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Synthesis of the CHb gene by a two-step gene synthesis method. A: Flow chart depicting the two-step CHb gene synthesis method; B: Agarose gels verifying the PCR product of assembly PCR and overlap extension PCR of the CHb gene.
Source publication
Maintaining an appropriate concentration of dissolved oxygen in aqueous solution is critical for efficient operation of a bioreactor, requiring sophisticated engineering design and a system of regulation to maximize oxygen transfer from the injected air bubbles to the cells. Bacterial hemoglobins are oxygen-binding proteins that transfer oxygen fro...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... KM007077). Briefly, a batch of adjacent oligonucleotides covering both DNA strands of the full length CHb gene was designed using Gene2Oligo software [15] and then synthesized by the solid-phase phosphoramidite method. The sequences of the oligo- nucleotides are listed in S1 Table. According to the two-step gene synthesis process described in Fig. 1, oligonucleotides were first assembled into two fragments with 15 overlapping bases by assembly PCR, and then these two fragments were assembled into the full length CHb gene by overlap extension PCR. The CHb gene was inserted into the pMD18-T vector (TaKaRa, Da- lian, China) and verified by ...
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Citations
... An antimicrobial susceptibility test was performed by the Kirby Bauer [13] disc diffusion method to determine the resistance (R%) [14]. The following drug discs were tested: nitrofurantoin (5 µg), cephalosporin (5 µg), and cephalexin (5 µg). ...
Introduction
In general, with frequent recurrence of urinary tract infections (UTIs), long-term antibiotic therapy is stipulated at a low dose. With this type of situation and with easy access to several classes of antibiotics in tertiary health care settings, the use of such drugs results in the development of resistant bacteria in patients. Escherichia coli is a frequent cause of UTI observed. Hence, it was proposed in the present study to assess the antimicrobial resistance status of E. coli in UTI-infected patients.
Methods
This study was conducted among female patients diagnosed with UTI. About 80 urine samples were collected in an aseptic condition, Under the process of culture identification 44 samples were found to be positive for UTI infection. The positive samples were plated on blood agar. Out of 44 samples, 18 samples were found to be positive, and 26 samples were negative for E. coli infection. The 18 samples were screened on MALDI-TOF for identification. Further, the samples were assessed for susceptibility to antibiotic medication within the study area.
Result
The study identified different strains of E. coli, and the CHB gene E. coli was found in eight samples. The sample showed pink oval-round spots in the culture medium and was resistant to nitrofurantoin, cephalosporin, and cephalexin antibiotics. Hence, antimicrobial susceptibility tests are necessary for managing and treating bacterial E. coli infections.
Conclusion
E. coli is a common bacterium found in the vaginal region of patients, suggesting a potential infection. E. coli can be associated with UTIs in women. The results from this study conclude that E. coli is rapidly becoming multidrug-resistant, as only higher antibiotics can inhibit its growth. To effectively manage infections caused by E. coli proper diagnosis, laboratory testing, and antibiotic treatment are required.
A mitochondria activity is a basic source of an energy for eukaryotic-like organisms. An energy generation (in the form of ATP) and their generation may significantly enhance an effectiveness of a biotechnological production. Changes in an intracellular ATP production may take place through regulation of all stages of pathways involved in ATP generation process. Researches are mostly concentrated on changes in: F-ATPase activity; proton gradient ; amount of intracellular NADH; electron transport chain or accessibility to oxygen. Changes in ATP balance contribute to many benefits, such as: growth in amount of desired product; enhancement of cell viability; decrease of by-product generation and changes in rate of conversion and modification of a substrate. This paper describes review about these issues.
