Fig 4 - uploaded by Saaruj Khadka
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Supervised classified thematic maps of LULC classes for Graves County in the year 2001, 2011, and 2016.
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Kentucky has varied landscapes favorable for different land use land cover and agroecosystem management. The
changes in land use land cover concerning a change in landownership structure can potentially alter landscape
diversity and ecological productivity. This research examined the relationship among land cover, ownership
structure (small, medium...
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Satellite remote sensing is an established geospatial technique that provides a precise method of land use and land cover evaluation at a global, regional, or local scale. The current study aims to assess the land cover and land use change of an arid region in Southern Punjab of Pakistan, i.e., Bahawalpur District. Landsat data is more consistent a...
Citations
... The plot was located within one mile of the original location that were recorded by the Forest Service. It is because landowners prefer not to disclose their property publicly due to security reasons associated with it [56,57]. We utilized sampled i.e., forested conditions for the plot data which captured most of the white oak trees in ten states. ...
White oak mortality is a significant concern in forest ecosystems due to its impact on biodiversity and ecosystem functions. Understanding the factors influencing white oak mortality, particularly the soil properties, is crucial for effective forest management and conservation efforts. In this study, we aimed to investigate the spatial pattern of white oak mortality and examine the influence of soil properties on mortality rates. Multicycle Forest Inventory and Analysis data were compiled to capture white oak plots across the eastern US. White oak mortality data were collected across plot systems that utilized Diameter at Breast Height between two periods. Soil variables were analyzed to assess soil properties. Spatial analysis techniques, including geostatistics and regression modeling, were used to analyze the relationship between white oak mortality and soil characteristics. Results found clustered spatial patterns of white oak mortality across a broad scale depicting the significant effects of coarser soil textures, nutrient-deficient sites, and extreme soil moisture levels. Our findings demonstrated the importance of soil properties in shaping the spatial pattern of the white oak mortality rate. This idea can inform forest management practices for the conservation of white oak populations. Future research is needed for comprehensive soil assessment including biotic and abiotic factors for forest management strategies at a broader scale aimed at mitigating white oak mortality.
... The plot recorded by the Forest Service was located within one mile of the original location. It is because landowners prefer not to disclose their property publicly due to security reasons associated with it [33,34]. We utilized sampled i.e., forested conditions for the plot data which captured most of the hardwood tree species including white oaks in ten states. ...
White oak mortality is a significant concern in forest ecosystems due to its impact on biodiversity and ecosystem functions. Understanding the factors influencing white oak mortality, particularly the soil properties, is crucial for effective forest management and conservation efforts. In this study, we aimed to investigate the spatial pattern of white oak mortality and examine the influence of soil properties on mortality rates. Multicycle Forest Inventory and Analysis data were compiled to capture all white oaks across the eastern US. White oak tree mortality data were collected across plot systems that utilized Diameter at Breast Height between two periods. Soil variables were analyzed to assess soil properties. Spatial analysis techniques, including geostatistics and regression modeling, were used to analyze the relationship between white oak mortality and soil characteristics. Results found clustered spatial patterns of white oak mortality across a broad scale depicting the significant effects of coarser soil textures (p = 0.00), nutrient-deficient sites, and extreme soil moisture levels (p <0.1). Our findings demonstrated the importance of soil properties in shaping the spatial pattern of white oak mortality rate. This idea can inform forest management practices for the conservation of white oak populations. Future research is needed for comprehensive soil assessment including biotic and abiotic factors for forest management strategies at a broader scale aimed at mitigating white oak mortality.
... The landscape pattern is an important parameter for quantifying habitat heath conditions and is mainly defined by landscape heterogeneity and diversity (Li et al., 2021). Degradation of habitats can affect landscape patterns and lead to landscape fragmentation (Khadka et al., 2021). Landscape pattern analysis can be used to describe and explain the process of associated habitat (land) type variations (Zhang et al., 2003;Wang and Ogawa, 2017). ...
