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Symptoms of downy mildew infection in cauliflower [(A) seedling stage, (B) mature leaves during curding stage, (C) whole plant during bolting stage, (D) stalk of the curd].
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Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis L.) is one of the important, nutritious and healthy vegetable crops grown and consumed worldwide. But its production is constrained by several destructive fungal diseases and most importantly, downy mildew leading to severe yield and quality losses. For sustainable cauliflower production, developing resi...
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... Fungal and oomycete diseases pose significant threats to Brassicaceous vegetables, including Alternaria leaf spot and blight (Alternaria spp.), anthracnose (Colletotrichum spp.), downy mildew (Hyaloperonospora parasitica [Syn. Peronospora parasitica], Perofascia lepidic), powdery mildew (Erysiphe cruciferous), Sclerotinia stem and head rot (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum), white rust (Albugo candida, Albugo lepidic), wilt (Fusarium spp.), leaf spot (Leptosphaerulina brassicas, Cercospora chianti), damping-off (Pythium spp.), clubroot (Plasmodiophora brassicae), and blackleg (Leptosphaeria maculans) (Koike, 2007;Srivastava et al., 2011;Kumar et al., 2017;Al-Lami et al., 2019;Shaw et al., 2021;Kiran et al., 2022;Greer et al., 2023;Mourou et al., 2023). ...
The Brassicaceae family, commonly known as the Cruciferae or mustard family, encompasses plant species of global economic significance, including oilseed crops, vegetables, as well as condiment purposes. Hatay is one of the most important provinces in Turkey where Brassicaceous vegetable crops are grown. This study aimed to identify the causative disease agents affecting Brassicaceous vegetables including cabbage (red and white varieties), broccoli, cauliflower, garden cress, rocket, and radish in the districts of Hatay Province where vegetable cultivation took place during the 2020-2021 growing seasons. Isolations from suspicious cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower, and radish plants exhibiting disease symptoms in the surveyed areas revealed the presence of various fungal disease agents, including Rhizoctonia solani, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Fusarium solani, Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium exquisite, Alternaria alternata, Botrytis cinerea, and Stemphylum sp. Furthermore, obligate oomycete pathogens such as Albugo lepidii, Albugo candida, and Perofascia lepidii were detected with varying prevalence and incidence rates on leaves and stems of water cress, rocket, and radish plants. In addition to fungal pathogens, primary bacterial pathogens, including Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris, Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum, Pectobacterium parmentieri, Pseudomonas corrugata, and Pseudomonas victoria, were identified through morphological, biochemical, and pathogenicity tests, and MALDI-TOF analyses. Pantoea agglomerans, Pseudomonas marginalis, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Enterobacter cloacae, and Bacillus pumilus were also identified as opportunistic soft rot bacterial pathogens.
... The usage of genomic analysis shows promise in facilitating the exploration of novel virulence factors within powdery mildew fungal pathogens. Genome sequencing provides additional insights into the genetic material and genes associated with disease transmission [15, 143,144]. Genomic technologies have significantly transformed research in the field of plant-pathogen relations. ...
Powdery mildew, a fungal pathogen, poses significant threats to various plant species, including economically important ones. Conventional treatment methods involving compound fungicides, while common, raise environmental and social health concerns due to their potential adverse effects. Recent years have witnessed the rise of omics technologies and the innovative CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing system, drawing considerable attention as potential tools for disease management. This review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of how
omics and CRISPR-Cas9 are employed to unravel the molecular mechanisms of powdery mildew and to develop effective disease control strategies. The discussion delves into the utilization of genomics and transcriptomics methodologies to elucidate the intricate interactions between the powdery mildew pathogen and its host plants. Additionally, it explores the potential of CRISPR-Cas9 technology for targeted gene editing to enhance plant
resistance against powdery mildew. The review goes further to propose a practical strategy for implementing these methods in the management of powdery mildew, offering insights into the selection of target genes and refining CRISPR-Cas9 delivery mechanisms. Overall, the review underscores the significant promise of omics and CRISPR-Cas9 technologies in advancing our comprehension of powdery mildew pathogenesis and provides
valuable guidance on their application for efficient disease management.
