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![Sustainable-responsible tourism (SRT) model. Source: Adapted from [5].](publication/332016679/figure/fig1/AS:741054458380293@1553692559854/Sustainable-responsible-tourism-SRT-model-Source-Adapted-from-5.jpg)
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Increasing worldwide evidence on disruptive unsustainable impacts, caused by growing overtourism, is shaking tourism research agendas and destination management styles. Monitoring the risks of overtourism is becoming a relevant issue for every destination. This paper combines the existing sustainability–responsibility tourism framework from academi...
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... approaches are combined in the sustainable-responsible tourism model, which joins the conceptual sustainability pillars and responsible implementation enablers into a single model [5]. The model is presented by three conceptual and three implementation bubbles in Figure 1. In the category of impacts, it is beyond dispute that sustainable tourism development has been widely recognized as a three-pillar concept, which enables tourism operations to remain competitive in the long run [12]. ...
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... the category of enablers of sustainable tourism implementation, the current academic paradigm, as well as the sustainable-responsible tourism model presented here, centers on three premises, presented by three bottom row bubbles in the Figure 1, on the right side. These premises are: ...
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... First bubble illustrates sustainable tourism that must be based on an awareness of full sustainability and on sustainability ethics, supported by environmental education, knowledge and values, with full awareness about sustainability issues on the part of all stakeholders on both the demand and supply sides. The same ''Sustainability ethics'' bubble ( Figure 1) may incorporate more detailed tourism capacities, such as norms, legislation, etc. [5]. (2) Second enabler bubble relates to the dimension, which we call 'stakeholder cooperation/satisfaction' (Figure 1). ...
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... same ''Sustainability ethics'' bubble ( Figure 1) may incorporate more detailed tourism capacities, such as norms, legislation, etc. [5]. (2) Second enabler bubble relates to the dimension, which we call 'stakeholder cooperation/satisfaction' (Figure 1). More specifically, sustainability implementation requires the informed participation of all relevant destination stakeholders, their cooperation and consensus, a critical mass and strong political leadership, governance and, especially relevant for this paper, the support of local residents and visitors [5,15]. ...
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... specifically, sustainability implementation requires the informed participation of all relevant destination stakeholders, their cooperation and consensus, a critical mass and strong political leadership, governance and, especially relevant for this paper, the support of local residents and visitors [5,15]. (3) Third implementation bubble, as presented in our SRT model (Figure 1) reminds us that tourism should maintain a high level of visitor satisfaction (demand side), thereby meeting market needs [12], in order to be sustained over time. Indeed, tourism development needs the active and cooperative participation of all stakeholders. ...
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... add to the overuse of natural resources, such as water and forests, waste pollution, and harm to flora and fauna. (4) Impacts on stakeholders (see Figure 1) are addressed in the [22] chapter 'Alienated Local Residents'. Local residents complain about negative tourism impacts, such as rising rents, displacement of locals, noise, displacement of local retail, and changing neighborhood character and leakages of economic tourism benefits. ...
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... above impacts are five out of the six elements from our sustainable-responsible model, as presented in Figure 1. The first three directly address the sustainability pillars or areas of tourism impacts and may also cover the physical and psychological tourism capacities, explicitly proposed by the second model. ...
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... first three directly address the sustainability pillars or areas of tourism impacts and may also cover the physical and psychological tourism capacities, explicitly proposed by the second model. However, the last two challenges are of a different nature, as they also belong to the category of enablers of sustainability (Figure 1). Local residents or visitors have the power to support or prevent the development and growth of tourism in a given destination. ...
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... residents or visitors have the power to support or prevent the development and growth of tourism in a given destination. Furthermore, both studies partly address the sixth element in Figure 1, the 'Ethics and values' [22]. The European parliament's study explicitly mentioned the political and governance capacity of the destination. ...
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... 2 presents the proposed overtourism-monitoring model. It is built on the SRT model presented in Figure 1 [5] and validated by the main recent studies on overtourism [21,22,30], as presented in Section 3.2. Three impact areas of the model correspond to sustainability pillars and have been addressed by all of the presented studies. ...
