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Introduction to Innovation" is a unique cross-faculty subject that has just been introduced at the University of Technology, Sydney (UTS). This subject has been designed to address the needs highlighted in numerous government reports on innovation and competitiveness. Three interrelated innovation abilities are developed in a cross-disciplinary env...
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... Not only is a person poor, but they may be systematically denied access to the means to overcome their poverty. Those who are excluded typically lack the capacity for collective action to overcome their exclusion (Baum, 2012). ...
... Using a different method and the 2006 census data, Baum (2008) comes to a similar conclusion as Vinson; namely, that place-based disadvantage continues to be a feature of Australian cities. ...
... In the past Australia has not placed a high priority on policies specifically designed to reduce placebased inequality and, hence, its experience in policy effectiveness in this regard is more recent and limited, unlike, for example, that of the United States (Gregory & Hunter 1995). With increasing evidence and concern about the spatial concentration of disadvantage, place-based policy responses have, however, emerged across different levels of government (Byron 2010 There is continuing debate about the relative merits of place-based versus the mainstream peoplebased policies (Winnick 1966;Griggs et al. 2008;Baum 2008;Byron 2010). The reality is that there is a synergy between the two types of policies. ...
... As Griggs et al. (2008) there. There is an increasing recognition, supported by evidence, that a holistic or mixed approach, which takes account of the particular circumstances of the people and place, is preferable to one that is based merely on tradition or past practice (Baum et al. 1999;Randolph 2004;Griggs et al. 2008;Baum 2008). ...
This paper provides an overview and context for the program of research being undertaken by Monash
and Deakin Universities, ‘Geographical dimensions of social inclusion and VET in Australia’. The
overarching purpose of the research is to provide an understanding of the role that education and
training can play in reducing the risk of social exclusion and in improving labour force participation.
The projects that constitute the program of research all address aspects of disadvantage faced by
groups in different locations. The three projects are:
� Willingness-to-move: the influence of job conditions on geographic mobility — this project
examines the link between geographic mobility and the type of work available in areas with
apparent excess labour demand. The project is investigating the value that individuals place on
various characteristics, such as wages, in their ‘willingness to move’ decision.
� Migrant women in regional Australia: the role of education and training in improving social
inclusion — this project explores the underutilisation of the skills of migrant women in regional
areas and the possible role of education and training in removing barriers, if any, to their
participation in the labour force and in other social activities.
� Neighbourhood factors in the decision to participate in post-school education and training and the
labour market — this project compares the outcomes of education and training in areas of low and
high social disadvantage, taking into account differences between the regions in their access to
high-quality education and training and other community infrastructure.
This paper considers the socioeconomic and policy context for the research. The various frameworks
for conceptualising disadvantage — social capital, the capability approach and social inclusion — are
also discussed to enhance understanding of the issues being investigated.
The three research projects span the years 2011 to 2013, with all the reports arising from the
research becoming available from NCVER from early 2014.
... Physical capital questions were focused on personal assets and resources rather than infrastructure, because the surveys were conducted in an urban setting where people typically have access to running water and electricity ( Table 2, Questions 1-4). We included transportation, housing, and emergency supplies as physical capital (Baum, 2008;Notenbaert et al., 2012). Access to transportation was considered physical capital, rather than financial, because Raleigh, NC, has a public transportation system that includes no-cost options. ...
The capacity of households in urban environments to adapt and react to climate change can affect the resilience of the whole community, and instruments for systematically measuring that capacity are needed. We used Raleigh, NC as a case study to explore the dimensions of autonomous adaptive capacity of urban households and to create a scale and associated survey instrument to measure them. Our approach was guided by four capitals that support human livelihoods: social, human, physical, and financial. We surveyed 200 households in Raleigh, NC, and used a principal components analysis to test the scale and survey instrument. Results suggest the scale is a useful and concise tool. Three major dimensions were present among the scale items: financial capital, political awareness, and access to resources. Together, these three dimensions can be used to measure adaptive capacity among different households. These findings are supported by similar work illustrating the value of income inequality and political awareness as indicators of adaptive capacity. Our results also demonstrate that complex relationships among the livelihood capitals may confound our ability to measure financial, physical, and human capitals separately. This framework for assessing adaptive capacity of households, with further refinement and testing, may be used in urban areas to evaluate programs designed to impact resilience to climate change.
... Mapping the areas of convergence and disparity between the housing needs of low-income renters and the availability of lowcost rental stock in specific cities will help to pinpoint hot-spots where housing pressures for low-income renters are greatest. These pressures relate not only to the difficulty of low-income groups accessing housing in high-demand neighbourhoods, but also to the possible consequences of living in low-demand, disadvantaged neighbourhoods where affordable housing is in reasonable supply, but where there are other trade-offs around transportation, services and economic participation (Baum 2008). ...
