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Synarthothelium sipmanianum (holotype): section through an apothecium, showing two locules. Scale = 50 µm.
Source publication
[New: Synarthothelium gen. nov., S. sipmanianum sp. nov. (Venezuela), S. cerebriforme sp. nov. (Costa Rica)]
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... The Arthothelium-type ascus has been referred to in the literature by numerous authors (e.g. Grube & Giralt 1996;Grube 1998;Sparrius 2009). It is subglobose to broadly obovoid, hemiamyloid, with a thick, non-amyloid wall and a well-developed KI+ blue tholus with a small, darker-staining ring and beak-like ocular chamber (Fig. 1). ...
The genus Arthothelium A. Massal. in Tasmania comprises ten species. Five of these are described as new: A. bacidinum Kantvilas, a saxicolous, littoral species with subglobose apothecia, non-macrocephalic ascospores, 25−40 × 11−19 μm, and containing the pigment Endoaurantiacum-gold which yields a K+ red reaction; A. insolitum Kantvilas, lichenicolous in rainforest and characterized by subglobose apothecia, very large, non-macrocephalic ascospores, 50−80 × 22−40 μm, and containing the pigment Interveniens-brown which reacts K+ olive green; A. macounioides Kantvilas, corticolous in wet forest and characterized by sessile, convex apothecia, macrocephalic ascospores, 29−42 × 11−18 μm, and containing the pigment Endoaurantiacum-gold; A. magenteum Kantvilas, a common wet forest epiphyte with applanate apothecia, non-macrocephalic ascospores, 25−55 × 11−22 μm, and containing a unique maroon-red, K+ pink pigment; and A. subtectum Kantvilas, a saxicolous species with convex apothecia, macrocephalic ascospores, 22−36 × 9−14 μm, and containing Endoaurantiacum-gold. The New Zealand species A. endoaurantiacum Makhija & Patw. and A. suffusum (C. Knight) Müll. Arg., and the Australian A. velatium Müll. Arg. are recorded for Tasmania for the first time. The names A. obtusulum (Nyl.) Müll. Arg., A. pellucidum (C. Knight) Müll. Arg. and A. polycarpum Müll. Arg. are considered synonyms of the widespread A. ampliatum (C. Knight & Mitten) Müll. Arg. Arthothelium ferax Müll. Arg. is a synonym of A. interveniens (Nyl.) Zahlbr. and A. subspectabile Vĕzda & Kantvilas is a synonym of A. suffusum . The sole record of A. macrothecum (Fée) A. Massal. from Tasmania is found to be based on a misidentification. A key to the species is provided. The importance of apothecial pigments, apothecial morphology and ascospore septation is discussed, and three pigments are characterized by their appearance in water and other standard media.
... Arg. and S. stigmatidialis Müll. Arg., remained unfamiliar to most lichenologists until the discovery of an allied new genus Synarthothelium (Sparrius 2009). Recently, Menezes et al. (2013) During the course of studies on specimens of the family Arthoniaceae, types of S. bicolor and S. stigmatidialis were examined. ...
... The ascomata of S. bicolor are mainly epruinose, especially in the type specimen, and rarely with some sparse minute hyaline crystals in the hymenium. The width of ascospores in the protologue is 8?5-9?5 mm, according to Sparrius (2009) it is 4-5 mm, whilst the present study shows the width to be (5?0-)7?0-8?5(-9?2) mm. It is the only species with a UV1 yellow thallus and lichexanthone as a secondary metabolite. ...
The type specimens of Synarthonia bicolor and S. stigmatidialis were examined, leading the authors to revise their descriptions as well as the generic description. Also, two new species of Synarthonia, viz. S. psoromica and S. sikkimensis are described from India. Synarthonia psoromica, collected from the Nilgiri Hills of Tamil Nadu, is characterized by immersed synascomata and the presence of psoromic acid. Synarthonia sikkimensis, collected from Sikkim-Himalaya, is characterized by the sorediate thallus with a rhizomorph-like prothallus. These distinguishing characters are observed for the first time in Synarthonia. After considering the protologue of the recently described S. sarcographoides, a comprehensive account of this genus is made. In addition, a world key to all known species of Synarthonia is provided.