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... on the researcher's right to abstraction, only the survey relevant elements from the SRT model are presented. The 'sustainable ethics' balloon ( Figure 1) has not been seen as direct overtourism risk factor and for this reason it has not been validated for our survey. The visitor satisfaction balloon from Figure 1 has not been included either, as our study focuses on residents' satisfaction with tourism only. ...
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... 'sustainable ethics' balloon ( Figure 1) has not been seen as direct overtourism risk factor and for this reason it has not been validated for our survey. The visitor satisfaction balloon from Figure 1 has not been included either, as our study focuses on residents' satisfaction with tourism only. ...
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Citations
... Although the concepts of sustainable and responsible tourism have evolved from ecological thinking, they both take cultural, social and natural resources into account (Dávid, 2011). Sustainable tourism aims to strengthen the environmental, economic and social pillars of sustainability (Higgins-Desbiolles, 2018;Kuščer & Mihalič, 2019;Mensah, 2019;Mihalic, 2016). Responsible tourism focuses on the protection of the natural environment and natural resources, includes respect for religions, cultures and traditions in the destination, and emphasises the creation of economic and social benefits for residents (Bramwell et al., 2008;Fang, 2020;Mathew & Sreejesh, 2017;Mihalic, 2016). ...
... To exploit the synergies between the two concepts of responsible and sustainable tourism, it is important to consider their contextual differences, but also their similarities (Saarinen, 2021). Firstly, both concepts have similar objectives, which overall relate to strengthening the three pillars of sustainable tourism development (Bramwell et al., 2008;Fang, 2020;Higgins-Desbiolles, 2018;Kuščer & Mihalič, 2019) and are thus based on ecological thinking (Dávid, 2011). In addition to the recognition that research on responsible tourism focuses heavily on the environmentally responsible behaviour of tourists and residents (e.g., Lee & Jan, 2018b;Hu et al., 2021;Liu et al., 2021), it can be inferred that responsible tourism should translate in all three levels of sustainable tourism development (economic, social and environmental) and therefore needs to be considered consistently in research. ...
... Community-based tourism (CBT), such as Pantai Lestari, is considered crucial for achieving sustainable ecotourism [39]. It is widely acknowledged that the community can benefit from long-term sustainable tourism, making the management of CBT beneficial for both the community and ecotourism as a whole [40][41][42][43]. However, it is important to reduce the community's dependence on direct incentives to ensure the longterm sustainability of the mangrove ecosystem. ...
Marine ecotourism is one of the pivotal sectors that supports the sustainability of marine ecosystems and elevates the socioeconomic status of the country. Karangsong is located on the northern side of the Indramayu districts, covering approximately 25 hectares of mangrove. The significant number of tourists visiting sites of mangrove ecotourism in Indonesia contributed to the tourist intentions associated with the diversity of mangrove and management strategies. How the community-based tourism (CBT) index aligns with biophysical assessment is still unclear. This study aimed to investigate the interconnectedness between the community-based tourism (CBT) index and biophysical assessment to measure the ratio number of tourists using the carrying capacity and sustainability index in Karangsong. A potential new suitability index for mangrove tourism was created. The various factors such as the mangrove ecosystem, substrate, and suitability that impacted the development of mangrove tourism were quantitatively analyzed. Our study identified that the majority of mangrove ecotourism sites in Karangsong Indramayu Regency consist of rich diverse mangrove species. The biophysical characteristics of the mangrove ecosystem were assessed with a suitability index of 83.7%. Our results indicated that the operations of mangrove tourism in the Karangsong region are well-managed and maintained. The region has a carrying capacity of 803 people/day, which refers to the maximum number of individuals for this area. This finding provides a more detailed understanding of the contribution of the new sustainability index of mangrove tourism and community-based tourism (CBT) approach assessing the potential development and challenges in the management of mangrove forests ecotourism.
... Rapid tourism growth and concentration in space and time make ensuring the sustainability of destinations difficult (Kuščer & Mihalič, 2019). Concentration in a specific place and time is one of the biggest problems in destinations facing overtourism. ...
