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An investigation on the effects of calcium and manganese interaction on the growth and nutrition of Epilobium hirsutum L. was carried out. The plant showed both calcium deficiency at a level of 0.08 mg·liter−1(Ca as CaCl2·6H2O) and manganese toxicity symptoms at a level of 5 mg·liter−1(Mn as MnSO4·4H2O). An increase in the calcium level in the nutr...
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... Uptake and translocation of Mn, like Ca, is also metabolically controlled [65][66][67][68], yet the differential concentrations in the tissues of tubers from both varieties (i.e., higher levels of Mn and Ca in the epidermis and the parenchyma tissues in the center, respectively- Table 2; Figure 4) also suggest a contrasting pattern of accumulation between these chemical elements. Indeed, it was interesting to notice a similar pattern, at organ levels, among these nutrients in other plant species [69,70]. Moreover, the absence of a clear trend of Mn accumulation within each treatment additionally suggests the parallel occurrence of a passive transport within tissues. ...
Calcium is essential for plants, yet as its mobility is limited, the understanding of the rate
of Ca2+ accumulation and deposition in tissues of tubers, as well as the interactions with other critical nutrients prompted this study. To assess the interactions and differential accumulation of micro and macronutrients in the tissues of tubers, Solanum tuberosum L. varieties Agria and Rossi were cultivated and, after the beginning of tuberization, four foliar sprayings (at 8–10 day intervals) with CaCl2 (3 and 6 kg ha-1) or Ca(NO3)2 (2 and 4 kg ha-1) solutions were performed. It was found that both fertilizers increased Ca accumulation in tubers (mostly in the parenchyma tissues located in the center of the equatorial region). The functioning of the photosynthetic apparatus was not affected
until the 3rd application but was somewhat affected when approaching the end of the crop cycle (after the 4th application), although the lower dose of CaCl2 seemed to improve the photochemical use of energy, particularly when compared with the greater dose of Ca(NO3)2. Still, none of these impacts modified tuber height and diameter. Following the increased accumulation of Ca, in the tubers of both varieties, the mean contents of P, K, Na, Fe, and Zn revealed different accumulation patterns. Moreover, accumulation of K, Fe, Mn, and Zn prevailed in the epidermis, displaying a contrasting pattern relative to Ca. Therefore, Ca accumulation revealed a heterogeneous trend in the
different regions analyzed, and Ca enrichment of tubers altered the accumulation of other nutrients.
... Again, even in case of the same nutrient element, Mn interaction may be synergistic for one crop but antagonistic for another crop (Table 2). (2017) Ca Antagonistic Epibolium hirsutum L., Bean, Tomato, Soybean, Wheat small seedlings with small pale green leaves, crinkle leaf in the shoot apices and reduction in transpiration rate Islam (1986), Horst and Marschner (1978), Gunes et al. (1998) Tanaka and Navasero (1966), Lee (1972), Kovacevic et al. (2004). Heenan and Campbell (1983) Manganese recommendation for crops Balanced and timely nutrient management practices applied for crop plants contribute to sustainable growth, yield and quality of crops, affect plant health, minimize environmental risks, assists in integrated pest management and support higher income for the farmers (Hellal and Abdelhamid, 2013). ...
Manganese (Mn) as an essential plant micronutrient affects plant development, when at deficient or toxic levels. Manganese is used in several biological processes as an important contributor in plant growth and development. Manganese uptake depends on forms of Mn in soil solution, crop characteristics including growth rate, and ineteractions with other environmental factors. Its distribution in soils and requirement for crops vary from location to location, depending on soil type and reactions. Despite the metabolic roles of Mn in different plant cell compartments, the importance of Mn requirement in plants, distribution in soils and application to crops has been understated. As a micronutrient, judicious Mn management requires to critically evaluating its concentration in soils, biochemical functions, critical levels, soil availability and interactions with other nutrient elements is essential. This review has critically analysed the existing body of knowledge on Mn distribution in soils, dynamics, functions and management towards better crop production and safe environment. Environ. Sci. & Natural Resources, 12(1&2): 225-242, 2019
... Therefore, alleviation of toxicity of Mn (and likely Al) explains most of the added value of LDH over KH2PO4 in soils without gypsum application. In the gypsum treated soils, Mn toxicity is likely reduced by the dissolution of gypsum and the Ca 2+ -Mn 2+ competition for root uptake 211 , and by the small but important increase in soil pH from 4.3 to 4.5 compared to the treatment without gypsum (Figure 4.8, below). The promising effects of PO4-LDHs in acid soils can be compared with that of reactive rock phosphates where dissolution is accompanied by alkalization 212 . ...
