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Symptoms and morphological features of Colletotrichum gossypii var. cephalosporioides. A. Inoculated plants showing typical lesions over younger leaves. B. Conidia. Scale bar = 20 μm. C -D. Cultures on PDA, 7 days growth from single conidia, from above and below.
Source publication
Cotton ramulosis caused by Colletotrichum gossypii var. cephalosporioides (Cgc) is a major disease of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) in Brazil (Salustiano et al. 2014). During 2012-2013 growing seasons (August-February), ramulosis symptoms were observed in cotton crops in the Sinu Valley, Cordoba State, at the Colombian Caribbean region. Cotton plants...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... cotton plants brush-inoculated with water were used as control. Seven days after inoculation, star-shaped lesions appeared and a month later necrotic meristems were observed on plants inoculated with the putative Cgc isolates (Figure 2). The fungal pathogen was reisolated from starshaped lesions of inoculated cotton-plants and the identity was confirmed through morphological and cultural characteristics. ...
Citations
... Among the primary diseases that affect the cotton crop in Brazil, ramulosis stands out, caused by the fungus Colletotrichum gossypii var. cephalosporioides (Moreno-Moran & Burbano-Figueroa, 2016), a physiological variant of the pathogen that causes anthracnose disease (Colletotrichum gossypii) of cotton. Considered a non-regulated quarantine pest (Almeida et al., 2020), the losses caused by the disease can be 70% or more when the incidence is severe. ...
Considering the importance of identifying Colletotrichum species associated with cotton plants, this study aimed to characterize the morphological and pathogenic isolates of C. gossypii var. cephalosporioides and C. gossypii under different temperatures. Five isolates of C. gossypii var. cephalosporioides and C. gossypii were incubated at 20, 25 and 30 °C. The cultural characteristics data were analyzed through ANOVA and the means compared by the Tukey test. There were differences between the isolates of the two species concerning mycelial growth and sporulation at different temperatures. Temperatures between 20 to 30 °C increased the length of conidia but did not influence the width, whereas between 25 and 30 °C, there was the highest mycelial growth. Colletotrichum gossypii expressed anthracnose symptoms, and ramulosis symptoms were observed only in plants inoculated with C. gossypii var. cephalosporioides.
Key words:
Gossypium spp.; anthracnose; ramulosis
... This last determination is important because C. kahawae is a significant pathogen of Coffea arabica, a crop with agricultural importance in the region. Moreno-Moran and Burbano-Figueroa (2016) reported C. gossypii in cotton ramulosis in Colombia [18]. However, the isolates presented in this study could not be included in our analysis because there are no available ITS sequences. ...
... Colletotrichum colombiense was described by Damm et al. [20] from a leaf of Passiflora edulis in the department of Cundinamarca, Colombia. The authors highlighted that Afanador-Kafuri et al. [21] isolated many other isolates of Colletotrichum from the same host; however, these isolates could not be assigned to the C. Moreno-Moran and Burbano-Figueroa (2016) reported C. gossypii in cotton ramulosis in Colombia [18]. However, the isolates presented in this study could not be included in our analysis because there are no available ITS sequences. ...
... However, the isolates presented in this study could not be included in our analysis because there are no available ITS sequences. Moreno-Moran and Burbano-Figueroa [18] used TUB and GAPDH sequences to identify isolates, but Weir et al. [9] reported that there are no sequences available for these genes for the ex-type strain, and therefore accurate molecular identification of this species is not possible. ...
Colletotrichum genus comprises a high number of plant pathogens causing anthracnose disease in different tropical and non-tropical crops. We aimed to review northern South American studies in the online SCOPUS database to: create a taxonomically updated list of the species complexes found in the region, describe their most important phytopathological characteristics, revise the methods used in the region to control disease, and discuss the role of fungus as a plant endophyte. A total of 19 Colletotrichum species within five complexes—acutatum, boninense, gigasporum, gloeosporioides, and orbiculare—have been reported in northern South America. Few studies have been conducted, particularly in Peru and Ecuador, despite the diversity of Colletotrichum hosts cultivated in the region. Important information can be extracted from our review: species do not appear to show host specificity, although some isolates show host preferences, certain plant species can host several Colletotrichum species, some studies show the importance of using plant extracts to control the disease, but biological control using microorganisms is certainly an open area of research in the region. In northern South America, only a few hosts have been reported to harbor Colletotrichum as endophyte, and the potential of these endophytes as biological control agents has not yet been explored.
... For the antifungal testing, the phytopathogenic fungus C. gloeosporioides 26B obtained from yam plants with classical symptoms of anthracnose [17] was tested. Phytopathogenic fungi were kindly provided by the Instituto de Biotecnología-Universidad Nacional de Colombia. ...
