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Susceptibility of chestnut pest larvae, Curculio elephas (a) and Cydia splendana (b) to the entomopathogenic nematodes in flower pots. Data are expressed as mean9SEM. The same lower case letter above the error bars indicates no significant difference (P 0.05; Tukey's test).
Source publication
The lepidopteran, Cydia splendana, and the coleopteran, Curculio elephas, are the most serious pests of chestnut fruit in Turkey. We evaluated the biological control potential of three Turkish entomopathogenic nematode species, Steinernema feltiae, S. weiseri and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, against the last instar larvae of C. splendana and C. e...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... of nematodes against chestnut pests in potted soil C. elephas larvae: Percent mortalities caused by the three nematode species in the potted experiments at 158C for C. elephas were very low (Figure 5a). The mortalities were B8% for all three nematode species, but the mortality for the Steinernema species was significantly higher than that for H. bacteriophora (F 05.87; df 02, 19; P B0.05). ...
Context 2
... mortalities were B8% for all three nematode species, but the mortality for the Steinernema species was significantly higher than that for H. bacteriophora (F 05.87; df 02, 19; P B0.05). C. splendana larvae: There was no significant difference in percent mortality caused by S. weiseri and H. bacteriophora which killed 5396% and 4195%, respectively, of the C. splendana larvae in the potted soil at 158C (Figure 5b). S. feltiae showed the lowest larval mortality at 2299% which was significantly different from S. weiseri (F 03.98; df02, 19; P B0.05). ...
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Citations
... Because C. sayi larvae burrow into the soil to pupate and overwinter, we thought that entomopathogenic nematodes could be effective at targeting the larval life stage. Both these biological control options, alone and combined, have been used to control Curculio elephas but never used against C. sayi [12,[14][15][16][17]. In addition, damage from C. sayi larvae was quantified to address and document anecdotal reports of damage that varied widely. ...
The lesser chestnut weevil, Curculio sayi (Gyllenhal), can cause irreparable damage to chestnuts through direct consumption and/or introduction of secondary pathogens. With the resurgence of blight resistant American Chestnut plantings both for commercial production and for habitat restoration, C. sayi has become a similarly resurgence pest. Here, we investigated the nature and extent of C. sayi larval damage on individual nuts and collected harvests with an eye toward the quantifying impacts. Next, we explored management options using biological control including entomopathogenic fungi and entomopathogenic nematodes. Nut damage from C. sayi can be extensive with individual nuts hosting several larvae, larvae emerging from nuts several weeks post harvest, and nut weight loss even after C. sayi have emerged from the nut. Applications of entomopathogenic fungi reduced chances of chestnut infestation, while certain strains of entomopathogenic nematodes increased the probability of C. sayi larval mortality. Understanding C. sayi damage and exploring biological control management options could be a useful tool in the effective management of this resurgent pest.
... e. Environmental factors: Environmental factors such as temperature, aeration and moisture has a crucial role in the EPNs production process [67,79,80]. In the in vivo production programs, the optimum temperatures could be between 18°C and 28°C [81,82,83,84]. It is found that a maximum number of IJs are penetrated on G. mellonella after 96 h exposure at 25°C [85,86]. ...
Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) are recognized as one of the effective bio-control agents of insects that are harmful to many agricultural crops. The two EPNs genera, Steinernema and Heterorabditis, are widely used nematodes. Insect pests infesting different agricultural crops and other plants, can be controlled using these nematodes. These beneficial EPNs can be mass produced using both in vivo, baiting using insects, and in vitro techniques, using solid or liquid fermentation. For laboratory trials, greenhouse experiments, or limited agricultural field trials, in vivo production of EPNs is most appropriate. As EPNs have a crucial part in the management of numerous insect pests of field crops, stored products/grains, mushroom culture, etc., they are valuable as eco-friendly products. Our focus in this paper is to present the various procedures and components involved in the in vivo mass production of EPNs and to provide a summary of factors that affect the in vivo mass production.
... Lower damage values were reported in Turkey where both species (C. splendana and C. elephas) were responsible for chestnut devaluation of between 15 and 20% (Karagoz, Gulcu, Hazir, & Kaya, 2009 It seems that the dominant chestnut pests can vary from region to region, within the same country. This depends on the biology of the pest, the existing hosts, climatic conditions and cultural practices. ...
Introduction:
The chestnut tree has enormous economic, social, cultural and environmental benefits in the Trás-os-Montes region of Portugal, as well as contributing to its characteristic landscape.