Phosphorus (P) is an important limiting nutrient in crop production. Phosphate fertilizers have been produced since about 150 years by acidifying and dissolving rock phosphate, a practice facing several issues: (i) depleting stocks of rock phosphate leading to a non-sustainable situation (ii) poor agronomic effectiveness of soluble fertilizers in P fixing soils, (iii) P runoff/leaching causing eutrophication. Hence, there is increasing attention to P recycling and to development of more efficient fertilizers with lower environmental impact.
In this thesis, layered double hydroxides (LDHs) are assessed as an alternative and sustainable P fertilizer. The LDHs are inorganic anion-exchange materials consisting of positively charged layers and a negatively charged interlayer of anions (e.g. phosphate, PO4). The LDHs can be used as adsorbent for PO4 in waste streams. We hypothesize that applying PO4-LDHs as fertilizer to soils results in a slow PO4 release via exchange with carbonate (CO3). This slow release could reduce the losses to the environment and may also increase the agronomic effectiveness compared to soluble P fertilizers.
Via coprecipitation, different Mg-Al LDHs were synthesized by varying the Mg/Al ratio and the pH, and subsequently exchanged with PO4. The mechanisms of anion exchange on the solid phase were identified by exchange stoichiometry measurements, spectroscopy and isotope exchange techniques. The reaction stoichiometry of exchanging anions strongly depended on the Mg/Al ratio and synthesis pH, and revealed the PO4 speciation in different LDHs. Results showed that an increasing LDH layer charge (decreasing Mg/Al) and decreasing synthesis pH increased the PO4 uptake. The desorption of PO4 from LDHs in exchange with CO3 anions was slow, but also incomplete. Interlayer anion diffusion in LDHs was found to partly explain this incomplete PO4 desorption.
In a greenhouse trial with an acid and a calcareous soil, the agronomic effectiveness of powder and granular LDH fertilizers was compared to that of soluble mono-ammonium phosphate (MAP) and struvite. Plants took up considerably more P from granular MAP compared to LDH and struvite. This is likely a combined effect of an incomplete and too slow P desorption, which especially in an acid weathered soil, results in very low effectiveness. When applied as powders, differences among the fertilizers were small. A simulated rainfall study examined differences in P runoff losses between these fertilizers. The P runoff losses from MAP application largely exceed those from LDH and struvite application. In summary, LDH fertilizer technique offers a viable P recovery option for tailored waste streams, that can be used with smaller losses of P to the environment. Yet, a better agronomic efficiency than soluble fertilizers was not yet found.
... The absorption of nutrient elements has been shown to be affected by the NaCl and Mn concentrations in the irrigation water or soil solution (Abd Ella and Shalaby, 1993;Foy et al., 1995;Rochester, 2010). Plant growth is affected by not only the nutrients in irrigation water but also the nutrient element content absorbed by the plant (Nazrul-Islam, 1986;Sawan et al., 1993;Foy et al., 1995;Dabuxilatu, 2005;Dai et al., 2014;Huang et al., 2016). Under sodic conditions, cotton growth is reduced because of the restricted uptake of essential nutrient elements such as K and Ca (Abd Ella and Shalaby, 1993;Chen et al., 2017). ...
Core Ideas
Cotton vegetative growth tends to be highest when both NaCl and Mn concentrations in irrigation water were low. In contrast, the cotton reproductive growth parameters were higher for elevated NaCl and Mn concentrations in irrigation water.
There was an antagonistic relationship for the combined effect of NaCl and Mn on cotton growth and yield.
Na content in cotton leaves generally increased as NaCl concentration in irrigation water increased. However, the excess Mn concentration in irrigation water inhibited the absorption of Na.
The ratios of K/Na and Ca/Na in the cotton plant generally decreased as NaCl concentration in irrigation water increased.
Using saline water for irrigation carefully may produce adequate cotton yield as the micronutrients in saline water can alleviate the salt damage.