Two cyclotetrapeptides, henceforth named Provipeptides A (1) and B (2), along with five known diketopiperazines (3–7) were isolated from the liquid culture of marine Streptomyces sp. 161a recovered from a sample of sea grass Bryopsis sp. The structures of cyclotetrapeptides and diketopiperazines (DKPs) were established by 1D and 2D NMR data, MS, and by comparison with literature data. The absolute stereochemistry of compounds cyclo-(l-Pro-l-Leu-d-Pro-l-Phe) 1 and cyclo-(-Pro-Ile-Pro-Phe) 2 was established by the Marfey’s method. Compound 1 showed antibacterial activity against rice phytopathogenic strains Burkholderia glumae (MIC = 1.1 mM) and Burkholderia gladioli (MIC = 0.068 mM), compound 2 was active only against B. glumae (MIC = 1.1 mM), and DKP cyclo-[l-Pro-l-Leu] 5 showed to be active against B. gladioli (MIC = 0.3 mM) and B. glumae (MIC = 2.4 mM). Compounds 1 and 2 showed 65% and 50% inhibition of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (yam pathogen) conidia germination, respectively at a concentration of 1.1 mM.
... In South America (Brazil, Paraguay, Venezuela and Colombia), a physiological variant of C. gossypii, named C. gossypii var. cephalosporioides, has been reported to cause on cotton a disease different from anthracnose, which is known as ramulosis (or ramulose), escobilla or witches' broom (Costa and Fraga, 1939;Malaguti, 1955;Watkins, 1981;Mathieson and Mangano, 1985;Silva-Mann et al., 2002;Monteiro et al., 2009;Moreno-Moran and Burbano-Figueroa, 2016). ...
The Panel on Plant Health performed a pest categorisation of Colletotrichum gossypii, the fungal agent of anthracnose and ramulosis diseases of cotton, for the EU. The identity of the pest is well established and reliable methods exist for its detection/identification. The pest is present in most of the cotton-growing areas worldwide, including Bulgaria and Romania in the EU. Colletotrichum gossypii is listed as Glomerella gossypii in Annex IIB of Directive 2000/29/EC and is not known to occur in Greece, which is a protected zone (PZ). The only hosts are Gossypium species, with G. hirsutum and G. barbadense being the most susceptible. The pest could potentially enter the PZ on cotton seeds originating in infested third countries or EU infested areas. Entry into PZ by natural means from EU infested areas is possible, although there is uncertainty on the maximum distance the pest can travel by wind or insects. Bolls and unginned cotton are minor pathways of entry. Pest distribution and climate matching suggest that the pest could establish and spread in cotton-producing areas of northern Greece. In the infested areas, the pest causes damping-off, leaf/boll spotting, boll rot, witches’ broom symptoms and stunting resulting in yield and quality losses. It affects also the lint and seeds reducing fibres quality and seed germinability. It is expected that its introduction and spread in the EU PZ would impact cotton yield and quality. The agricultural practices and control methods currently applied in Greece would not prevent pest establishment and spread. Colletotrichum gossypii meets all the criteria assessed by EFSA for consideration as potential quarantine pest for the EU PZ of Greece. The criteria for considering C. gossypii as a potential Union regulated non-quarantine pest are also met since cotton seeds are the main means of spread. © 2018 European Food Safety Authority. EFSA Journal published by John Wiley and Sons Ltd on behalf of European Food Safety Authority.
... Ramulosis is an important disease of cotton in South America and had been reported in Brazil, Paraguay, Venezuela and Colombia (Malaguti 1955;Mathieson and Mangano 1985;Monteiro et al. 2009;Moreno-Moran and Burbano-Figueroa 2016;Silva-Mann et al. 2002). The causal agent of ramulosis has been identified as Colletot richum gossypi i var. ...
... In Colombia, ramulosis symptoms were described in the grey literature in the first decade of XXI century, but the disease was only confirmed in 2015 (Moreno-Moran and Burbano-Figueroa 2016). The Sinú Valley, the largest cotton producer area of Colombia, is the region most severely affected by this disease. ...
The main cotton growing regions in South America are affected by Colletotrichum gossypii var. cephalosporioides (Cgc). The most severe epidemics provoke considerable yield reductions linked to meristem necrosis, over-sprouting, branching and stunting. The Sinú Valley is the greatest cotton producer in Colombia and is heavily affected by this disease. Using data from field trials conducted in 2012, 2013 and 2014 in a naturally infested area covering 15 planting dates, we attempted to identify weather variables linked to ramulosis epidemics. Cotton planting season in the Sinú Valley runs from August to November, with higher rainfall intensity and frequency for crops planted earlier at the season while decreasing as the meridional winter solstice is approached. Rainfall, temperature and RH variables were significantly correlated with disease development (measured as AUDPS for ramulosis infection intensity). Rainfall alone was able to explain the majority of variation in ramulosis development across all the testing planting dates. A linear regression model was fitted for this association between ramulosis development and accumulated rainfall. Disease development is higher in the early planting dates (mid-August to September) while the disease is absent in crops established at October.