The chestnut moth, Cydia splendana (Hübner), is considered a serious crop pest, affecting the quality and quantity of the chestnut fruit.
Objective:
To ascertain more about the biology of the chestnut moth and its economic impact.
Methods:
In 2018 and 2019, in six chestnut orchards in the Trás-os-Montes region, located in the districts of Bragança (Samil, Espinhosela and Parâmio), Macedo de Cavaleiros (Amendoeira), Vinhais (Espinhoso) and Valpaços (Sobrado), each under different climatic conditions, the pest was monitored at different stages of development (immature and adult states) and the damage caused was estimated. Adults were monitored using delta traps, with sexual pheromones (three per orchard), 50 m apart; immature states were monitored by sampling 200 leaves and chestnut husks/fruits for each location. In the laboratory assays, the number of eggs and larvae was recorded. The intensity of attack was assessed by dissecting 1,800 fruits collected during the harvest.
Results:
Chestnut moth was recorded between mid-August and early October 2018, with the peak of flights taking place in late August in most of the orchards. In 2019 the flight period was shorter, ending in late September, with a peak flight period in the second week of September.
In 2018, the first eggs were observed in mid-August and the first larvae in the last week of August. In 2019, the eggs started about a week later. The intensity of attack of the fruits ranged between 10.0% in the Sobrado orchard to 23.3% in Espinhoso.
Conclusion:
The insect’s biology seems to be slightly influenced by local climatic conditions. The catch levels were higher in Macedo de Cavaleiros (Amendoeira), located at an altitude of 766 m, in an orchard with vegetation which is periodically removed. The damage caused by C. splendana was greater in orchards in close proximity to abandoned chestnut orchards and/or scrub containing wild chestnut trees, as in the case of Espinhoso with 23.3%, and Samil with 16.0%, of trees attacked.
... Sorok and Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill.) and nematodes (families Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae) have been tested in laboratory trials, especially against C. splendana and C. elephas last instar larvae, but results in field applications were often unsatisfactory (Torrini et al., 2017;Karagoz et al., 2009). In North America, the lesser chestnut weevil (Curculio sayi Gyllenhal) and the larger chestnut weevil (Curculio caryatrypes Boheman) are major pests infesting chestnuts, resulting in significant crop loss in mature plantations (Keesey and Barrett, 2008). ...
ABSTRACT
The genus Malus originated in Central and Minor Asia. There is evidence that apple was cultivated as early as 1000 BC. Today, about 72 million tons of quality fruit are produced annually worldwide across approximately 5 million hectares. The reasons for this success are that apple trees grow in different agroecological conditions and respond to the application of technological tools that increase yields. Apple fruits are pleasing to the eye and to the taste, they provide good nutrients with low calories, and they adapt well to conservation. Its particular 2suitability for transport has made the apple one of the most accomplished examples of globalization of markets. This chapter covers such topics as botany, taxonomy, varieties and cultivars, rootstocks, composition, and nutritional use of the apple. There is updated information on basic aspects of breeding and crop improvement, orchard management, harvest, postharvest, high-tech cultivation, transport, and packing. Topics such as disease, pest, and physiological disorders are also taken into account.
... Waxmoth larvae were kept in a glass jar at 25 ± 4 • C and provided an artificial diet consisting of 22% ground wheat, 22% ground maize, 11% honey, 11% glycerol, 11% milk powder, 5.5% yeast extract and 17.5% bee wax (Cakmak et al., 2013). Larvae of the chestnut weevil and chestnut tortrix were obtained from a chestnut processing factory in Aydin, Turkey, and used within 3 days of collection (Karagoz et al., 2009). ...
