often resulting in less than satisfactory performance in simulation and test bed scenarios, which is caused by using imprecise models to analyze, validate and design these systems. Moreover, there are some simulation platforms that do not support these models. This paper presents a design and validation method for Wireless Sensor and Actuator Networks (WSAN) which is supported on a minimal set of wireless components represented in Colored Petri Nets (CPN). In summary, the model presented allows users to verify the design properties and structural behavior of the system.
... The former architecture of wireless sensor networks consist of single central processing station that is connected to several sensor nodes [3]. The recent migrating demands of applications in the wireless focus more on the distributed sensing nodes networks. ...
Research effort in the field of wireless sensor communication network mainly focus towards minimizing the energy consumption, low cost and size reduction as well as improvement of multifunctional sensor lifetime. In this paper, the focus is mainly driven on the energy efficient hierarchical clustering routing protocol. Clustering mechanism helps to reduce the complexity of network overhead that is proportional to the number of nodes in the network. The paper proposed a novel approach with an energy efficient hierarchical clustering technique using the Fuzzy Logic method. The Fuzzy search algorithm applies for cluster formation and cluster head selection in the distributed hierarchical clustering environment. The fuzzification functions and rules optimize the simulation. The Matlab simulated proposed approach result outperforms with the existing results. The evaluation of the proposed approach is compared with LEACH protocol. The result shows the algorithm scale well in dynamic and energy deficient wireless sensor networks.
... En(Bonivento, 2005),(Bonivento, 2006a, b) se presenta un procedimiento de diseño de WSN para aplicaciones industriales, el cual comienza con una descripción de alto nivel del algoritmo de control y un conjunto de posibles plataformas de hardware para la síntesis del mismo, para posteriormente generar de manera automática una aplicación que satisface los requisitos del sistema y optimiza el consumo de energía. Para gestionar la heterogeneidad y complejidad, se identifican tres capas de abstracción y se introducen las herramientas para la transición entre las diferentes capas y obtener la solución final.Este enfoque de diseño a nivel de sistema, se caracteriza por una fase top-down donde los requisitos de la aplicación son detallados en las necesidades end-to-end de la red, una fase inferior donde se abstrae el rendimiento del hardware, y una fase media donde se encuentran las dos fases anteriores, en la cual se utilizan los requerimientos y el rendimiento para resolver un problema de optimización con restricciones, cuya solución determina los protocolos de acceso al medio y encaminamiento de la red.Algunas restricciones del modelo de componentes a nivel de sistema limitan la solución propuesta, por ejemplo no se contempla la comunicación entre sensores, lo que es utilizado en aplicaciones de fusión sensorial. ...
... En(Bonivento, 2005),(Bonivento, 2006a, b) se presenta un procedimiento de diseño de WSN para aplicaciones industriales, el cual comienza con una descripción de alto nivel del algoritmo de control y un conjunto de posibles plataformas de hardware para la síntesis del mismo, para posteriormente generar de manera automática una aplicación que satisface los requisitos del sistema y optimiza el consumo de energía. Para gestionar la heterogeneidad y complejidad, se identifican tres capas de abstracción y se introducen las herramientas para la transición entre las diferentes capas y obtener la solución final.Este enfoque de diseño a nivel de sistema, se caracteriza por una fase top-down donde los requisitos de la aplicación son detallados en las necesidades end-to-end de la red, una fase inferior donde se abstrae el rendimiento del hardware, y una fase media donde se encuentran las dos fases anteriores, en la cual se utilizan los requerimientos y el rendimiento para resolver un problema de optimización con restricciones, cuya solución determina los protocolos de acceso al medio y encaminamiento de la red.Algunas restricciones del modelo de componentes a nivel de sistema limitan la solución propuesta, por ejemplo no se contempla la comunicación entre sensores, lo que es utilizado en aplicaciones de fusión sensorial. ...
Actualmente existe un gran interés por el desarrollo de aplicaciones industriales utilizando redes inalámbricas, principalmente por el aumento de la flexibilidad del sistema y la disminución de los costos de implementación. Sin embargo, los retrasos y el jitter que introduce la red de comunicaciones en las aplicaciones de control, han dado lugar a que en algunos casos no se obtenga una buena correspondencia entre los resultados experimentales y los objetivos de control propuestos, esto como consecuencia del uso de modelos imprecisos para analizar y diseñar estos sistemas, métodos de validación poco elaborados y plataformas que no soportan los modelos empleados. En este trabajo se presenta un procedimiento de diseño que permite encontrar un modo de funcionamiento óptimo del sistema, que garantiza el cumplimiento de los plazos de tiempo de las aplicaciones, y minimiza el consumo de potencia y los retrasos.
... For a number of these applications timeliness is of great importance, e.g. industrial automation , process control [1], [2], [3] and low-cost distributed image processing [4]. Each node is expected to perform real-time computations and to send high quality data with guaranteed Quality-of-Service (QoS). ...
Recently, researchers and engineers began considering the use of WSN in time-sensitive applications. For effective real-time communications, it is important to solve the problem of contention to the communication medium providing an efficient bandwidth allocation mechanism. In this paper we tackle with the problem of performing timely detection of events by a WSN. We propose a real-time bandwidth allocation mechanism for IEEE 802.15.4 that maximizes event detection efficiency and reduces statistical uncertainty under network overload conditions. On-line strategies complement off-line guarantees to enhance the confidence level of the measurements.
