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The performance of limestone and anthracite coal were evaluated for the removal of pollutants from groundwater. The physical and chemical properties of two filter materials were characterised through X-Ray diffraction (XRD), X-Ray fluorescence (XRF), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... in temperature. The pore appears in limestone because of CaO, which agrees well with the XRF result, as shown in [14]. Hakim et al., (2017) indicated that pore and crack are directly proportional to temperature [15]. By contrast, various sizes of nonuniform irregular flakes with uneven texture are found on the surface structure of anthracite coal (Fig. 6). Some fragments and scraps appear on the anthracite coal surface. ...
Citations
... The objective of this paper was to find out the levels of decontamination of metals that have been achieved as the contaminated or raw groundwater have gone through successive purification steps, beginning with the air bubbling process, followed by anthracite filtration, and finally by activated charcoal filtration. Air Sparging Procedure is considered as a fast, clean and economical technique [8][9][10]. Dvorak and Skipton [11] reported that Activated carbon (AC) filtration can reduce certain organic compounds and chlorine in drinking water as lead and dissolved radon and suggested that an AC filtration system should be selected based on water analysis. ...
... Dvorak and Skipton [11] reported that Activated carbon (AC) filtration can reduce certain organic compounds and chlorine in drinking water as lead and dissolved radon and suggested that an AC filtration system should be selected based on water analysis. Anthracite is suitable for the adsorption of natural organic matter, because of functional groups present on its surface [9]. ...
A study was carried on an area polluted by oil in Oman to determine the mobility of trace elements during each step of an ex-situ treatment process. Quality of groundwater following an air flotation treatment was investigated and discussed. About 15 water samples were collected from 7 monitoring wells which are under air sparging treatment for remediation of oil contamination in Al Batinah region (Northeast of Oman). Chemical composition of groundwater during and after the treatment was compared with chemical composition of groundwater before any treatment. Water samples were also collected from different monitoring wells in the same area. The investigated elements consist in Na, Mg, Ca, K, Fe, Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ag, Cd, Sr, Ba, Pb and rare earth elements (REEs). Chemical composition of trace and major elements during each step of treatment revealed that Ni, Zn, Cu and Al have been increased relative to untreated water contrary to Ag which decreased. Major elements and Cr, Pb, and Cd remain unchanged during the treatment process. The REEs were significantly depleted during the last step of treatment relative to the raw water but their distribution did not reveal any fractionation. Trace elements such as Zn, Cu, Ni show an increase and Ag and REES a decrease relative to raw water before any treatment. For treatment of groundwater, chemical investigation of different agents used during the treatment and the speciation of each key trace elements should be investigated at each step of treatment procedure.
... Limestone is a sedimentary rock composed of calcite minerals, chemically known as calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 ). Dolomite [CaMg (CO 3 )] is another prevalent mineral found in limestone (Chowdhury, Punuru and Gauri, 1990). Frequently encountered impurities inside limestone are characterized by its microcrystalline, cryptocrystalline quartz, amorphous silica composition (SiO 2 ), clay, organic debris, and iron oxides. ...
