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This research study highlights composite materials that consist of two parts—a matrix and fiber—and that have become commonly used in building materials. There are two types of fiber: synthetic fibers, such as carbon, glass, aluminum, aluminum oxide, boron, etc., and natural fibers, such as banana, jute, coir, silk, bamboo, coconut, etc. While synt...
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The latest thesis deals with the issues of natural fiber in order to observe the strength properties and even a reduction in the replication of the shrinkage crack problemsin concrete. The organic fibers such as coir, palm, kenaf, jute, sisal, banana, pine, sugarcane and bamboo etc. Various researchers are studied as building materials that can be...
The availability of natural fibers and ease of manufacturing have made the researches to replace the expensive and non-renewable synthetic fiber. Natural fibers like kenaf, oil palm, vegetable, bamboo, jute, yepi, sisal, coconut and pineapple leaf , banana and coir has been used, till now as a reinforcement in thermoplastic composite for applicatio...
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In today's world, global warming has become a concern. To overcome this, we need to reduce the carbon footprints caused by the production of materials. Much of the time, this is equivalent to the same amount of CO2 emissions per tonne of production. This is a serious concern and needs to be overcome by identifying alternative materials to have as m...
Herein, the microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) was obtained from jut fiber by ammonium persulfate (APS) oxidation process and thus polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) composite films were prepared by the reinforcement of MCC in a solution casting method. The surface chemistry, thermal properties and surface morphology of MCC and PVA-MCC composite films were stud...
In this work, three main kinds of natural fibers (jute, bamboo, and flax) were reinforced with epoxy as a matrix to develop natural fiber–reinforced polymer composites (NFRP) with varying architectures (plain, twill, basket). All the composites were created using the hand-layup approach. The primary focus of this research is to find out the physica...
Citations
... For instance, our study found that sisal fibers exhibit the highest density among all NFs, attributable to their elevated cellulose content. Conversely, rice straw displays a significantly lower density, indicative of its reduced cellulose content, as substantiated by the data in Fig. 7 [5,6,8,9,13,15,16,19,20,23,25,26,29,33,35,37,38,50,51,57,59,64,65,69,[74][75][76][77][78]. ...
This comprehensive review critically examines the application of natural fibers (NFs) in structural concrete. Natural fibers, derived from plant resources, are integrated into concrete to enhance its mechanical properties and overall functionality. The utilization of these fibers in concrete reinforcement represents a sustainable alternative to traditional steel or synthetic fibers, contributing to environmentally conscious construction practices. India leads in plant fiber research, with significant attention on coconut fiber. Notably, fiber chemical compositions, which depend on factors like environment and geography, have profound implications for concrete characteristics. Various fibers exhibit unique relationships with concrete compressive and flexural strength, highlighting the importance of determining optimal fiber concentrations. The integration of fibers influences concrete’s tensile strength, density, and elasticity, with effects varying based on fiber type and concentration. Treatment protocols, particularly with sodium hydroxide and hydrogen peroxide, enhance tensile strength. However, introducing NFs typically compromises workability, necessitating adjustments in water or additives. Additionally, plant-derived fibers offer enhanced thermal insulation, fire resistance, and sound absorption in concrete. Continued research is vital for optimizing the benefits and addressing challenges of fiber-reinforced concrete.
... When the percentage of fiber incorporation exceeds this maximum content, the fibers tend to agglomerate within the matrix due to inadequate wettability as documented in previous studies [76][77][78]. ...
The present work aimed to investigate the prospect of reusing natural fibers obtained from pineapples as a reinforcing element in eco-friendly mortar exploring physical, morphological, and chemical characteristics of natural fibers in untreated and treated conditions using sodium hydroxide (NaOH) for building materials. Also, the technological properties of mortars in fresh state, including setting time, drying shrinkage, and sorptivity were assessed. In addition, extensive research was conducted on solidification stage of mortars, which includes durability, flexural, and compression test. The results revealed that treating fiber with 6% NaOH enhanced the fiber properties, and incorporation of 2.5% treated fiber by mass of cement resulted in improved technological and durability properties of mortar. Furthermore, this proposed novel approach not only enhances the mechanical characteristics of mortar but also addresses the potential for utilizing natural fibers in cementitious building materials thereby reducing environmental impacts.