Problems caused by overtourism are currently a major concern in the most visited destinations. Awareness of over-tourism and the amount of news about reactions to overtourism has been increasing around the world recently. Overtourism has been frequently discussed by journalists in media, researchers in their research and politicians in their search for solutions. It also causes some negative impacts and reactions against tourism in destinations. Sustainable tourism policies should be developed to minimize the negative impacts and prevent potential reactions before they occur. The research aims to identify these necessary sustainable tourism policies for destinations at risk of, or struggling with, overtourism. The research was carried out in four stages, demonstrating the overtourism risk in Alanya, determining the negative impacts of tourism in the study area, examining international reports, and generating a list of proactive sustainable tourism practices and policies for destinations by document analysis. Long-term planning, involving destination stakeholders in the planning process, and the continuous monitoring of the tourism impacts on the destination are among the main results. Sustainable tourism policies and practices are enriched with concrete examples. The research results are expected to be a guide for decision-makers in the destinations at risk of, or struggling with, overtourism.
... Por otra parte, respecto al enfoque de las técnicas de investigación empleadas, el fenómeno de la saturación turística ha sido estudiado en diferentes ámbitos nacionales, mayoritariamente en Barcelona (Fernández Medrano y Pardo Rivacoba, 2016;Guitart Casalderrey et al., 2018;Mansilla, 2018), Valencia (Pimentel de Oliveira y Pitarch Garrido, 2020), Madrid (Valero Escandell y García Tortosa, 2020), Sevilla (Jover Báez y Díaz-Parra, 2020; Mínguez et al., 2019), y numerosos destinos a nivel mundial (Kuščer y Mihalič, 2019;Szromek et al., 2019;WTTC, 2017WTTC, y 2019. En todos estos casos se aborda el estudio empleando técnicas bien cuantitativas con el uso de indicadores, o bien cualitativas a través de encuestas y entrevistas. ...
The rapid development of urban tourism has led to the emergence of phenomena associated with overcrowding. Overtourism implies an unsustainable pressure situation that may affect both residents and tourists. A basic system of indicators based on quantitative metrics is proposed, along with an approach to the population’s perception for the assessment of the tourist situation in a destination. Its application has been conducted in the city of Seville, and the exploratory results denote the applicability of the method, as well as the existence of a near risk of overtourism.
El desarrollo acelerado del turismo urbano ha provocado la aparición de fenómenos asociados a la masificación. El overtourism o saturación turística implica una situación de presión insostenible que afecta tanto a residentes como a turistas. Se propone un sistema básico de indicadores a partir de variables cuantitativas, junto con una aproximación a las valoraciones de la población para la evaluación de la situación turística de un destino. Su aplicación se ha llevado a cabo en la ciudad de Sevilla, y los resultados a modo exploratorio muestran la aplicabilidad del método, así como la existencia de un riesgo próximo de saturación.
... Stakeholders' engagement is particularly essential to address the (negative) social impacts of tourism (Fletcher et al., 2016;Garrod et al., 2012) alongside and beyond the environmental impacts. In particular, many recent examples (for example, the case of Ljubljana, Slovenia) linked to the recent phenomenon of overtourism highlight the importance for tourists and residents to become aware of its negative impacts (Kuščer and Mihalič, 2019) and to collaborate in achieving a real shift towards the design, implementation and management of truly sustainable forms of tourism. The recent definition of tourism proposed by Higgins-Desbiolles et al. ...
This chapter explores the value that social marketing can bring to subject areas such as sustainable tourism. Social marketing seeks to develop and integrate marketing concepts with other
approaches for behaviour change that benefits individuals and communities for the greater social good (French and Gordon, 2020). Social marketing practice is guided by ethical principles.