The limestone formations within Batu Cave, situated in the Selangor region represent a significant geological phenomenon in Malaysia, capturing the attention of engineers due to their distinctive karst features. The assessment entails a comprehensive review of geological characteristics, currently employed categorization frameworks, assessment approaches, and the possible ramifications for the construction industry, infrastructure advancement, and the natural surroundings. This study aims to enhance the collective comprehension of limestone weathering and its impact on risk assessment due to weathered processes. The insights gained from the distinctive circumstances surrounding Batu Cave possess the capacity to guide optimal approaches and tactics for addressing the consequences of limestone weathering. The Batu Caves attract a substantial number of tourists annually. Consequently, it is subject to significant levels of human activity and encounters high traffic volumes. Moreover, Batu Cave encompasses an assemblage of Hindu temples and shrines, so setting it apart from numerous other limestone formations due to its cultural and religious significance. The impact of urban environments on weathering processes differs significantly from that observed in limestone formations found in other geographical areas. based on the geological landscape of Batu cave effects reveal moderate stability in sections 1, 3, and 8, while sections 6 and 7 pose an elevated risk of limestone collapse, emphasizing the need for efficient risk mitigation measures for the cave's preservation. The parts that have been assessed as risk areas need risk reduction techniques such as taking nets and giving strong foundations and installing danger signs so that people who come to the area are safe. This analysis provides a deeper understanding of limestone weathering in Batu Cave, emphasizing the need for efficient risk mitigation techniques to address weathering issues. This could lead to the preservation of Batu Cave's geological significance and potentially global applications for limestone-rich places. The study contributes to engineering, construction, and environmental conservation by providing valuable resources for decision-making.
... On the other hand, Jayabalan et al. (2020) reported that AC achieved removal efficiencies greater than 40% for BOD and COD, highlighting its effectiveness in adsorbing and reducing organic matter and pollutants [33]. Meanwhile, BS exhibited 38% to 67% removal of heavy metals from synthetic stormwater [34], whereas AT demonstrated the capability to adsorb organic pollutants due to its hydrophobic characteristics [35]. Overall, this analysis identified the unique contributions, potential advantages, and applications of the filter media evaluated in this study. ...
The escalating demand for innovative solutions is driven by the challenges posed by water quality degradation and the pervasive impacts of climate change. As such, this study evaluated the performance of filter media to mitigate these challenges through multi-functional applications in urban constructed wetlands (UCWs). Column testing of organic filter media, including biochar (BC), woodchip (WC), anthracite (AT), and activated carbon (AC), as well as inorganic filter media, such as ceramic balls (CB), basalt (BS), and porous sand (PS), with synthetic stormwater runoff influent was conducted to assess their performance through water quality parameters and Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-Ray (SEM-EDX) analysis for carbon storage potential. Among the media tested, AC exhibited high pollutant removal efficiencies amounting to 84%, 54%, 56%, and 44% for total suspended solids (TSS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP), respectively. For inorganic media, PS had the highest TSS and TN removal, whereas BS exhibited the highest COD and TP removal. Overall performance rating revealed that AC and BS, despite their efficient pollutant removal, are associated with higher costs, resulting in a lower ranking compared to AT and PS. SEM-EDX analysis identified PS and AC as standout media for potential carbon storage, attributed to their extensive surface areas and pore structures providing abundant adsorption sites. The results from this study highlighted the potential applications of various filter media in UCW designs with the aim of achieving carbon neutrality and sustainable urban development.
... It works on the hypothesis that if coarse media is arranged at the top and the fine media at the bottom, the filtration efficiency increases [20]. The filtering media generally used are : anthracite (coal) of size 1.2 -1.4 mm and specific gravity 1.6; sand of size 0.6mm and specific gravity 2.6; garnet of size 0.3mm and specific gravity 4.2; ilmenite of size 0.3 mm and specific gravity 4.5 [21]. On backwashing, these different media remain in their place due to differences in specific gravity. ...
India is the world’s second-largest producer of biscuits after the USA. In the food processing sector in India, the bakery sector comprises the largest segment and offers huge potential for growth. In India, there are more than 2,000 organized or semi-organized bakeries producing around 1.3 million tonnes and 1,000,000 unorganized small-scale bakeries producing 1.7 million tones of the bakery products. In bakery industries, waste management system should be such that there is no risk of contaminating food or potable water supply. There should be proper facilities for storage of biodegradable & non-biodegradable wastes separately. Wastewater is normally treated by physical, chemical and biological processes. Disposal of sewage & effluents shall be done in conformity with specified requirements of factory act/ state pollution control board.