This paper examines the geographic patterns of ‘mis-located’ households in terms of a mismatch of income and rental payments in the private rental market in Australia, particularly among low-income renters whose housing costs often take up a larger proportion of their household income. It occurs as a result of two possible processes: first, an absolute shortage of low-cost rental stock; and second, the occupation of affordable housing by higher-income households which could afford to pay more for their housing but choose not to. While previous research has examined the effects of these two conditions upon housing affordability for low-income renters, the extent to which they are associated with growing socio-spatial polarization is under-studied. Using Brisbane as a case study, we undertake neighborhood scale mapping and use cross-sectional approaches to address critical gaps in the understanding of spatial rent mismatch across the urban landscape. GIS-based analysis not only highlights areas of housing stress and displacement in metropolitan suburbs, but also offers broad implications for policies to address the mis-location of private rental housing in Australian neighbourhoods.
... • Evidence of growing health and social inequities despite the overall growth in economic prosperity (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2003Baum, 2008;Baum & Gleeson, 2010). The ABS statistics (2003,2007) compare Australian households in the lowest, middle and highest quintiles, and show that, while wealth for all groups has risen over the past decade or more, it has risen faster for those in the higher quintiles, so that the gap between the rich and the poor has widened. ...
... • Evidence regarding locational disadvantage (Barraket, 2004;Baum, 2008;Baum & Glesson, 2010;Vinson, 2007Vinson, , 2009a. In a major study, Vinson (2007) mapped levels of social disadvantage across Australia, and found that, despite Australia's recent strong economic growth, some communities remain caught in a spiral of low school attainment, high unemployment, poor health, high imprisonment rates and child abuse. ...
... The impact of multiple disadvantages which are further heightened by locational disadvantage works to further heighten the socio-economic damage that confronts some suburbs. (Baum, 2008) However, the distribution of disadvantage can be complex. Baum & Gleeson (2010) describe the changes that have occurred: ...
Place-based approaches to child and family services: A literature review
... Previous research shows that the level of access to affordable rental housing for low-income households decreased between 2001 and 2006, while the size of private rental markets increased by 11 per cent (Wulff et al. , 2009. Households experiencing housing stress were mostly clustered in socioeconomically disadvantaged areas, with a lack of quality services and limited access to opportunities for social and economic participation (Baum 2008). Housing un-affordability is also linked to frequent moves, shared accommodation with other families, crowding, or even homelessness (Wood et al. 2013). ...
This paper examines the geographic patterns of ‘mis-located’ households in terms of a mismatch of income and rental payments in the private market in Australia. Recently, such displacement of lower income households in Australian cities has become a public concern, since higher income households are occupying increasing numbers of low-rent dwellings. However, the extent to which rental tenure is associated with growing socio-spatial polarization is largely under-studied. Using Brisbane as a case study, we undertake neighborhood scale mapping and use cross-sectional approaches to address critical gaps in the understanding of spatial rent mismatch in socioeconomically disadvantaged areas. GIS-based analysis not only highlights areas of housing stress and displacement in metropolitan suburbs, but also offers broad implications for policies to address the ‘mis-location’ of private rental housing in Australian neighborhoods. The findings will guide housing and urban policy development in a way that anticipates the needs and aspirations of low-income households and supports policy interventions to match rental needs across suburbs.
... Income segregation has increased in the United States over the past 30 years (Taylor & Fry, 2012). There is less Australian evidence on income segregation; however, it also appears to be increasing (Gregory & Hunter, 1995) while taking a less prominent role in policymaking (Baum, 2008). Currently across Australia, 38% of 15-to 64-year-olds who live in the least advantaged areas (the first quintile of the Socioeconomic Index for Areas (SEIFA) Index of Relative Socio-economic Advantage and Disadvantage (IRSAD), described in the Method section) are from the least advantaged backgrounds (first quintile of an individual-level derivation of IRSAD). ...
ABSTRACT
Research Findings: This article provides Australian evidence of the availabil- ity and quality of early childhood education and care (ECEC) services in low–socioeconomic status (SES) neighborhoods. There is less availability of ECEC in low-SES areas in Australia, and these programs provide a lower average quality of care than in more advantaged neighborhoods. Families tend to travel short distances to ECEC programs (Mdn = 2.9 km), and therefore families in low-SES areas are limited in the programs they can choose or are faced with higher transport costs than families in more advantaged neighborhoods. This study uses government licensing data from a population of 6,937 ECEC services together with a sample of 2,494 children enrolled in 421 ECEC classrooms. Practice or Policy: Established measures of the local ECEC market tend to overestimate its size and in turn the availability of ECEC. Measures of ECEC market density should be tested for sensitivity to reductions in size. SES gradients are observed within local ECEC markets, meaning that attempts to lift supply and quality in low- SES areas require specific and targeted policy intervention.
... These findings are consistent with other studies in most English-speaking countries, which suggest that housing is one of the most important necessities in people's lives (Burrows and Laflamme, 2005;Ayala and Navarro, 2007;Law et al., 2014). Those unable to afford a private shelter are more likely to suffer from social disadvantage, have a low income and experience a lack of labour force engagement, all of which are related to a higher risk of suicide in English-speaking countries (Ayala and Navarro, 2007;Baum, 2008). However, relatively little is known about the life events as well as other possible risk factors for suicide, among tenant household dwellers, therefore, more research at the individual level is needed. ...