The entomopathogenic fungus (EPF) Metarhizium brunneum occupies the same ecological niche as entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN), with both competing for insects as a food source in the rhizosphere. Interactions between these biocontrol agents can be antagonistic or synergistic. To better understand these interactions, this study focussed on investigating the effect of M. brunneum volatile organic compounds (VOCs), 1-octen-3-ol and 3-octanone, on EPN survival and behaviour. These VOCs proved to be highly toxic to the infective juveniles (IJs) of the EPN Steinernema carpocapsae, Steinernema feltiae and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora with mortality being dose dependent. Chemotaxis studies of H. bacteriophora IJs in Pluronic F127 gel revealed significant preference for the VOCs compared with controls for all tested concentrations. The VOCs also impacted on the test insects in a dose-dependent manner with 3-octanone being more toxic to Galleria mellonella, Cydia splendana and Curculio elephas larvae than 1-octen-3-ol. Mortality of C. splendana and G. mellonella larvae was significantly higher when exposed to relatively high doses (>25%) of 3-octanone. Lower doses of 3-octanone and 1-octen-3-ol immobilised test insects, which recovered after exposure to fresh air for 2 hrs. In depth studies on H. bacteriophora showed that exposure of IJs to > 10% concentration of 3-octanone or 1-octen-3-ol negatively affected infectivity whereas exposure to lower doses (0.1%, 0.01%) had no effect. The VOCs affected IJs, reducing penetration efficacy and the number of generations inside G. mellonella but they failed to inhibit the bacterial symbiont, Photorhabdus kayaii. The ecological significance of VOCs and how they could influence EPF-EPN insect interactions is discussed.
... For example, Shapiro-llan et al. (2010) reported that the insecticidal activity of S. carpocapsae is different to the Diaprepes root weevil Diaprepes abbreviatus (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and the small hive beetle Aethina tumida Murray (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae). Similarly, S. feltiae was shown to have different virulence to the Curculio elephas (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and Cydia splendana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) (Karagoz et al. 2009). In this study, our results showed the safety of S. bicornutum 0311 and S. feltiae 0636 to both A. pernyi and B. mori, S. glaseri 0321 was only safe to A. pernyi and S. carpocapsae A24 was not safe to both A. pernyi and B. mori. ...
Chinese oak silkworm (Antheraea pernyi) and mulberry silkworm (Bombyx mori) are economically important insects used for silk production and food resource. Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) from the families of Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae are beneficial organisms currently considered in biological control. In this paper, we evaluated survival of two silkworm species exposed to four Steinernema species which are widely applied in pest control. The results showed that among four Steinernema species, S. bicornutum and S. feltiae did not have an effect on the larval survival to the two silkworm species, whereas S. carpocapsae and S. glaseri did have an effect. Each Steinernema species poses no threat to hatchability of eggs, pupation rate, larval durations and cocoon shell ratio.
... Throughout the process, environmental conditions should be optimized such as for temperature, aeration, and relative humidity. Optimum production temperatures lie between 18 and 28°C for different species [35][36][37]. It is also crucial to maintain adequate aeration and humidity throughout the production process [12]. ...
Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN) are microscopic organisms existing in the soil and kill insects with the aid of their symbiotic bacteria. EPNs are considered safe to mammals, environment, and non-target organisms. The importance in the commercial developments of EPNs is due to its ease of mass production and exemption from registration. The importance in the commercial developments of EPNs is due to its ease of mass production and exemption from registration. These nematodes are mass produced worldwide using in vivo or in vitro techniques. In vivo culture (culture in live insect host) is low technology, has low establish costs and the quality of these nematodes is high. In vitro solid production, i.e. growing the nematode and bacteria on two-dimensional arenas containing different media or on three-dimensional rearing system (crumbled polyurethane foam). This technique offers an intermediate level of technology and costs. In vitro liquid technique requires the largest establish funds and the nematode quality is decreased. Efficiency in EPN applications can be supported through improved formulations. Recently, extensive progress has been made in developing EPN formulations, particularly for foliar applications. Efficacy of nematodes can also be increased through discovery of new strains and species, strain improvement and developed application equipment or approaches.
... The high landscape value of chestnut forests also supports tourism. The chestnut weevil, Curculio elephas Gyllenhal (Coleoptera, Curculionidae), ranks among the four most serious pests of sweet chestnut; the others being the clearwing moth (Synanthedon castaneae Busck, 1913, Lepidoptera, Sesiidae), goatmoth (Cossus cossus L., Lepidoptera, Cossidae) and chestnut tortrix (Cydia splendana Hubner, Lepidoptera, Tortricidae) (Karagoz et al., 2009). The chestnut weevil is a univoltine species that will also attack the fruit (acorns) of oak trees (Quercus spp; Fagaceae). ...
... The burrs are kept in specially prepared piles called "gomu" for 1 or 2 months. The heat generated in the pile accelerates the ripening process leading to dehiscence of the prickly burr and release of the nuts and, concomitantly, the sharp spines decompose making it easier to collect and transport the nuts (Ertan and Seferoglu, 2003;Karagoz et al., 2009). The piles may be 1 m high, cover an area approximately 3 m by 5 m and are often covered with chestnut and fern leaves (Fig. 1). ...