It seeks to integrate research, best practice, theory, audience and partnership insight to inform the delivery of competition-sensitive and segmented social change programmes that are effective, efficient, equitable and sustainable. This chapter also explores key principles of social marketing and how these principles can help to overcome the overtourism issue faced by the tourism sector. Social marketing has already been utilised as a useful tool to positively change tourists’ pro-environmental behaviours (Borden et al., 2017; Tkaczynski et al., 2020). Social marketing has the potential to address these issues with behavioural change interventions that are more effective than awareness-raising (Dolnicar et al., 2019). In this chapter, the social marketing theoretical approach is demonstrated through application
to the challenges faced by the Peak District National Park (PDNP) in Derbyshire, a protected area (PA) negatively affected by the issue of overtourism. ‘Overtourism’ is a term used
to contextualise the potential hazard of the negative impacts of excessive tourism to many popular tourist destinations worldwide (Cheung and Li, 2019; Dodds and Butler, 2019). The
COVID-19 pandemic with related restrictions to international travel and the closure of many national tourism hotspots caused a dramatic increase in visitor numbers to PAs. Such heavy
domestic visitation led to a substantial increase in overtourism issues such as congestion and overproduction of litter and waste, further exacerbating management issues and ecological
damage in such a fragile environment (McGinlay et al., 2020). A social marketing intervention is proposed in order to address overtourism challenges currently faced by the PDNP to encourage behavioural change. Such an approach can also be broadly applied to promoting sustainable tourism in other protected areas across the UK.
... These words refer to works that have sought to understand the phenomenon of overtourism experienced by tourists and residents alike (these two words being located on the lower half of the graph). Studying the Slovenian city of Ljubljana, Kuščer and Mihalič (2019) have evidenced that a poor economic, sociocultural and natural management of the industry can negatively influence the satisfaction of local residents with tourism presence. ...
... One key element and goal of tourism policy is the balancing of interests between the tourism industry, the tourists and the residents in the respective destination. Such a balance is often achieved by addressing the tourism impact on the residents in a narrower sense (Nemec Rudez & Vodeb, 2010;Nunkoo & Ramkissoon, 2011) or sustainability in a rather holistic view (Castellani & Sala, 2010;Kuščer & Mihalič, 2019). The latter can still be attributed to a resident's domain, if it is impacting the sustainability at the destination. ...
Tourism policy traditionally focuses on the nexus of tourist-resident interaction and has the duty to balance the often-conflicting interests. In policy practice and academia alike, the evaluation of the nexus seems to be dominated by utilitarian ideas and concepts focusing on the objective outcome. This perspective is closely linked to a Hegelian-induced philosophy of an objective mind. In contrast to that, the paper advocates for an imperative-based perspective, as proposed by Kant, to ensure a more humanistic approach. To facilitate that approach, it derives the ideas from the legal science technique of practical concordance to balance the freedoms and interests of all parties involved without proclaiming superior knowledge.
... Inflation triggered by overtourism results in soaring living costs in destinations, including rising real estate and property prices (Koens et al., 2018;Martín et al., 2018). From a sociocultural standpoint, overtourism may also negatively affect residents' quality of life, by increasing the crime rate, and jeopardising destinations' socio-cultural fabrics (Jang & Park, 2020;Kuščer & Mihalič, 2019). Regarding the environment, overtourism creates pollution of various kinds, puts additional pressure on the destination's ecology and weakens the destinations' image, eventually creating anti-tourism sentiment. ...
... Regarding the environment, overtourism creates pollution of various kinds, puts additional pressure on the destination's ecology and weakens the destinations' image, eventually creating anti-tourism sentiment. The phenomenon may turn once-spectacular destinations into tourist slums as they lose their authentic qualities, and international reputation and brand, where the most economically beneficial long-haul international tourists replaced by weekenders and same-day visitors (Butler, 1980;Dodds & Butler, 2019b;Jang & Park, 2020;Kuščer & Mihalič, 2019;Oklevik et al., 2019). ...