... The usefulness of molecular tools in breeding diseaseresistant cultivars was emphasised by Shaw et al.[17] in their discussion of the molecular breeding tactics and difficulties for improving downy mildew resistance in cauliflower.In Brazil, Candidatus Phytoplasma brasiliense, a phytoplasma linked to symptoms of cauliflower stunt, was discovered by Canale and Bedendo[18]. Similar to this, Pereira et al.[19] observed that cauliflower stunting disease in Brazil was associated with a subgroup of 16SrVII-B Phytoplasma. ...
The pivotal role of sustainable agriculture in ensuring food security and nurturing healthy farming communities is undeniable. Among the numerous challenges encountered in this domain, one key hurdle is the early detection and effective treatment of diseases impacting crops, specifically cauliflower.This research provides an in-depth exploration of the use of advanced DL algorithms to perform efficient identification and classification of cauliflower diseases. The study employed and scrutinized four leading DL models: EfficientNetB3, DenseNet121, VGG19 CNN, and ResNet50, assessing their capabilities based on the accuracy of disease detection.The investigation revealed a standout performer, the EfficientNetB3 model, which demonstrated an exceptional accuracy rate of 98%. The remaining models also displayed commendable performance, with DenseNet121 and VGG19 CNN attaining accuracy rates of 81% and 84%, respectively, while ResNet50 trailed at 78%. The noteworthy performance of the EfficientNetB3 model is indicative of its vast potential to contribute to agricultural sustainability. Its ability to detect and classify cauliflower diseases accurately and promptly allows for early interventions, reducing the risk of extensive crop damage.This study contributes valuable insights to the expanding field of DL applications in agriculture. These findings are expected to guide the development of advanced agricultural monitoring systems and decision-support tools, ultimately fostering a more sustainable and productive agricultural landscape.
... H. brassicae prefers low-temperature and high-humidity environments, which causes disease outbreaks, especially from late autumn to early spring each year in pakchoi [2]. DM often causes leaf wilting and even death of the entire pakchoi, and this restricts leafy vegetable cultivation and development in China [3]. Currently, the main approach to control DM is fungicide application, while it is usually poorly effective and even induces an emergence of fungicide-resistant mutants [4]. ...
Downy mildew caused by the obligate parasite Hyaloperonospora brassicae is a devastating disease for Brassica species. Infection of Hyaloperonospora brassicae often leads to yellow spots on leaves, which significantly impacts quality and yield of pakchoi. In the present study, we conducted a comparative transcriptome between the resistant and susceptible pakchoi cultivars in response to Hyaloperonospora brassicae infection. A total of 1073 disease-resistance-related differentially expressed genes were identified using a Venn diagram. The Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analyses revealed that these genes were mainly involved in plant−pathogen interaction, plant hormone signal transduction, and other photosynthesis-related metabolic processes. Analysis of the phytohormone content revealed that salicylic acid increased significantly in the resistant material after inoculation with Hyaloperonospora brassicae, whereas the contents of jasmonic acid, abscisic acid, and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid decreased. Exogenous salicylic acid treatment also significantly upregulated Hyaloperonospora brassicae-induced genes, which further confirmed a crucial role of salicylic acid during pakchoi defense against Hyaloperonospora brassicae. Based on these findings, we suggest that the salicylic-acid-mediated signal transduction contributes to the resistance of pakchoi to downy mildew, and PAL1, ICS1, NPR1, PR1, PR5, WRKY70, WRKY33, CML43, CNGC9, and CDPK15 were involved in this responsive process. Our findings evidently contribute to revealing the molecular mechanism of pakchoi defense against Hyaloperonospora brassicae.
... Unfortunately, disease outbreaks and an overuse of pesticides are impeding the expansion of the horticultural business. Effective disease prevention techniques must address these issues by choosing germplasm that is resistant to disease and creating resilient plant varieties through breeding and genetic modification (Zahoor et al., 2020;Shaw et al., 2021). ...
... Downy mildew is an important disease that seriously affects the economics of horticultural crop production, such as Spinacia oleracea, Brassica oleracea, Brassica rapa, Brassica napus, Cucumis sativus, and Vitis vinifera [1][2][3][4]. Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.) is an important vegetable cultivated in many countries around the world due to its high economic and nutritional values. ...
