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TAMBORA VOLCANO WITH SHIELD-SHAPE WHICH WAS RECONSTRUCTED OF ABOUT 4,300 M A.S.L. BEFORE 1815. TWO PARASITIC CONES ARE IN FOREGROUND.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.17014/ijog.vol1no1.20066aThe eruption of Tambora volcano on the island of Sumbawa in 1815 is generally considered as the largest and the most violent volcanic event in recorded history. The cataclysmic eruption occurred on 11 April 1815 was initiated by Plinian eruption type on 5 April and killed more than 90,000 people on Sumb...
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... The eruption killed approximately 85,000 local residents and wiped out four major kingdoms in Sumbawa Island. The volcanic ash spread globally to the northern hemisphere, including Europe and America, causing climate anomaly and experiencing year without summer (Sutawidjaja et al. 2006;Behringer 2017). ...
Anshor M, Basuni S, Arief H, Sunarminto T. 2023. Stakeholders and network analyses in Tambora National Park, Sumbawa Island, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 24: 5446-5463. The complexity of managing Tambora National Park (Tambora NP), West Nusa Tenggara Province, Indonesia poses a challenge to be overcome effectively by Tambora NP Office alone, thus the involvement of broader stakeholders is needed. These stakeholders have their respective levels of influence and interests which affect the relationship between them and Tambora NP Office. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the stakeholders related to the management of Tambora NP, and investigate their interests and influence using social network analysis. A stakeholder analysis was conducted by the following steps: (i) identifying the stakeholders, (ii) mapping the stakeholders, and (iii) assessing the relationship among stakeholders. The analysis identified 38 stakeholders related to Tambora NP management. Tambora NP Office is the primary stakeholder with the highest level of influence and interest. The relationship established in the management network of Tambora NP is still weak and centralized among several stakeholders in which Tambora NP Office is the most central stakeholder. The relationship among stakeholders is dominated by five stakeholders, namely Tambora NP Office, Natural Resources Conservation Agency of West Nusa Tenggara (BKSDA NTB), Executive Board (DP) of Geopark Tambora, Forest Management Unit (KPH) Tambora and the Environment and Forestry Provincial Service of West Nusa Tenggara Province (Dinas LHK NTB). These five institutions also dominate the proximity between stakeholders, so the information flow is not evenly distributed to all stakeholders. The weak relationships among stakeholders could be overcome by enhancing the flow of information and communication which could be facilitated by Tambora NP Office, BKSDA NTB, and DP Geopark Tambora.
... Injection of ash and sulfur gases into the atmosphere from the explosive eruption impacted the global climate (e.g., Raible et al., 2016;Stothers and Rampino, 1983). The 1815 eruption has been relatively well studied through geological and petrological surveys of the deposits (e.g., Foden, 1986;Self et al., 1984;Sutawidjaja et al., 2006). However, few studies have focussed on the more recent degassing and seismic activity which increased in 2011. ...
Routine analysis and detection of volcanic thermal features (VTFs) are available globally for low spatial resolution (>1 km/pixel) thermal infrared (TIR) sensors. However, medium resolution (90 m/pixel) ASTER (Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer) TIR data, which is sensitive to smaller and cooler VTFs, have yet to be systematically examined at all active Indonesian volcanoes. We manually examined cloud-free nighttime images at 136 potentially active volcanoes from 2000 to 2020 CE and found at least 71 volcanoes with VTFs, despite the low proportion (26.5%) of cloud-free images. Of these, 34 volcanoes have VTF detections from space published for the first time (to our knowledge) and at least 44 volcanoes have non-eruptive VTFs (fumaroles, heated volcanic lakes and open vent systems). The inclusion of hotspots detected by ASTER in this study increases the percentage of Indonesian volcanoes with recorded satellite-detectable thermal features from 27% to 52%, larger than in Latin America (27%) and the US (33%) which were surveyed in the same way and is possibly due to a higher frequency of eruptions in Indonesia. The distribution of VTFs across sub-regions in Indonesia is not uniform but may be correlated with the number of volcanoes with eruptions. This multi-decadal country-wide survey highlights the potential of TIR monitoring and detection of low-temperature volcanic features that may be eruption precursors, but also the limits of the available datasets since many volcanoes only have a few cloud-free nighttime images per year.
... The study site is about 1 km east of the Oi Maray river near the border of the National Park (8° 07ʹ00"S 118°01ʹ24"E) at an altitude of 50 m a.m.s.l. The volcanic deposits under the forest may be tens of metres thick composed of layers of pyroclastic flows, ash and pumice from trachyandesitic lava (Self et al. 1984;Sigurdsson and Carey 1989;Sutawidjaja et al. 2006). ...