Graphical Abstract
... Reis [143] observed an average flexural strength of 27.082 MPa, fracture toughness of 1.678 MPa⋅m 1/2 , and fracture energy of 12.096 N/m. Elbehiry et al. [48] reported that banana fibers increase flexural strength by 25%, accounting for 60% of the flexural strength contributed by the steel bars. Although some studies have shown the presence of a large number of ITZs in the banana fiber-added concrete, optimum replacement levels have been shown to reduce the porosities of the matrix by filling the pores and thus helping to achieve a better ITZ [123]. ...
... Researchers have focused in natural fibres as viable reinforcement material in fibre composites due to their outstanding properties such as low density, availability, inexpensive, non-toxicity, biodegradability, recyclability and environmental friendliness compared to the conventionally used synthetic fibres (Abesinghe et al. 2022;Juarez et al. 2015;Ogunsile and Oladeji 2016;Saba et al. 2016;Vigneshwaran et al. 2020;Wijesena et al. 2022). Currently, natural fibre composites (NFCs) are used in several applications such as furniture, panelling, partition walls and various boards, leisure and sporting goods, civil constructions, electrical and electronic devices, automobile and marine industries, aerospace and aircraft manufacturing, shipping industries and military application (Awais et al. 2021;Claramunt et al. 2016;Elbehiry et al. 2021;Fantuzzi et al. 2021;Hariprasad et al. 2020;Vigneshwaran et al. 2020;Zhou et al. 2020). NFCs possess several advantages such as superior mechanical properties (high strength-to-weight ratio compared to conventional materials), better insulation properties, sustainable and environmentally friendly characteristics such as enhanced biodegradability, and other feasible characteristics including simple manufacturing techniques and low cost for materials and technology (Awais et al. 2021;Claramunt et al. 2016;Saba et al. 2016;Vigneshwaran et al. 2020). ...
Environmental and social concerns due to the generation of huge amounts of waste and their improper disposal are some of the serious challenges faced by contemporary civilisation. In the present study, the feasibility of waste-based composites (WBC) which were developed using banana stalk fibres and waste low-density polyethylene (LDPE) was characterised and studied. Pre-treated and untreated banana fibres were added as reinforcement to the LDPE matrix with different weight percentages of 0, 10, 15, 20 and 25%. Mercerisation process was undertaken as the pre-treatment method and 5% (by weight) of NaOH solution was used. WBC sheets were developed using hand lay-up process, and with hot press and cold press machines. Density, uniaxial tensile and water absorption tests were conducted for the developed WBC. Density, Young’s modulus, yield stress, yield strain, ultimate stress, failure strain, resilience modulus, toughness modulus and saturated water absorption were analysed to characterise their properties. The findings indicated that with the addition of banana fibres, enhancements in density, Young’s modulus, yield stress, maximum stress, resilience modulus and water absorption capacity were observed while showing reductions in yield strain, failure strain and toughness modulus compared to unreinforced waste-based LDPE sheets. By considering the overall results, 20 and 15% of optimum fibre additions were observed for pre-treated and untreated fibres, respectively, and mercerisation has positively attributed to the characteristics of WBC.
... If fibres are randomly uniformly dispersed in the concrete volume, the resulting material is supposed to be homogeneous Fibre Reinforced Concrete (FRC). One important property of FRC is its superior resistance to cracking and crack propagation [17][18][19][20][21]. Concrete matrix can be successfully reinforced with the fibres of various geometry [22][23][24][25][26] and made from various materials [27][28][29][30][31][32][33]. The properties of the concretes with non-metallic fibers are slightly less recognized, especially concretes with new types of the polymer fibers. ...
In many structural applications, concretes reinforced with short metal or synthetic fibers (fiber-reinforced concrete (FRC)) have a number of advantages over traditional concretes reinforced with steel rebars reinforcement, such as easier and more economical production, wear resistance, impact resistance, integrity, etc. In the present study, several concrete mixes were developed and prismatic FRC specimens were fabricated. Their structural behaviors were studied using bending tests until prisms were fractured. Two types of fibers, namely, steel and polypropylene (PP) and three different concrete matrixes were investigated, testing in total 12 FRC prismatic specimens. Every group of FRC had the same concrete matrix, but different internal fiber architecture. All specimens were tested by Four-Point Bending (4PBT). The analysis was carried out with a goal to determine the workability and flexural tensile strength of all FRC groups, comparing these parameters with fracture modelling results. Single crack formation and opening model were established. Crack is crossing whole stretched part of the prism’s orthogonal crossection. Crack is opening, fibers are bridging the crack and are pulling out. Load bearing curves in the model were compared with experimentally obtained.