Objective:
The relationship between older adult suicide rates and population-level variables has been examined in a few studies. Therefore, the objective of the present study is to analyse the extent to which population-level factors are associated with suicide by older persons in Australia, from an ecological perspective.
Methods:
Suicide rates for older adults aged 65 years and over were calculated for 68 observation units at Statistical Areas Level 4 in Australia for 2002-2011. The 2011 Census of Population and Housing was used for population-level variables. Analysis on standardised suicide mortality ratios and Poisson regression were performed to examine geographical and gender differences.
Results:
Between 2002 and 2011, a total of 3133 suicides of persons aged 65 years and above (men: n = 2418, 77.1%) was identified with an average annual rate of 10.1 per 100 000 persons. Suicide rates in older adults vary widely between different geographical regions in Australia. The multivariate estimates of contextual factors showed that the risk of suicide was positively associated with the sex ratio (incidence risk ratio (IRR) = 1.053, 95%CI = 1.016-1.092), the proportion of those in tenant household (IRR = 1.120, 95%CI = 1.081-1.160) and Australian residents born in North-West Europe (IRR = 1.058, 95%CI = 1.022-1.095). Significant gender variations were found.
Conclusions:
Specific factors increasing risk of suicide for older adults on SA4 level in Australia were living in areas with a higher proportion of male population, a higher proportion of tenant household dwellers and a higher proportion of immigrants from North-West Europe. The different influences of population-level factor on suicide between older men and women indicate the need for targeted suicide prevention activities. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
... Recent research has shown that even though Sydney is ahead of Melbourne on the social polarisation scale (Colic-Peisker 2014; Chamberlain and McKenzie 2008), Melbourne is not that far behind. Baum's 2008 analysis of socio-economic polarisation based on suburb rankings of both Sydney and Melbourne according to the General Deprivation Index supports this contention, which indicates that ethnicity is one of (though not the only) the factor which determines both socio-economic status along with the suburb in which one lives (Baum 2008). ...
Recently proposed Anti-Racism Strategy established within a framework of the Australian Government's multicultural policy, People of Australia, identifies ‘youth engagement’ as one of the key areas that needs to be promoted and supported. Young people have been invited to join youth councils and youth forums and work with national, state and local policy-makers. Some have taken up this challenge and became public faces and active members of anti-racism campaigns. Others, however, either remained silent about the discrimination they face, or organised their own grassroots youth-based and youth-led initiatives. This paper discusses individual and collective responses to racism among young people in Australia, focusing on Melbourne, and examines possibilities in which racism, as a common experience among migrant youth, can be utilised to form alternative spaces for political action, challenging not only interpersonal, but also systemic forms of racism. By drawing attention towards institutional and systemic forms of racism, and the historical perpetuation of racist practices, these youth initiatives rely on legal measures, and argue that racism should be discussed in the context of the broader Australian society, not only in relation to minority groups.
... Income segregation has increased in the United States over the past 30 years (Taylor & Fry, 2012). There is less Australian evidence on income segregation; however, it also appears to be increasing (Gregory & Hunter, 1995) while taking a less prominent role in policymaking (Baum, 2008). Currently across Australia, 38% of 15-to 64-year-olds who live in the least advantaged areas (the first quintile of the Socioeconomic Index for Areas (SEIFA) Index of Relative Socio-economic Advantage and Disadvantage (IRSAD), described in the Method section) are from the least advantaged backgrounds (first quintile of an individual-level derivation of IRSAD). ...
Inequality is pervasive and is associated with poorer developmental outcomes for children. There is a socioeconomic status (SES) gradient for health, education, intellectual, and social and emotional outcomes that begins in the earliest years of life and is maintained over time. It is regularly argued that participation in early childhood education and care programs (ECEC) is highly desirable for families from low SES backgrounds because ECEC programs can ameliorate disadvantage and close the gap between peers from more and less advantaged backgrounds. Higher quality ECEC programs have been found to be more effective at ameliorating disadvantage than lower quality programs. Many countries invest heavily in ECEC programs and yet differences between children from different SES backgrounds persist. This study looks at the availability of ECEC programs and the availability of high-quality programs in low SES areas as a potential mechanism to explain these persistent developmental differences.
Data is drawn from two data sets. The first is government licencing data of a population of 6,937 ECEC services, and the second is a sample of 421 ECEC classrooms in a large Australian research study designed to answer questions about ECEC program quality.
Descriptive and chi-square analysis of population data is reported. Regression models are used to report inferential statistics from the second dataset using robust estimates of standard errors to account for clustering.
This study supports a hypothesis of inequality of availability: there are fewer programs available in low SES areas and they are, on average, of lower quality than those in higher SES areas.
These findings are evidence that the ECEC market faces barriers to providing high quality ECEC programs in low SES areas. This has implications for policy that aims to deliver increased participation in ECEC programs for all children and to close the achievement gap between those from disadvantaged and advantaged backgrounds.