We examined the changes in tropical forest diversity, structure and trait composition during primary succession after volcanic disturbance. Whilst many studies have examined early stages of succession, fewer have looked at a precisely dated older location: 200 years old in this instance. To do this, we established a 0.5 ha plot on the lower slopes of Gunung (Mount) Tambora (Sumbawa, Indonesia) in which we enumerated and identified all trees ≥ 10 cm dbh, determined their key traits and calculated forest above-ground biomass. Saplings (1.5–3.0 cm dbh) were enumerated in one quarter of this area. We recorded 214 stems ≥ 10 cm dbh within 21 taxa contributing to an above-ground biomass of 135 Mg ha⁻¹. Most trees had light wood and broad distributions suggestive of early successional traits, but leaves were generally small; most trees were insect pollinated and animal dispersed as expected at later stages of succession. Saplings were variable in their density and showed some floristic similarity with adult trees, but differences indicated the future trajectory of succession. Our floristic and structural data from the poorly studied drier forests of eastern Indonesia show that this 200-year-old forest is still undergoing succession at a slow rate.
... The data above demonstrates supersonic speed in both ballistic velocities, exceeding the momentum of sound, which is 340.3 m/s, according to the "International Standard" at a standardized temperature of C [27]. The Kelud eruption in 2014 occurred in Sleman Yogyakarta and was heard at a distance of 218 km, while [29] reported that the voices heard reached 200 km. This is evidence that the sound of the 2014 eruption of Mount Kelud with the VEI index of 5 was a supersonic explosion. ...
... This is evidence that the sound of the 2014 eruption of Mount Kelud with the VEI index of 5 was a supersonic explosion. The sound of the eruption is similar, namely the sound of the eruption of Mount Tambora in 1815 (VEI 7.0) heard up to a distance of 2600 km [29]. So, how did the sound of the eruption of Mount Samalas in 1257 that occurred with a VEI 7.0 index and a speed of 2.69 Mach and a burst height of 43 km above sea level? ...
Mount Barujari is an active volcano on Lombok Island located within the Mount Rinjani Complex. This spot is suspected of having had a massive eruption, hence the spread of pumice, with deposits assumed to have buried previously existing royal sites. The phenomenon of the distribution of volcanic sediments, especially pumice deposits, has not been studied qualitatively and quantitatively concerning the eruption dynamics in this complex. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to analyze the spatial distribution of pumice to determine the plume column dynamics and effects of the Samalas eruption 1257, and it was verified by the Kelud eruption in 2014. The results showed that the ballistic terminal velocity without atmospheric effects was 914.09 m/s, while the impact velocity was 955.50 m/s. These are both equivalents to 2.69 Mach (supersonic speed), resulting in a huge eruption explosion, which is heard up to a distance of 3000 km, often caused by the drag coefficient. Furthermore, the calculated drag coefficient shows the dynamics of current plume flow, including the transition zone between stable (Stoke’s Law) and turbulent flow (Newton’s Law). Simultaneously, the Samalas eruption’s kinetic energy was established as equivalent to 7 on the VEI scale. Therefore, it is necessary to examine the magma Chambers and their dynamics in the future.
... It took less than four minutes for the pyroclastic flow to travel from Vesuvius to Pompeii a few kilometres away. In 1815 more than 100,000 people died when Mount Tambora erupted on the Indonesian island of Sumbawa (Sutawidjaja et al. 2006 ). Despite the presence of witnesses in Mount Tambora and the discovery of Pompeii, among other eruptions, in Darwin´s time advanced knowledge about the mechanism of this volcanic activity was limited. ...
... It took less than four minutes for the pyroclastic flow to travel from Vesuvius to Pompeii a few kilometres away. In 1815 more than 100,000 people died when Mount Tambora erupted on the Indonesian island of Sumbawa (Sutawidjaja et al. 2006 ). Despite the presence of witnesses in Mount Tambora and the discovery of Pompeii, among other eruptions, in Darwin´s time advanced knowledge about the mechanism of this volcanic activity was limited. ...
Scarcely 23 km from Uspallata, along the track of the old national highway 7, lies the district of Agua de la Zorra, in Mendoza province in western Argentina. Charles Darwin visited the area during his South American journeys in the 19th century and discovered a geological sequence that contained a paleoflora never described before. The flora includes an important number of species, particularly what is considered a small conifer forest with many silicified trunks still in life position. Darwin described and interpreted the sequence as sedimentary; his records show a very detailed level of observation. He also wondered about the processes that would cause the burial of the paleoflora, which he considered had happened in a marine sedimentary environment. In the modern geological framework and after a detailed study of the rocks containing the trunks, it is now interpreted that the conifer forest was buried by pyroclastic flows. Darwin accurately described the fine volcanic materials as an essential part of the deposit, but the key of the enigma about the origin of the deposits and the burial of the forest is the identification of the pyroclastic flow features; these were unknown process at the time of Darwin's observations and interpretation.