... The difference was thought to be due to the surface roughness of the samples where limestone had a rough surface compared to the smooth surface of calcite [44]. In addition, the surface of limestone has hydrophilic/polar functional groups (hydroxyl (O-H) groups and carbonyl (C=O) groups), which enable easier intake of water [45]. Although the wetting behavior favors limestone, the composites containing limestone fillers in the current study absorbed less water than those containing eggshell fillers. ...
Based on its positive environmental impact, poly(lactic acid) (PLA) has been a gradual substitute for synthetic plastics used in diverse applications. The use of industrial limestone (ILS) as a filler in polymers can have advantages of changing the properties of pure polymers. Waste eggshells (WE) can be seen as an alternative filler to ILS as they are also a source of calcium carbonate. To assess the feasibility of both filler types and sizes, PLA composites were manufactured by injection molding with filler contents of 5, 10, and 20 wt.%. Tensile, flexural, and impact mechanical properties were evaluated in addition to water absorption. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed to determine whether statistically significant differences among the measured mechanical properties existed. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to view the morphology of the fillers and fractured surfaces. The composite tensile strengths and flexural strengths performed the best when filler loadings were 5 wt.% and 10 wt.%, respectively, for both filler types. The tensile and flexural modulus both increased with filler loadings. The impact strength for the composites was obtained at a threshold level of 5 wt.% filler loadings for both filler types and slightly better for smaller particles sizes. ANOVA identified statistically significant differences for the mean mechanical property values evaluated. SEM showed the fractured surfaces of the PLA composites were different from the pure PLA indicating some transformation occurred to the matrix. The weight gains due to water absorption were observed to increase with increase in content of both filler types while the smaller particles had slightly higher water weight gains. Although the composites containing ILS fillers had somewhat enhanced mechanical properties over the WE-filled composites, the end application will dictate which filler type to use in PLA.
... These peaks could be associated to the Rt nanoparticles. Moreover, the bands at 1562 and 1072 cm − 1 corresponded to C = C and C = O stretching bands of anthracite, respectively [34][35][36]. The existence of C = O functional group in MAn sample enhanced its adsorption capacity for both inorganic and organic compounds [36]. ...
... Therefore, MG adsorption properties of the MAn were expected to be better than those of Rt nanoparticles. The additional peaks identified at ~ 3728 and 3794 cm − 1 were related to the hydroxyl group (-OH) stretching bands [2,35,19]. ...
In this study, a facile method was developed to synthesize a new composite via the impregnation of rutile (TiO2) nanoparticles (Rt) into H2O2–modified anthracite (MAn). This new rutile(TiO2)/modified anthracite (Rt/MAn) adsorbent was characterized and employed as an outstanding and cost–effective material to remove malachite green (MG) dye at 25 - 55 °C. This adsorbent displayed the highest removal efficiency (96.2 %) as compared to its individual components MAn (49.8 %) and Rt (71.4 %) at pH 8.0. The experimental adsorption of MG onto Rt/MAn at equilibrium were satisfactorily fitted to the Freundlich equation and a multilayer statistical physics model at all tested temperatures. The physicochemical parameters (steric and energetic) related to a multilayer adsorption were calculated and interpreted to understand the adsorption mechanism. The theoretical number of adsorbed MG dye molecules per functional group (n) varied from 0.94 to 1.60 indicating a multi-docking adsorption mechanism. The adsorption capacity of MG at saturation (Qsat) increased from 513 to 740 mg/g at 25 and 55 °C and was primarily caused by the density of Rt/MAn functional groups (i.e., the DM parameter). MG adsorption energy with Rt/MAn varied from 13.87 to 29. 96 kJ/mol and was governed by physical interactions. The tested adsorbent was easily reactivated by the dye desorption and reused up to five cycles where it retained more than 80 % of MG adsorption capacity even after the 5th adsorption-desorption cycle. These results demonstrated that Rt/MAn is an effective adsorbent to remove MG, thus offering outstanding adsorption capacities largely beyond the current state of the art (up to 740 mg/g) and its application could be extended for the adsorption of other organic pollutants from wastewaters.