... It has high tensile strength, elastic modulus, low density, good fire resistance compared to other organic fibers, and low elongation near peak load, making it a potential fiber-reinforcement material for cement-based composites [40]. Until now, BSF has been studied as the bar reinforcement [41,42], fiber reinforcement [43][44][45], and confinement or wrappings [46] for concrete composite elements. Elbehiry et al. [42] showed that using BSF as bar reinforcement shows 25% more FTS than the corresponding PC. ...
Natural fibers derived from plant wastes possess a negligible carbon footprint and a high tensile strength. Therefore, researchers are focusing on the technical evaluation of cementitious materials with bio-based fibers. The stems of the banana plant consist of high-quality textile-grade fiber bundles possessing high tensile strength and toughness. Owing to these characteristics banana stem fiber (BSF) can be used as a reinforcement for plain concrete. Therefore, this study is devoted to the evaluation of the properties of concrete with various concentrations of BSF. The performance of BSF in concrete was also compared with artificial polypropylene fiber (PPF) at the same volumes of fibers (i.e., 0.25, 0.5, and 1%). The results revealed that 0.25% and 0.5% volumes of BSF were highly useful to the tensile and flexural strength of concrete. However, residual compressive and tensile strength improved with the increasing volume of BSF. At 0.5% BSF, compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, and flexural strength of concrete experienced net improvements of 6%, 40%, and 10%, respectively. The mechanical performance of BSF was comparable to that of the artificial PPF. Electrical resistivity increased with the rising fiber volume. Whereas, ultrasonic pulse velocity gradually decreased with rising fiber content and reduced by 7% at 1% BSF. Scanning electron microscopic (SEM) analysis revealed a negligible shrinkage of BSF filaments in the cementitious matrix. This behavior was contrary to that observed with other natural fibers.
... Over the past few decades, attempts have been made to replace synthetic fiber with nature fibers in fiber reinforced composites, due to the distinct and specific properties of nature fibers such as low cost, lightweight, renewability, and biodegradable. The application of natural fibers can cover various types of filling matrices, such as ceramics, cement, concrete [1] and polymers [2], behaving as a reinforcement material. ...
Bamboo fibers are considered as a more attractive option for the reinforcement of wood plastic composites as compared to wood fiber due to its fast growth rate and good toughness. Heat treatment is an environment-friendly method of improving the integrated performance of bamboo materials. This paper highlights the heat treatment of bamboo fiber for suitable properties as reinforcements in bamboo plastic composites. The effects of vacuum heat treatment on the surface characteristics of bamboo fibers and the properties of bamboo plastic composites were analyzed by studying the chemical composition, surface elements and polarity of bamboo fiber before and after treatment, and the physical and mechanical properties of bamboo plastic composite. The results showed that after vacuum heat treatment, the bamboo fibers became darker and experienced a transition from green to red. Moreover, FTIR, XPS and contact angle analysis indicated that the hemicellulose content, the oxygen/carbon ratio and the polar component of the bamboo fiber had a decreasing trend as the treatment temperature increased. In addition, the 24 h water absorption and the 24 h thickness expansion rate of the water absorption showed a trend of first decreasing and then increasing as the treatment temperature increased, while the bending performance of bamboo plastic composite showed a trend of increasing first and then decreasing as a result of increased treatment temperature. Therefore, a combined process of vacuum heat treatment and the addition of MAPE could improve the physical and mechanical properties of bamboo plastic composites to a certain extent.
... 270 NaOH treated banana fiber (Rajamanickam et al. 2021) was blended with carbon fiber for preparing the flexural composite specimen in varying proportions. The decrease in banana fiber content over the samples showed an increase in both flexural modulus and strength (Elbehiry et al. 2021). As depicted in (Figure 5(a,b)), S2 showed a 1.64% rise in flexural modulus, and a 1.22% rise in flexural strength over S1, S3 showed a 1.01% rise in flexural modulus and 275 a 1.20% rise in flexural strength over S2, and S4 showed a 1.40% rise in flexural modulus, and a 1.58% rise in flexural strength over S3. ...