... Additional experiments to test the efficiency of EPF and EPN against chestnut tortrix Cydia splendana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) larvae were performed using M. brunneum ARSEF 4556 and the EPN, Steinernema feltiae (isolate 09e20), these were tested alone and in combination against the last instar larvae of C. splendana. We used S. feltiae because earlier studies had shown this to be more virulent for C. splendana than H. bacteriophora (Karagoz et al., 2009). The experiment was conducted in 60-ml plastic containers (16 cm 2 surface area) filled with 10 g soil collected from chestnut forests. ...
The chestnut weevil (Curculio elephas) is a major pest of chestnut. Female weevils oviposit in the fruit and emergent larvae eat the kernel, making the nut unmarketable. In Turkey, the fruit is gathered into piles called gomu and allowed to ripen over a 1–2 month period. Late instars emerge from infested nuts to pupate in the soil underlying the gomu. Since the pest is concentrated, the opportunity exists for targeted control with biological control agents such as entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) and nematodes (EPN). The efficacy of the EPF Metarhizium brunneum strains ARSEF 4556 and V275 used alone and in combination with the EPN Heterorhabditis bacteriophora on the mortality of last instar chestnut weevil was assessed. Both M. brunneum ARSEF 4556 and V275 were highly virulent causing 86% and 94% mortality, respectively. Although H. bacteriophora killed the larvae (68% mortality) more quickly, the fungal strains were more efficacious 12 days post-inoculation. Application of ARSEF 4556 and V275 as a top dressing (spreading the fungus uniformly over the soil surface) in simulated gomu resulted in 78% and 80% larval mortality in laboratory pot tests and 83% and 70% mortality in outdoor trials, respectively. Premix applications (mixing the fungus in the top few centimeters of soil) of ARSEF 4556 and V275 resulted in 83% and 85% larval mortality indoors, respectively, yet outdoor trials caused >80% larval mortality. These EPF strains were also evaluated against larvae of the chestnut tortrix, Cydia splendana, which also feeds on nut kernels, and emerges at the same time as the chestnut weevil larvae to pupate in the soil. Both ARSEF and V275 caused 96.6% mortality inlast instar C. splendana. In contrast, the most virulent EPN (Steinernema feltiae) caused only 80% mortality. Co-application of this nematode with M. brunneum resulted in 100% mortality with the interactions being additive.
... Tested BCAs were, in most cases, wild strains locally isolated, and only few tests involved commercially available strains. Overall, results showed a very low efficacy even in preliminary tests under laboratory conditions (Karagoz et al. 2009;Demir et al. 2015). ...
... In some European countries (Turkey, Italy and Spain), these bioinsecticides have been thoroughly investigated on C. elephas (Paparatti and Speranza 1999;Vinciguerra and Clausi 2006;Barzanti and Rumine 2008;Clausi et al. 2014) and Curculio nucum L., but the focus was more on laboratory trials while results in field applications were often unsatisfactory (Blum et al. 2009;Karagoz et al. 2009;Batalla-Carrera et al. 2013, 2016. In this context, laboratory bioassays are essential in order to identify effective biological control agents with particular emphasis on commercially available ones. ...
Pest control in chestnut orchards is mainly achieved by chemicals, but there is growing focus on the potential use of biological control agents. The larval susceptibility of the chestnut weevil Curculio elephas L. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) to different strains/species of entomopathogenic fungi and nematodes was evaluated in laboratory by soil cup bioassays. In the experiments with fungi, a wild strain of Metarhizium anisopliae caused the highest larval mortality (about 90%) compared with a commercial and a wild strain of Beauveria bassiana (80% and 77% respectively). Regarding nematodes, the commercial strain of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora was more effective in the control of chestnut larvae (77% insect mortality) than Steinernema carpocapsae (43%).
... One of the most important insect pests of the chestnut acorn, Castanea sativa Miller (Fagaceae), is the chestnut tortrix, Cydia splendana H€ ubner (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), which is present in several European countries such as Hungary, Greece, Italy, France, and Turkey (B€ urg es, 1973;Fr erot et al., 1995;Speranza, 1999;Karagoz et al., 2009;Avtzis et al., 2013). Fruit losses caused by this moth can range from 20 to 70% (den Otter et al., 1996) depending on the year and plantation. ...
