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Surface morphology of untreated cotton fibers (A: 2000, B: 4000), chitosan‐treated cotton fibers (C: 2000, D: 4000), and cotton fibers dyed with chitosan/PHQ (E: 2000, F: 4000)
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There is an increasing interest in the development of enzymatic coloration of textile fabrics as an alternative to conventional textile dyeing processes, which is successful for dyeing of protein fibers. However, unmodified cotton fabrics are difficult to be dyed through enzyme catalysis due to the lack of affinity of biosynthesized dyes to cotton...
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Citations
... After printing, the surface roughness of the cotton fibers slightly increase, and some trace of printing paste can be observed on it. This result is similar to those of the other cotton fibers treated through a conventional finishing process [31,32]. However, the coating was not sufficiently dense to clog the interstices of the fabric structure or harm the touch of pristine cotton fibers, even at high concentrations of the chestnut shell extract in the printing paste. ...
Alginate, a natural anionic polysaccharide found in brown algae, is used in various biomedical fields. Moreover, chestnut shells, a type of bio-waste generated from food processing industries, contain various compounds, such as polyphenols and flavonoids, which are beneficial for health. This study explored the feasibility of applying a mixture of chestnut shell extract and alginic acid to cotton fabrics for functionalization through a sustainable textile printing process. Chestnut shell compounds were extracted in boiling water, and then filtered, concentrated, and dried. Pastes with different concentrations of chestnut shell extract were applied to cotton fabrics through screen-printing, followed by curing at 160 °C for 3 min. The surface characteristics and functional properties of printed cotton fabrics were investigated after washing and drying. The printed cotton fabrics exhibited significant antibacterial, antioxidant, and UV-blocking properties. Therefore, the printing process using bioactive compounds extracted from chestnut shells has great application prospects for textile treatment concerning sustainability and functionality.
Graphical abstract
... After treatment, the surface of the finished cotton fibers became rougher than that of the untreated cotton, and some matter was newly observed on its surface. This result is in agreement with that obtained for other cotton fibers treated by natural compounds (Aryabadie et al. 2015;Bai et al. 2019). In particular, as the concentration of the chestnut shell extract in the finishing bath increased, a higher amount of coating matter, assumed to be the trace of the chestnut shell extract, was observed on the surface of the cotton fibers. ...
Owing to global environmental concerns, sustainable industrial processes have become a topic of significant importance in various fields. Chestnut shells are byproducts of agricultural and food industries; however, they include various health-beneficial compounds such as polyphenols and flavonoids. In this study, the feasibility of using chestnut shell extract as a natural functional agent for textile finishing processes was investigated. The chestnut shell extract was prepared by boiling the inner and outer shells of chestnut in distilled water for 4 h. Subsequently, the extract was filtered, centrifuged, concentrated, and finally dried into powder form using a freeze dryer. The extract was then dissolved in distilled water at different concentrations and applied to cotton fabrics through a pad-dry-cure process. The finished cotton fabrics were investigated by scanning electron microscope, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, etc. In addition, the antibacterial and antioxidant properties of the finished cotton fabrics were examined as functional properties. The results showed that the cotton fabrics finished by chestnut shell extract exhibited significant antibacterial, antioxidant, and deodorant properties when the concentration of the chestnut shell extract was above 10% (w/v) in the finishing bath.
... Apart from augmenting the chromophore-cellulose interaction, chitosan also enhances mechanical properties, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-creasing properties (Dehnad et al., 2014;Massella et al., 2019). However, several enzymatic and chemical oxidation processes have been studied to improve the molecular orientation of chitosan and cellulose separately, which could promote the UVPNC's accessibility (Bai et al., 2019;Liu et al., 2001). But, during concurrent modification of chitosan-cationized-cellulose, these wet chemical processes would affect the loaded chitosan amount. ...