Several destinations across the globe experience the challenge of overtourism. Literature identifies social media as one of the driving factors of overtourism. Although some prior studies have explored the relationship between social media and overtourism, the connection between the two still lacks a strong empirical validation. In light of this, we empirically established the relationship between social media usage (SMU) and overtourism, drawing upon Uses and Gratifications Theory (UGT). Quantitative data were collected from 209 tourists who had visited Hangzhou and analysed using PLS-SEM. Research findings reveal that social media usage contributes to overtourism through the mediating effect of tourist flow concentration, even though the influence is weak. Consequently, only 10.2% of the variance in overtourism is explained by the model, suggesting a weak effect of social media usage on overtourism. Implications and limitations are discussed, and avenues for further research are suggested. ARTICLE HISTORY
... The development of urban tourism has the potential to disrupt the lives of residents [13], although it can also have multiple positive impacts on local communities [14,15]. For instance, it can enhance the quality of life of residents by creating employment opportunities and improving infrastructure and amenities [16][17][18]. ...
... Tourism stakeholders, particularly residents, carefully consider the impacts of tourism on their lives and the environment [30]. For instance, residents may oppose further tourism development if they are excluded from the planning process [31], or if the negative impacts of tourism outweigh the positive ones [13,16]. Therefore, scholars have studied residents' perceptions of tourism and their attitudes toward tourism development, as tourism impacts can significantly affect residents' daily lives and influence their support for sustainable tourism [1,[32][33][34]. ...
The purpose of this study is to examine the extent to which residents’ perceptions of their
place image can predict their perceptions of the impacts of tourism, and ultimately, to elucidate
their support for sustainable tourism development in Midyat, Turkey. This city currently faces a
range of negative impacts associated with tourism, such as inflation, high leakage, threats to family
structures, environmental degradation, pollution, and crowding. At the same time, Midyat seeks to
maximize the positive impacts of tourism, including job creation and employment, environmental
protection, cultural and educational enrichment, and recreational opportunities. Therefore, there
is an urgent need for a strategic shift in development. The study population consists of residents
residing in Midyat, Turkey, from whom three hundred and fifty-six questionnaires were collected.
PLS (Partial Least Squares) path analysis was utilized to analyze the research model constructed
based on the literature. The results demonstrated that residents’ place image significantly predicted
two out of three impacts of tourism, namely, socio-cultural and economic impacts. Additionally,
residents’ perceptions of environmental and socio-cultural impacts were significant predictors of
their support or opposition to sustainable tourism. While perceived environmental impacts have a
positive effect on support for sustainable tourism, perceived economic impacts have a negative effect.
This finding can guide tourism planners and professionals to make more informed decisions and
take stronger steps toward sustainable tourism development. This study revealed that the quality
of life, job opportunities, infrastructure, and economic income of Midyat’s residents are insufficient.
However, the city is characterized by social attributes, such as friendliness, trust, and supportiveness.
The results are limited to local residents, and using only one tourist stakeholder to assess sustainable
tourism development is insufficient. Therefore, additional research must be performed to guarantee
the involvement of other tourism stakeholders.
... In scenarios where the approach to tourism development tends to be focused on the mere economic growth, other essential aspects to consider in these processessuch as those related to the environmental stewardship and social justice -are often overlooked by decision-makers (Costa, 2020). Previous studies as well as abundant empirical evidence demonstrate that, if ill-managed, tourism growth has a considerable potential of harming the well-being of local communities and jeopardize their identity (Kuščer & Mihalič, 2019). ...
A gentrificação está entre as consequências negativas mais comuns que um crescimento turístico rápido e descontrolado origina. Este estudo analisa a influência dos traços geodemográficos dos residentes nas suas perceções do turismo em Lisboa. Por conseguinte, foram realizados três estudos: (i) um estudo exploratório analisado das propriedades psicométricas do instrumento utilizado para a recolha de dados; (ii) um estudo confirmatório validou os resultados da Análise dos Fatores Exploratórios; (iii) análise de como as perceções dos residentes em relação ao turismo são influenciadas pela concentração das empresas locais de alojamento e pela duração da residência em cada freguesia. Os resultados sugerem que apesar da crescente pressão turística, os participantes têm uma opinião globalmente positiva em relação ao turismo, considerando-o um catalisador do desenvolvimento comunitário e da qualidade de vida das suas paróquias, devido aos seus impactos económicos positivos.