Brackish water is used widely for agriculture around the world. The elevated NaCl and Mn content in brackish water can impose toxicity stress on crops, including cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.). However, there have been no previous studies of the combined effects of NaCl and Mn on cotton growth. This study presents greenhouse pot experiments with 30 different NaCl and Mn conditions. The results show that the cotton vegetative growth tends to be highest when both NaCl and Mn concentrations in irrigation water were low. In contrast, the cotton reproductive growth parameters were higher for elevated NaCl and Mn concentrations in irrigation water. There was an antagonistic relationship for the combined effect of NaCl and Mn on cotton growth and yield. The Mn content in cotton leaves increased with increasing Mn concentration in the 4.5–72 µmmol L − 1 range when the NaCl concentration was low. Na content in cotton leaves generally increased as NaCl concentration in irrigation water increased. However, the excess Mn concentration in irrigation water inhibited the absorption of Na. The ratios of K/Na and Ca/Na in the cotton plant generally decreased as NaCl concentration in irrigation water increased. This led to lower tolerance of cotton plants to NaCl stress. The antagonistic characteristics between NaCl and specific trace elements for cotton growth and yield indicated that the micronutrients in saline water can alleviate salt damage. This suggests that using saline water for irrigation carefully may produce adequate cotton yield with lower quality water while minimizing soil salinization.
... A good bioindicator plant species for CWs should be sensitive to contaminant toxicity changes, have the ability to tolerate variations of water table level and be widely distributed geographically. Epilobium hirsutum L. (Hairy willow herb, Onagraceae) is a fast growing plant species [23] commonly found in European CWs as a weed [24,25], and is already known to be sensitive to Fe and Mn contamination [26,27]. This species seems to be a good potential phytoindicator to use in CWs for informing on spatial and temporal ecotoxicity variations, with a potential for economic viability if the plant is regularly harvested [28][29][30]. ...
For the treatment of wastewater containing organic pollutants and metals in constructed wetlands (CWs), phytoindicators may help in guiding management practices for plants and optimizing phytoremediation processes. Hairy willow-herb (Epilobium hirsutum L.) is a fast growing species commonly found in European CWs that could constitute a suitable phytoindicator of metal toxicity. E. hirsutum was exposed for 113 days in microcosm CWs, to a metal and metalloid mixture (MPM, containing Al, As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sn, Zn), an organic pollutant mixture (OPM, containing hydrocarbonsC10-C40, phenanthrene, pyrene, anionic detergent LAS) and an organic pollutant and metal and metalloid mixture (OMPM), separately and at concentration levels mimicking levels of industrial effluents. Analyses of metal and As concentrations in biomass, and different biometric and physiological measurements were performed. Results showed that metal uptake patterns were affected by the type of pollutant mixture, resulting in variation of toxicity symptoms in E. hirsutum plants. Some of them appeared to be similar under MPM and OMPM conditions (leaf chlorosis and tip-burning, decrease of green leaf proportion), while others were characteristic of each pollutant mixture (MPM: Decrease of water content, increase of phenol content; OMPM: reduction of limb length, inhibition of vegetative reproduction, increase of chlorophyll content and Nitrogen balance index). Results emphasize the potential of E. hirsutum as a bioindicator species to be used in European CWs treating water with metal, metalloid and organic pollutants.
Sego Supreme TM is a designated plant breeding and introduction program at the Utah State University Botanical Center and the Center for Water Efficient Landscaping. This plant selection program introduces native and adapted plants to the arid West for aesthetic landscaping and water conservation. The plants are evaluated for characteristics such as color, flowering, ease of propagation, market demand, disease/pest resistance, and drought tolerance. However, salt tolerance has not been considered during the evaluation processes. Four Sego Supreme TM plants [ Aquilegia barnebyi (oil shale columbine), Clematis fruticosa (Mongolian gold clematis), Epilobium septentrionale (northern willowherb), and Tetraneuris acaulis var. arizonica (Arizona four-nerve daisy)] were evaluated for salt tolerance in a greenhouse. Uniform plants were irrigated weekly with a nutrient solution at an electrical conductivity (EC) of 1.25 dS·m ⁻¹ as control or a saline solution at an EC of 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, or 10.0 dS·m ⁻¹ for 8 weeks. After 8 weeks of irrigation, A. barnebyi irrigated with saline solution at an EC of 5.0 dS·m ⁻¹ had slight foliar salt damage with an average visual score of 3.7 (0 = dead; 5 = excellent), and more than 50% of the plants were dead when irrigated with saline solutions at an EC of 7.5 and 10.0 dS·m ⁻¹ . However, C. fruticosa, E. septentrionale , and T. acaulis had no or minimal foliar salt damage with visual scores of 4.2, 4.1, and 4.3, respectively, when irrigated with saline solution at an EC of 10.0 dS·m ⁻¹ . As the salinity levels of treatment solutions increased, plant height, leaf area, and shoot dry weight of C. fruticosa and T. acaulis decreased linearly; plant height of A. barnebyi and E. septentrionale also declined linearly, but their leaf area and shoot dry weight decreased quadratically. Compared with the control, the shoot dry weights of A. barnebyi , C. fruticosa , E. septentrionale , and T. acaulis decreased by 71.3%, 56.3%, 69.7%, and 48.1%, respectively, when irrigated with saline solution at an EC of 10.0 dS·m ⁻¹ . Aquilegia barnebyi and C. fruticosa did not bloom during the experiment at all treatments. Elevated salinity reduced the number of flowers in E. septentrionale and T. acaulis . Elevated salinity also reduced the number of shoots in all four species. Among the four species, sodium (Na ⁺ ) and chloride (Cl – ) concentration increased the most in A. barnebyi by 53 and 48 times, respectively, when irrigated with saline solution at an EC of 10.0 dS·m ⁻¹ . In this study, C. fruticosa and T. acaulis had minimal foliar salt damage and less reduction in shoot dry weight, indicating that they are more tolerant to salinity. Epilobium septentrionale was moderately tolerant to saline solution irrigation with less foliar damage, although it had more reduction in shoot dry weight. On the other hand, A. barnebyi was the least tolerant with severe foliar damage, more reduction in shoot dry weight, and a greater concentration of Na ⁺ and Cl – .