This study demonstrated a green functionalization process of a cellulose substrate by combining the chitosan treatment and gamma radiation. To impart the UV protection characteristics in the cellulosic structure, natural chromophores derived from Banana floral stem (BFS) was grafted in the functionalized cellulose surface. Phytochemical screening was performed to confirm the types of UV protective natural chromophores (UVPNCs) extracted from BFS. The result exhibited the presence of condensed tannin, flavonoids, anthocyanin, betacyanin, and anthraquinone as the major UVPNC components in BFS. The optimum conditions for maximum sorption of UVPNCs into the functionalized cellulose matrix were recorded at 80°C for 60 minutes. The cationic biopolymer chitosan (2g/L), different gamma absorbs doses (2, 4, and 6 kGy), and combined chitosan and gamma treatment into cellulose resulted around 15-23%, 44%, and 41-64% improved absorption of UVPNCs as demonstrated by the change in color strength (K/S) compared to unmodified cellulose matrix. The concurrent treatments greatly improved the total crystallinity index (TCI), hydrogen bond intensity (HBI), hydrogen bonding energy (EH), hydrogen bonding distance (R) and asymmetric factor (AF) from 1.358 to 1.363, 0.971 to 0.988, 27.15 kJ to 27.40 kJ (at 3274 cm⁻¹), 2.766 Å to 2.764 Å (at 3274 cm⁻¹) and 0.47 to 0.10, respectively. For gamma treatment, 6 kGy irradiation dose provided the best result for improved molecular orientation of cellulose and in combination of chitosan the substrate attained a maximum K/S of 1.98 after UVPNCs grafting. It was found that the UV protection factor (UPF) rating has a linear relationship with the UVPNCs absorption (K/S) and a maximum four-fold increase in UPF (165 to 506) was evident. The excellent bonding durability of the UVPNCs grafted samples was further ensured in terms of several colorfastness properties. This sustainable functionalization of cellulose with high UPF offers a great promise for applications in health care and photodegradation protection.
Metal ion mordants are commonly used in the process of dyeing natural fabrics, such as cotton, wool, and silk, to improve their color fastness, but the use of metal salts results in toxic metal wastes which can harm the environment and are costly to process. This study investigated the dyeing and functionalization of wool fabrics with Alizarin Red S (ARS), catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and H2O2, as well as the polymerization mechanism of the ARS/HRP-H2O2 system and possible covalent conjugation mechanisms with wool fiber proteins. The dyeing process was optimized by determining the effects of HRP and ARS dosages, reaction temperature, and reaction time on ARS dyeing performance, as well as the color fastness and antibacterial properties of the resulting dyed fabrics. The HRP and H2O2 catalyzed polymerization of ARS and covalent attachment of the polymers to the wool fibers resulted in dyed fabrics with high color fastness; the rubbing and washing fastness were both 4–5. The antibacterial properties of dyed wool fabrics were excellent, achieving 92.3% growth inhibition of Escherichia coli. Therefore, the HRP-H2O2 system has great potential to replace metal mordants in the dyeing process of natural fibers and reduce the production of toxic wastes by this industry.
The research presented in this paper gives an overview of a study which was undertaken to investigate the potential offered by the enzyme laccase (EC.1.10.3.2) as a creative design tool for innovative colouration and decorative surface pattern of textiles with a focus on providing sustainable alternatives to conventional processes used in industry. Research was conducted in two parts. The control (scientific) phase explored laccases potential for transforming a range of colourless aromatic compounds into coloured polymeric products via its reaction mechanism, and its ability to facilitate the colouration of most commonly used textile fibre types. Reaction processing parameters such as temperature, pH values, aromatic compound concentrations, and reaction times were investigated to achieve a diverse colour palette, ranging from light–medium to dark shades of blue, green, pink, purple, and yellow hues. Wool and nylon fibre types were found to be most suitable for laccase-catalyzed colouration. The creative phase investigated the design potential offered by the enzymatic colouration process developed; different and contrasting substantivity properties offered by various fibre types were exploited to produce shadow, reserve, and contrasting coloured effects on specially woven jacquard fabrics. The research demonstrates the potential offered by laccase as a transformative tool to replace conventional industrial colouration and surface pattern design processes with biological systems, which offer important advantages of simpler processing using milder conditions that eliminate additional chemical use and reduce energy consumption. The adoption of enzyme-based biotechnologies could help the textile industry transition towards a sustainable future.