For many engineering applications, especially in case of automobiles, natural fibers are a better replacement for artificially made fibers when it is reinforced as polymer composite materials. Here, banana fiber, a socio-economic natural fiber was used in higher volume fractions for reinforcement with the synthetic carbon fiber. Four different specimens, namely S1, S2, S3, and S4 consisting of 80%, 70%, 60%, and 50% volume fraction of banana fiber, were reinforced with the carbon fiber by hand lay-up method. The banana fibers used were chemically treated using a 5% NaOH solution to enhance their mechanical properties. Various mechanical-oriented properties like flexural, tensile, and impact strength of the prepared specimens were analyzed. The samples S1, S2, S3, and S4 could survive 243, 246, 249, and 253 MPa of flexural strength, a tensile strength of 173.2, 175.5, 177.1, and 179.3 MPa, elongation of 14.11%, 13.92%, 13.72%, and 13.51% and impact strength of 16, 16.5, 16.9, and 17.3 J, respectively. SEM investigation has been obtained for specimen S1 with optimal mechanical properties for further study on voids and fracture over the surface of the reinforced matrix composite material. The study shows that epoxy incorporation over banana fiber composites improved the fiber-matrix adhesion and compatibility.
... Meanwhile, researchers have also advanced the research on the engineering performance of concrete with natural fibers. Several natural fibers that have been used by humans for centuries possess very high tensile strength and flexibility, e.g., coir, jute, sisal, Musaceae, and hemp, etc. [30][31][32][33][34]. Multiple options for natural fibers are available in many countries, which can be used for FRC development without seriously affecting the carbon footprint of concrete. ...
The issue of brittleness and low post-peak load energy associated with the plain HSC led
to the development of fiber-reinforced concrete (FRC) by using discrete fiber filaments in the plain matrix. Due to the high environmental impact of industrial fibers and plasticizers, FRC development is ecologically challenged. Sustainability issues demand the application of eco-friendly development of FRC. This study is aimed at the evaluation of coir as a fiber-reinforcement material in HSC, with the incorporation of silica fume as a partial replacement of cement. For this purpose, a total of 12 concrete mixes were produced by using three different doses of coir (0%, 1%, 1.5%, and 2% by wt. of binder) with silica fume (0%, 5%, and 10% as volumetric replacements of cement). The examined parameters include compressive strength, shear strength, splitting tensile strength, ultrasonic pulse
velocity, water absorption, and chloride ion permeability. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) technique was adopted to observe the microstructure of the CF reinforced concrete. The results revealed that due to the CF addition, the compressive strength of HSC reduces notably; however, the splitting tensile strength and shear strength experienced notable improvements. At the combined incorporation of 1.5% CF with 5% silica fume, the splitting tensile strength and shear strength of the concrete experienced improvements of 47% and 70%, respectively, compared to that of the control mix.
The CF incorporation is detrimental to the imperviousness of concrete. The combined incorporation of CF and silica fume is recommended to minimize the negative effects of CF on the permeability resistance of concrete. The SEM results revealed that CF underwent a minor shrinkage with the age.
... This process will result in a well-organized piece of fabric with pleated sheets that have been assembled in an original fashion. As a result, their use as reinforcing components in engineering assemblies may be limited if they exhibit poor compressional qualities compared to other fibres [22]. For carbon fibre, glass, and Kevlar 49, the ratios of tensile strength to compressive strength are 1.1, 1.9, and 5.0 correspondingly. ...
Natural fibre composites have been replacing synthetic fibre composites in practical applications for the last several years because of the features such as low densities, low weight, relatively inexpensive, recyclability, and excellent mechanical qualities unique to the substance. Thus, the current study examines how Kevlar/Ramie/Nano SiC hybrid fibre reinforced composites are made and their mechanical properties, and it compares them to those made using a single natural fibre reinforced composite. It was found that natural fibre composite densities and hardness were all within acceptable ranges by performing composites’ tensile and flexural strength tests. The hand-lay-up technique used ASTM standards samples to construct the composite specimens with various fibre weight percentages. Increase in mechanical characteristics was achieved by adding the glass and the epoxy fibres into the epoxy matrix. The hybrid composite’s performance is promising, especially those of individual fibre-reinforced composites.