Modern agriculture is heavily reliant upon herbicide application to control weeds for increasing crop productivity to meet the need of growing population and for economic benefits. However, such benefits bear high environmental cost including loss of soil fertility. An indispensable role is played by soil enzymes in the decomposition of xenobiotic and mineralization of organic compounds, and they are considered to be the best soil fertility indicators. Therefore, soil fertility sustenance and crop productivity maintenance demand a better understanding of response of soil enzymes to application of herbicides. The present chapter has made an attempt to present a comprehensive account on response of soil enzymes to different classes and types of herbicides under variable soil environment. Efforts were made to address the production and consumption of herbicides, types of regulatory determinants, and fate of herbicide-enzyme interaction. A critical analysis of in situ and controlled experiments suggests that herbicides applied individually or in combinations influence soil enzymes differently. Although the response shows dose dependence, a number of edaphic and climatic factors also play a significant role in regulating herbicide-enzyme cause-and-effect relationships. This has relevance for mechanistic understanding of enzyme-herbicide interaction and exploring strategies of soil management.
Fungi constitute an important group of organisms that possess beneficial as well as negative traits against plants and animals. Association of fungi with plants is mostly saprotrophic and involves in decomposition. However, a multitude of fungal species are widely recognized as plant pathogens owing to many diseases in crops like potato, paddy, wheat, maize, pulses, oil-yielding plants, floricultural crops, horticultural crops, plantation crops, and so on. Over 70% percent of plant disease is due to fungal pathogens, and they are usually parasitic and exhibit disease symptoms. Biotrophic fungal pathogens exhibit long-term establishment by obtaining nutrients from live host tissues via specialized cells “haustoria” that develop inside the host. Necrotrophic pathogens fetch nutrients from the dead host tissues by killing the tissues with toxins or enzymes, whereas biotrophs have a narrow host range. However, necrotrophs are generalists with a wide host range or specialized with a narrow host range for their survival. Recent advances in molecular biology and sequencing platforms enable the exploration of diverse plant pathogenic fungi associated with crop plants. This chapter intends to summarize the diversity of plant pathogenic fungi on selected agriculturally important crops. It includes the detailed comprehension of plant disease concepts, classification of plant pathogenic fungi based on their lifestyle, fungal diseases of historical records, major fungal diseases of crop plants (rice, maize, and vegetables), and global perspectives of major pathogenic genera.
Fungi constitute an important group of organisms that possess beneficial as well as negative traits against plants and animals. Association of fungi with plants is mostly saprotrophic and involves in decomposition. However, a multitude of fungal species are widely recognized as plant pathogens owing to many diseases in crops like potato, paddy, wheat, maize, pulses, oil-yielding plants, floricultural crops, horticultural crops, plantation crops, and so on. Over 70% percent of plant disease is due to fungal pathogens, and they are usually parasitic and exhibit disease symptoms. Biotrophic fungal pathogens exhibit long-term establishment by obtaining nutrients from live host tissues via specialized cells “haustoria” that develop inside the host. Necrotrophic pathogens fetch nutrients from the dead host tissues by killing the tissues with toxins or enzymes, whereas biotrophs have a narrow host range. However, necrotrophs are generalists with a wide host range or specialized with a narrow host range for their survival. Recent advances in molecular biology and sequencing platforms enable the exploration of diverse plant pathogenic fungi associated with crop plants. This chapter intends to summarize the diversity of plant pathogenic fungi on selected agriculturally important crops. It includes the detailed comprehension of plant disease concepts, classification of plant pathogenic fungi based on their lifestyle, fungal diseases of historical records, major fungal diseases of crop plants (rice, maize, and vegetables), and global perspectives of major pathogenic genera. Keywords Cereals · Millets · Oilseeds · Pulses · Timbers · Vegetables · Colletotrichum · Diaporthe · Fusarium · Pestalotiopsis · Phytophthora · Sclerotium rolfsii
El propósito de esta revisión es ofrecer un documento comprensivo de los cultivares de algodón Upland introducidos en los sistemas de producción colombianos. En el caso de las variedades nacionales, toda la información referida a genealogía y características se encuentra dispersa en documentos de literatura gris, lo cual limita su hallazgo, acceso y evaluación. En este contexto, los objetivos de esta revisión fueron: i) describir las características y genealogía de las variedades de algodón Upland desarrolladas por los programas de mejoramiento en Colombia y ii) describir las variedades de algodón Upland introducidas desde otros países en el sistema productivo colombiano. La información aquí descrita es parte de un proceso de consolidación de datos dispersos en entidades públicas y privadas del cultivo de algodón desarrollado con fines de análisis de metadata. En el futuro, este documento puede ser usado como guía descriptiva para programas de mejoramiento genético, incorporación de nuevas variedades o evaluación del impacto del desarrollo e introducción de variedades sobre las brechas de rendimiento y productividad; adicionalmente, incorpora una serie de recomendaciones para nuevas variedades, basados en el actual escenario que enfrenta el sector algodonero.