Groundwater is one of the alternatives to surface water that can be used for drinking water; however, it normally exists with high iron and manganese content. In this study, a column study was conducted to observe the elimination of iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) in the groundwater under different retention times by using zeolite immobilized with iron‐oxidizing bacteria (IOB). Rossellomorea sp., representing an IOB, was found from the isolation process and was further cultured in the laboratory for immobilization into the natural zeolite as replacement materials for the sand filter. When the zeolite assisted with the Rossellomorea sp. was used, the elimination of Fe and Mn were 99.34% and 88.92%, respectively, compared to the removal of Fe and Mn, which were 93.62% and 93.73%, respectively, for media without immobilization. The presence of Rossellomorea sp. enhances the Fe oxidation, resulting in high removal of Fe. The Thomas and Yoon–Nelson models were performed in both raw zeolite and zeolite with IOB. The total coliform (most probable number [MPN]) increased from 70.8 to 307.6 MPN/100 mL because of the Rossellomorea sp. present that promotes the growth of coliform bacteria. In conclusion, the immobilization of zeolite with IOB is a potential technique to extract the Fe and Mn in the groundwater.
Practitioner Points
Zeolite incorporated with Rossellomorea sp. has higher removal performance of Fe, whereas the removal of Mn reduced compared to the raw zeolite.
The presence of Rossellomorea sp. enhances the oxidation of ferrous iron and improves the removal of Fe in the groundwater because the ferric iron is the priority ion to be exchanged.
The removal of UV254 increase when Rossellomorea sp. present in the zeolite because the Rossellomorea sp. consume the natural organic matter as carbon source.
In this study, we synthesized and employed the amine impregnated activated carbon as an efficacious adsorbent for uptaking gasoline vapor. For this regard, anthracite as activated carbon source and hexamethylenetetramine (HMTA) as amine were selected and utilized. Physiochemical characterization of made sorbents were evaluated and investigated using SEM, FESEM, BET, FTIR, XRD, zeta potential, and elemental analysis. The synthesized sorbents provided an excellent textural features as compared with the literature and other activated carbon based sorbents and impregnated with amine. Our findings also suggested that in addition to high surface area (up to 2150 m2 / g), the micro- meso pores created (Vmeso / V micro = 0.79 Cm 3 / g) surface chemistry may significantly affect the gasoline sorption capacity, which here the role of mesoporous is further highlighted. V meso for amine impregnated sample and free activated carbon was 0.89 and 0.31 Cm 3 / g, respectively. According to the results, the prepared sorbents have a potential capability in uptaking gasoline vapor and with line this, we report a high sorption capacity of 572.56 mg / g. After, four cycles used the sorbent had a high durability and about 99.11% of the initial uptake was maintained. Taking together the synthesized adsorbents as an activated carbon provided an excellent and unique features and enhanced gasoline uptake, therefore its applicability in uptaking gasoline vapor can be substantially considered.
El Perú es a nivel mundial el tercer productor de vieiras o conchas, industria que genera diversos beneficios económicos y sociales, pero, a la vez, genera un problema ambiental ya que se desecha las valvas de las vieiras en vertederos. No obstante, estas se pueden transformar en carbonato de calcio pulverizado biogénico en reemplazo del carbonato de calcio inorgánico obtenido de la caliza, promoviendo una serie de beneficios. Así, esta investigación se trazó como objetivo principal determinar en qué industrias resulta competente este reemplazo. Para este efecto se realizó una revisión de la literatura donde se pudo determinar las características que diferencian ambos productos, así como una búsqueda de las industrias peruanas que importan carbonato de calcio inorgánico. De esa forma, se determinó que las industrias de agricultura/acuicultura, farmacéutica y de alimentos cumplen con las características para hacer competente la sustitución de carbonato de calcio inorgánico por el biogénico.