As some synthetic dyes are regarded to be toxic, mutagenic and carcinogenic, the search for eco-friendly alternatives for the synthesis of dyes and coloration has gained importance. For this reason, this study focused on finding new eco-friendly alternatives for coloring cotton. 100% cotton knitted fabrics were subjected to enzymatic coloration using a commercial laccase enzyme and various precursors. After determining the colors, the effect of pH on the enzymatic dyeing process was investigated. Then the optimization of reaction conditions was also realized statistically for the precursors giving the best results in terms of color. With the aim of obtaining further improvements in color-yield values obtained in enzymatic dyeings, the effect of the pretreatment process and the use of ultrasound were also investigated. Furthermore, the reaction pathways in enzymatic coloration were explained and results were confirmed by means of Fourier Transformed Infrared analysis. As a result of experimental studies, red and lilac colors could be successfully obtained on cotton for the first time in the literature. In this way, the theoretical basis of enzymatic dye synthesis and dyeing of cotton was clarified comprehensively. Furthermore, technical (color reproducibility; washing, rubbing, light and perspiration-fastness values; and UV protection factor), economical (chemical, energy and water consumption required for dyeing (including aftertreatments) of 1 kg fabric) and ecological aspects of enzymatic dyeings were compared with reactive dyeing. According to the experimental results it was found that biological treatment alone was enough for wastewater of enzymatic coloring, while chemical treatment will also be needed in reactive dyeing wastewater. Furthermore, color reproducibility, evenness and UV protection properties of dyed samples were comparable with that of reactive dyeings. However, in terms of the fastness levels achieved, the enzymatic coloring was far behind the reactive dyeing.
An enzyme‐based textile coloration process using peroxidase (EC1.11.1.7) was investigated for its potential as an alternative to conventional textile dyeing processes, with the benefits of being low in energy use and non‐damaging to fibres. The current study presents a process for the coloration of wool fabric using peroxidase oxidation of a range of different aromatic compounds in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. The results revealed that wool can be successfully dyed by peroxidase‐catalysed coloration at temperatures as low as 30°C. By controlling the pH values and buffer systems during processing, a diverse colour palette was produced, depending on the small molecular aromatic compound used as the precursor. Colour fastness testing found that fastness to washing, rubbing and light properties achieved good to excellent ratings, with further improvement to wash fastness provided by a post‐soaping wash. No fibre damage occurred due to peroxidase‐catalysed coloration. This enzyme coloration process is a promising alternative to conventional wool dyeing processes with the advantage of effective dyeing at low temperatures, therefore having the potential of reducing energy consumption and preventing fibre damage.
Protein-loaded hydrogels were synthesized via biocatalytic atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) for the first time. Laccase from Trametes versicolor acted as ATRPase for the enzymatic polymerizations and were in-situ loaded into the porous network of poly(ethylene glycol)-based hydrogels. The utilization of additional ligands such as tris(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl) amine could significantly increase the polymerization conversion, making the polymerizations available under amibent temperature or even lower. The properties of hydrogels such as rheology and water uptake ratio could be tuned by using different cross-linkers. Immobilized enzymes in the hydrogels have shown decreased yet considerable activity compared with the pristine laccase. The hydrogels could be facilely recovered and reused for up to six times with no significant decrease of enzyme activity. Such hydrogels were successfully used for the oxidative polymerization of hydroquinone and may find potential application in protein delivery and water treatment.