DEMNAS and Sentinel-1 are profoundly utilized for the small island morphometry analysis. This study explores the Satonda Island-West Nusa Tenggara landforms through the morphometry analysis using the DEM application and GIS analysis. As a volcanic island the Satonda Island coverage area is approximately about 2.600hectare dominated by the slopes with the steep slope (16o – 35o) at the northwest in a moderately steep (8° – 16°) at the southeast. Here, we uncover that the Satonda Island experiences five landforms carved by volcanic processes and other five are generated by the marine processes. As a typical of volcanic island, this island has a cone shape with the caldera founded in the middle with the radial flow pattern.
The Normalized Hot Spot Indices (NHI) is a multi-channel algorithm developed to map thermal anomalies through the Multispectral Instrument (MSI) and the Operational Land Imager (OLI). The algorithm runs operationally under the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform, allowing for the analysis of volcanic thermal features (e.g., lava flows/lakes), through plots of hot pixel number, total SWIR radiance and hotspot area. In this work, we present the automated module of this tool, named NHI system. The latter provides automated notifications about volcanic thermal anomalies, at the global scale, detected over the past 48 hours, whenever the NHI web site (https://sites.google.com/view/nhi-tool) is accessed. Results of the first six months of operation are assessed through the analysis of satellite imagery, and the comparison with some well-established programs for the global volcano monitoring. The low false positive rate (around 15%, including vegetation fires and data issues), and the successful identification of small high-temperature features, show that the NHI system may successfully integrate information from high-temporal/low-spatial resolution satellite data, despite some limitations (e.g., temporal sampling of the combined Sentinel-2 and Landsat-8 observations; delay of data ingestion in GEE). The recent ingestion of Landsat-9 data within the system has further extended performance of the NHI system in supporting the surveillance of active volcanoes from space.
Field investigations of tephra deposits and morphometric characterisation were used to constrain the eruptive history and the complexity of the Wum Maar Volcano (WMV) on the Northwestern foot of the Oku Volcanic Group (Cameroon Volcanic Line). The WMV is a compound volcanic edifice made up of an irregular horse-shoe-shaped maar-crater bordered by overlapping scoria cones and a small lava flow field. The bulk ejecta volume computed using ArcGIS.10.3 and field topographic measurements is ∼0.133 km³. The deposits were subdivided into older volcanics, a pre-maar member composed of four Strombolian scoria cones and a maar-member made up of interbedded layers of lapilli-tephra, lapilli-ash, and ash-breccia deposits. The bedding characteristics (structure, bedding dip, direction, attitude, and contact relations) coupled with the componentry analysis of maar deposits indicate phreatomagmatic-derived fallouts and pyroclastic density currents emplaced under both dry and wet conditions due to variations in magma-water ratio during the different phreatomagmatic explosions. The thick paleosol between older volcanics and the pre-maar and the maar deposits suggests that before the formation of the WMV, an eruptive activity took place and comprised an effusive outpouring of a basaltic magma batch that exploited the network of fractures within the basement rocks to reach the surface. Long after this stage, other batches of basanitic and trachybasaltic magmas richer in volatiles erupted explosively (Strombolian eruptive dynamism) around the northern and southern rims of the maar crater, leading to the emplacement of several overlapping scoria cones. The last stage was characterised by the formation of the Wum maar crater through a phreatomagmatic explosion when batches of basanitic magma came in contact with groundwater. The volcanics are sub-aphyric and host mantle xenoliths. Although evenly distributed across the different maar units, these mantle xenoliths are frequent and large enough to suggest a rapid magma ascent. The center of the maar crater compared to the location of the scoria cones suggest that the explosion locus migrated eastwards. The relative proportion of lithic granite within the pyroclastic succession increases upward (highest in MU4), and the depth of the maar varies from <10 m at the western border to about 124 m at the eastern one, suggesting a vertical and a lateral migration of the explosion locus. The intensity of the phreatomagmatic explosion reduced with time as indicated by the clast-size distribution, with a progressive reduction in water availability wherein the eruption became more internally controlled, changing in style from phreatomagmatic to Strombolian at the end. We conclude that even with very small magma volumes, monogenetic eruptions can have very complex histories, as shown by the WMV, because of the taping system, multiple vents, change in eruptive style, vertical and lateral migration of eruption foci, and multiple magma batches.