Poyang Lake is a freshwater lake in China which is a vital winter habitat for many kinds of wildlife and a critical component of the regional ecology. Here, we use Landsat satellite imagery to systematically assess habitat characteristic changes from 1990 to 2021. Four machine learning methods including random forest (RF), gradient boosting tree (GBT), support vector machine (SVM) and classification and regression trees (CART) are analyzed by comparing the overall accuracy and Kappa coefficients. The results show that the accuracy of random forest is higher than that of the other three machine learning methods. The long-term characteristics of Poyang Lake winter habitat types are extracted from Landsat satellite images using the RF method. These results show that the mudflat area was larger than water surface and sand. After 2012, more mudflat area had been converted into grassland, which is related to the early onset of the winter dry season in the Poyang Lake area. The habitats were scattered and fragmented from 1990 to 1998; after 1997–1998, however, the degree of landscape patch density and interference decreased, indicating a decreased impact of human-related interference and natural factors on the evolution of habitats in and around Poyang Lake.
... Beyond the authors' projects, GIS and spatial statistics about land ownership can inform a multitude of scholarly and public advocacy endeavors. For example, Khadka et al. (2021) recently examined how changes in land ownership structure correlated to changes in land use and land cover over sixteen years in three Kentucky counties. Similarly, extension faculty at the University of California created the CalLands portal to track land ownership and land-cover statistics (Macaulay and Butsic 2017). ...
... The shrinkage or expansion of LULC types is accompanied by the aggregation and dispersion of landscape patches, resulting in changes in the spatial configuration and pattern characteristics of landscape patches [3]. Changes in land use and land cover (LUCC) can affect landscape patterns and lead to landscape fragmentation [4]. Landscape patterns explain both the ecological significance of an area and the land-use patterns [5]. ...
... A quantitative analysis of policy factors should be added to follow-Land 2022, 11, 1410 14 of 16 up research. Landscape patterns have major influences on the provision of ecosystem services and policy interventions [4]; therefore, the relationship between landscape patterns and ecosystem services should be given more attention in the future, which can provide scientific guidance to better maintain and manage ecosystem services for the sustainable development of ecosystems. ...
Understanding the spatiotemporal changes in landscape patterns and their driving factors in Inner Mongolia can benefit land use and ecological environment management in this region. This study used the county landscape index and multiple regression analysis to reveal the temporal and spatial evolutions of landscape patterns and their driving factors in Inner Mongolia from 2000 to 2015 with multitemporal land use data. The results showed that (1) grassland was the main landscape type in Inner Mongolia. Grassland and unused land decreased, and cropland expanded from 2000 to 2015. Grassland degradation has slowed since 2005. (2) At the class level, the dominance of grassland decreased, and the degree of landscape fragmentation of cropland, forestland, and grassland increased gradually. At the landscape level, the landscape shape was more complex, the landscape connectivity was worse, and the landscape diversity gradually enhanced. (3) This study revealed that climatic factors influenced the evolution of landscape patterns, and human activities were the key driving factors of landscape-level metrics. The results of this study provide scientific bases for land management strategies.
It is of great significance to systematically analyze the cultivated land system resilience (CLSR) for the black soil protection and national food security. The CLSR is impacted by planting structure adjustment and cultivated land quality decline, posing major hidden dangers to food security. It is urgent to evaluate the CLSR at multiple spatio-temporal scales. This study took Liaoning Province in the black soil region of Northeast China as an example. Based on the resilience theory, this study constructed the CLSR evaluation system from the input-feedback perspective at the provincial-scale and the city-scale, and used the rank-sum ratio comprehensive evaluation method (RSR) to analyze the key influencing factors of CLSR in Liaoning Province and its 14 cities from 2000 to 2019. The results showed that: 1) the time series changes of CLSR at the provincial-scale and the city-scale in Liaoning Province were similar, both showing an increasing trend. 2) The CLSR in Liaoning Province presented a spatial pattern of ‘high in the west and low in the east’ at the city-scale. 3) There were seven and six main influencing factors of CLSR at the provincial-scale and the city-scale, respectively. In addition to the net income per capita of rural households, other influencing factors of CLSR were different at the provincial-scale and the city-scale. The feedback factors were dominant at the provincial-scale, and the input factors and feedback factors were dominant at the city-scale. The results could provide a reference for the utilization of black soil and draw on the experience of regional agricultural planning and adjustment.