The global phosphorus crisis provided impetus to develop fertilizers with better P use efficiency. We tested layered double hydroxides (LDHs) as slow release fertilizers with superior performance to fertilize strongly P fixing soils. Mg-Al LDHs with varying M2+/M3+ ratios were synthesized as NO3- forms and were exchanged with HPO42-. XRD and XANES spectroscopy confirmed the identity of the phosphate exchanged LDH. Decreasing the M2+/M3+ ratio, i.e. increasing the anion exchange capacity, increased the selectivity of P adsorption due to the increasing charge density of the LDH layers. The fertilization efficiency of phosphate exchanged LDH (Mg/Al ratio of 2) was compared to that of a soluble P fertilizer in two P deficient soils, an acid weathered and a calcareous soil. The P-use efficiency of P-LDH in the acid soil was up to 4.5 times higher than that of soluble P. This was likely related to a liming effect of the LDH. In the calcareous soil, the P-use efficiency at low doses was only 20 % above that of soluble P, whereas it was lower at high doses. These overall encouraging results warrant further studies on the boundary conditions under which P-LDHs may outperform traditional fertilizers.
Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cv. UP 2003 was grown in refined sand at three levels of manganese, 0.02 (deficient), 10 (adequate), and 200 (high) μM, each at three levels of magnesium, 0.02 (deficient), 2 (adequate), and 4 (excess) mM.In wheat magnesium deficiency aggravated the effects of low manganese supply namely decreases in dry weight, seed yield, chlorophyll content, Hill reaction activity, contents of DNA and RNA, and activities of ATPase and DNAse. On the other hand, the decrease in the activity of RNAse and increase in that of peroxidase were less pronounced in the combined deficiencies of manganese and magnesium than in manganese deficiency. Excess Mg accentuated the visible symptoms of Mn deficiency.Excess Mg also alleviated the effects of high manganese level by increasing the biomass, contents of chlorophyll, DNA, and RNA, Hill reaction activity, and activities of peroxidase and DNAse and by decreasing further leaf Mn content. It appeared that manganese could not replace the role of magnesium in RuBP carboxylase activity.
A correlation analysis of 45 elements from various plant standard reference materials provided a number of highly correlated element pairs (r=0.9) leading to the expectation of an interelement interaction. For the elements Fe3+, Al3+, Sc3+ and the lanthanides, these high correlations may be attributed to the similar ionic radius of the hydrated ions or the same charge. The highly correlated occurrence of some macroelements such as P and N reflects the close association of the two elements, particularly during protein biosynthesis. Of the alkali metals, K, and the alkaline earth metals Ca, Mg and, to some extent, also Sr display high correlations amongst themselves and with the macronutrients N and P. In correlating the transition elements with each other and with the micro- and macroelements, it was only possible to find a few high correlation coefficients; only the two element pairs Co/Mo and Cr/Co display high correlation coefficients. One of the reasons for this is probably the inaccuracy of the data material. It was not possible to confirm the highly negatively correlated element pairs reported in earlier work. It was not even possible to determine a clear negative trend for typical pairs of antagonists such as Al/Ca or Mn/Ca. The highest negative correlation was found for the B/Sb element pair at r=-0.75.