... capitata L.) is an important vegetable cultivated in many countries around the world due to its high economic and nutritional values. However, cabbage can be infected by a variety of pathogens, which can lead to a series of diseases including clubroot, fusarium wilt, black rot, etc. [2,5,6]. In addition, downy mildew, caused by the oomycete Hyaloperonospora parasitica, has become a serious threat to cabbage production in recent years [7]. ...
... Downy mildew can damage cabbage from the cotyledon stage to the adult stage and can infect the stems, rosette leaves, head leaves, and seed pods [9]. Infection of downy mildew can cause the death of over 75% of seedlings and more than 50% yield losses [2]. ...
Hyaloperonospora parasitica is a global pathogen that can cause leaf necrosis and seedling death, severely threatening the quality and yield of cabbage. However, the genome sequence and infection mechanisms of H. parasitica are still unclear. Here, we present the first whole-genome sequence of H. parasitica isolate BJ2020, which causes downy mildew in cabbage. The genome contains 4631 contigs and 9991 protein-coding genes, with a size of 37.10 Mb. The function of 6128 genes has been annotated. We annotated the genome of H. parasitica strain BJ2020 using databases, identifying 2249 PHI-associated genes, 1538 membrane transport proteins, and 126 CAZy-related genes. Comparative analyses between H. parasitica, H.arabidopsidis, and H. brassicae revealed dramatic differences among these three Brassicaceae downy mildew pathogenic fungi. Comprehensive genome-wide clustering analysis of 20 downy mildew-causing pathogens, which infect diverse crops, elucidates the closest phylogenetic affinity between H. parasitica and H. brassicae, the causative agent of downy mildew in Brassica napus. These findings provide important insights into the pathogenic mechanisms and a robust foundation for further investigations into the pathogenesis of H. parasitica BJ2020.
... In this scenario, molecular markers improved the productivity and accuracy of classical plant breeding. Molecular marker technology integrated into the existing plant breeding programs (called molecular plant breeding) allows the researchers to access, transfer, and combine desirable genes faster and precisely which was otherwise not possible previously (Shaw et al. 2021). Molecular plant breeding/markerassisted breeding is the application of molecular biotechnologies, specifically molecular markers, in combination with linkage maps and genomics, to improve plant traits based on genotypic assays. ...
The development of molecular marker technology in the 1980s changed the fate of plant breeding and greatly complemented crop improvement. The information generated from molecular markers (QTLs mapping and association mapping) and genome sequencing could construct a foundation for the genetic improvement of complex traits in crops through molecular breeding approaches. This review is intended to be a synopsis and up-to-date coverage of achievements and ongoing molecular plant breeding research in the Indian Council of Agriculture Research-Agricultural Universities (ICAR-AUs) for the improvement of biotic and abiotic stress, post-harvest, and nutritional quality attributes in plants. India’s contributions to international crop plant genome sequencing initiatives were also covered in this assessment. The challenge of achieving food security and nutritional quality has prompted ICAR-AUs to step up their molecular plant breeding research in recent years.
... The considerable rise in Brassica cultivation worldwide has also contributed to novel disease outbreaks, some of which were not previously of interest [9]. Indeed, various pathogens can infect Brassica crops and cause economically significant yield losses in brassicas worldwide [10][11][12]. Phytopathogens such as plant fungi and insects represent a heavy challenge to Brassica plants; however, bacteria and viruses have a slight impact on production [13]. Among the fungal diseases, white rust, wirestem, sclerotinia blight, Alternaria leaf spot, blackleg, powdery mildew, fusarium wilt, downy mildew, and clubroot are considered oilseed [15]. ...
... (C) Blackleg by Leptosphaeria maculans [66]. (D) Downey mildew by Perenospora parasitica [11]. (E) Clubroot by Plasmodiophora brassicae [107]. ...
... (C) Blackleg by Leptosphaeria maculans[66]. (D) Downey mildew by Perenospora parasitica[11]. (E) Clubroot by Plasmodiophora brassicae[107]. (F) White rust by Albugo candida[108]. ...