... Discussion. This new species is here tentatively assigned to the small genus Synarthonia, which is characterized by clavate asci, transversely septate ascospores and tiny ascomata aggregated in pseudostromata (Sparrius 2009). The organization of several ascomata in a pseudostroma makes it difficult to ascertain whether or not the pale marginal areas of the ascomata should be seen as ascomal tissue (apothecium margins). ...
The new species Coniarthonia aurata E. L. Lima, M. Ca´ceres & Aptroot, Cresponea endosulphurea
A. A. Menezes, M. Ca´ceres & Aptroot, Cryptothecia macrocephala E. L. Lima, M. Ca´ceres &
Aptroot, and Synarthonia sarcographoides Aptroot, A. A. Menezes, E. L. Lima & M. Ca´ceres are
described from Caatinga vegetation in NE Brazil. They were found in the Chapada do Araripe in
the state of Ceara´ and/or the Vale do Catimbau National Park in Pernambuco. Coniarthonia aurata
has weakly organized, semiglobose apothecia with golden crystals, and on first impression looks like
the anamorph of a Tylophoron. Cresponea endosulphurea has a pigment of the group of xantholepinones
in the thallus. It is the first time that a substance from this group is reported from the Arthoniales.
Cryptothecia macrocephala has strongly macrocephalic ascospores and contains psoromic acid in the
thallus. Synarthonia sarcographoides is only the third species in this rarely found genus. It is characterized
within the genus by muriform, brown ascospores, but it is assigned with hesitation to the
genus. It is locally quite common.
Part One presents the current classification that includes all accepted genera and higher taxa above the generic level in the phylum Ascomycota. It is based on the changes listed in Myconet notes 4751–5113. In the current outline, three subphyla (Pezizomycotina, Saccharomycotina, Taphrinomycotina) are accepted. Taphrinomycotina includes four classes (Neolectomycetes, Pneumocystidomycetes, Schizosaccharomyces, Taphrinomycetes). Saccharomycotina consists of one class and Pezizomycotina includes eleven classes (Arthoniomycetes, Dothideomycetes, Eurotiomycetes, Geoglossomycetes, Laboulbeniomycetes, Lecanoromycetes, Leotiomycetes, Lichinomycetes, Orbiliomycetes, Pezizomycetes, Sordariomycetes). Part Two presents 363 notes on the taxonomy and nomenclature of ascomycetes (Ascomycota) at the generic and higher levels. Numerous changes in higher levels resulted from multi-authored phylogenetic papers resulting from the AFTOL and Deep Hyphae projects, especially a publication on a revised fungal classification spearheaded by David Hibbett in 2007 and a 2009 volume of Studies in Mycology edited by Conrad Schoch and others dedicated to the phylogeny of the Dothideomycetes. The new name Alectoria gowardii Lumbsch is proposed for Gowardia arctica P. Halonen, L. Myllys, S. Velmala & H. Hyvärinen (non Alectoria arctica Elenkin & Savicz).
A two-locus phylogenetic study of the order Arthoniales is presented here using the nuclear ribosomal large subunit (nucLSU)
and the second largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (RPB2). This analysis is the first large phylogeny of this fungal group and includes 476 sequences and 240 specimens representing
132 species sampled from 31 genera (in their traditional circumscription). In addition to the previously recognized families
(Arthoniaceae, Chrysothricaceae and Roccellaceae), three additional family-level groups are recovered, one being poorly supported.
Therefore, the new family Roccellographaceae is described and the family Opegraphaceae is reinstated. Morphological characters
such as growth form, fruit body type, exciple, hypothecium and ascospores colour, ascospores septation pattern, and chemistry
are found to be of limited use in delimiting families and genera, which indicates an unusual level of plasticity in the Arthoniales.
This high level of homoplasy might indicate that the Arthoniales is an old group with taxa having evolved in parallel for
very long times. The genera Arthonia, Arthothelium, Chiodecton, Hubbsia, Ingaderia, Lecanactis, Lecanographa, Llimonaea, Opegrapha, Roccellina, Schismatomma and Sclerophyton were found paraphyletic. In order to make these genera monophyletic, the new genera Dimidiographa, Fulvophyton, Paraingaderia, Paralecanographa, Paraschismatomma and Sparria are newly described and the genera Alyxoria, Dictyographa and Zwackhia reinstated. The new species Lecanactis borbonica and Paraingaderia placodioidea are described.
KeywordsLichenized fungi–New genera–Molecular phylogenetics–Roccellographaceae–Taxonomy