Brassicaceae plants cover a large number of species with great economic and nutritional importance around the world. The production of Brassica spp. is limited due to phytopathogenic fungal species causing enormous yield losses. In this scenario, precise and rapid detection and identification of plant-infecting fungi are essential to facilitate the effective management of diseases. DNA-based molecular methods have become popular methods for accurate plant disease diagnostics and have been used to detect Brassicaceae fungal pathogens. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays including nested, multiplex, quantitative post, and isothermal amplification methods represent a powerful weapon for early detection of fungal pathogens and preventively counteract diseases on brassicas with the aim to drastically reduce the fungicides as inputs. It is noteworthy also that Brassicaceae plants can establish a wide variety of relationships with fungi, ranging from harmful interactions with pathogens to beneficial associations with endophytic fungi. Thus, understanding host and pathogen interaction in brassica crops prompts better disease management. The present review reports the main fungal diseases of Brassicaceae, molecular methods used for their detection, review studies on the interaction between fungi and brassicas plants, and the various mechanisms involved including the application of omics technologies.
... In addition to resistance against biotrophic fungi, such as rust and powdery mildew, studies have reported the involvement of APR genes in resistance against hemibiotrophic and necrotrophic diseases, such as tan spot [27], Septoria nodorum blotch [28] and Fusarium head blight/crown rot [29] of wheat. Outside the cereals, APR genes are also known globally for their involvement in resistance against important diseases of other crops, such as maize northern leaf spot [30], canola blackleg [31], Brassica downy mildew [32], chickpea Fusarium wilt and Ascochyta blight [33], and soybean powdery mildew [34]. Beside conveying resistance against multiple pathogen strains, these APR genes play a vital role in prolonging the durability of frequently used major or seedling resistance genes when deployed along with them. ...
Adult-plant resistance (APR) is a type of genetic resistance in cereals that is effective during the later growth stages and can protect plants from a range of disease-causing pathogens. Our understanding of the functions of APR-associated genes stems from the well-studied wheat-rust pathosystem. Genes conferring APR can offer pathogen-specific resistance or multi-pathogen resistance, whereby resistance is activated following a molecular recognition event. The breeding community prefers APR to other types of resistance because it offers broad-spectrum protection that has proven to be more durable. In practice, however, deployment of new cultivars incorporating APR is challenging because there is a lack of well-characterised APRs in elite germplasm and multiple loci must be combined to achieve high levels of resistance. Genebanks provide an excellent source of genetic diversity that can be used to diversify resistance factors, but introgression of novel alleles into elite germplasm is a lengthy and challenging process. To overcome this bottleneck, new tools in breeding for resistance must be integrated to fast-track the discovery, introgression and pyramiding of APR genes. This review highlights recent advances in understanding the functions of APR genes in the well-studied wheat-rust pathosystem, the opportunities to adopt APR genes in other crops and the technology that can speed up the utilisation of new sources of APR in genebank accessions.
... In this scenario, molecular markers improved the productivity and accuracy of classical plant breeding. Molecular marker technology integrated into the existing plant breeding programs (called molecular plant breeding) allows the researchers to access, transfer, and combine desirable genes faster and precisely which was otherwise not possible previously (Shaw et al. 2021). Molecular plant breeding/markerassisted breeding is the application of molecular biotechnologies, specifically molecular markers, in combination with linkage maps and genomics, to improve plant traits based on genotypic assays. ...
As the world’s population increases, food insecurity and malnutrition due to essential micronutrient(s) deficiency are emerging as the two foremost challenges, and need urgent attention. Micronutrient deficiency among women, children, and adolescents is a big challenge in developing countries like India. People in such countries suffer not only from hunger but more from hidden hunger due to a lack of essential vitamins and minerals (micronutrients). Malnutrition is a major food-related primary health problem worldwide, including India, where the main staple food crops are cereals. Cereals contribute a significant part to human nutrition and are a vital source of energy for human diets. Supplements, a balanced diet, fortifications, and biofortification are strategies to alleviate micronutrient malnutrition. Biofortification is a new nutritional revolution to deliver nutrient-rich food to every individual. Cereal crop biofortification is a promising way to serve a larger section of our society, including rural and poor populations. Cereal biofortification can provide a comparatively cost-effective, sustainable, and long-term means of delivering sufficient micronutrients to rural communities in developing nations. Conventional breeding, application of genomic tools, agronomical and transgenic approaches are some of the common strategies for crop biofortification. Therefore, this chapter provides insights from the cited literature on recent progress in cereals biofortification to alleviate malnutrition in India using different crop breeding and transgenic approaches.
