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... remains were recovered by flotation from the archaeological sedi- ment and identified based on morphological attributes, as described elsewhere (Buxó, 1997;Buxó and Rovira, in press). The recovery of plant remains was performed systematically in all settlement layers and structures, covering in each period various archaeological contexts, such as domestic fires, cooking ovens, room floors and levels of rubble from housing structures and pits (See summary in Table 1). To avoid biased results due to differential preservation of vegetative remains, only plant remains represent- ing complete seeds or fruit structures were considered for the present study. ...
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Tamilnadu is one of the economically well equipped state in the nation with major core industries and agro based industries. Tamilnadu also considered as agriculture consists state with the adequate cultivatable lands and irrigation facilities. Cauvery delta place of Tamilnadu is considered as "Nerkalanchiyam" (Land of Paddy cultivation). With this...
Tamilnadu is one of the economically well equipped state in the nation with major core industries and agro based industries. Tamilnadu also considered as agriculture consists state with the adequate cultivatable lands and irrigation facilities. Cauvery delta place of Tamilnadu is considered as " Nerkalanchiyam " (Land of Paddy cultivation). With th...
Citations
... Implementing crop rotations requires more detailed planning compared to monocultures (e.g., selecting crop species/sequences and nutrient and weed control practices), which can constitute a management constraint. On the other hand, reduction of fertilizer, pesticide and herbicide needs, and possible crop yield and soil quality improvements in the long term, added to the low investment and operational costs to implement the practice, may encourage farmers to establish this traditional crop management practice (Ferrio et al., 2007). Moreover, some legume species and cultivars (e.g., green beans, peas, etc.) can represent high-value crops, particularly in vegetable crop rotations. ...
... Conservation tillage practices also reduce labor costs and fuel consumption , while improved irrigation technology and fertigation save time and labor costs (Thompson et al., 2000). In other cases, the practice improves soil quality and can increase crop yields and/or quality in the medium or long term, as for the substitution of synthetic fertilizers by slurry (Plaza-Bonilla et al., 2014a), the use of crop residues and agroindustry by products, fertigation and improved irrigation technology ([ 2 7 8 _ T D $ D I F F ] Kennedy et al., 2013;Ayars et al., 2015), low/no tillage, cover crops and crop rotations (Ferrio et al., 2007). Finally, in some cases, an extra benefit is produced, as for crop residues and agro-industry by-products (Arthurson, 2009). ...
An integrated assessment of the potential of different management practices for mitigating specific components of the total GHG budget (N2O and CH4 emissions and C sequestration) of Mediterranean agrosystems was performed in this study. Their suitability regarding both yield and environmental (e.g. nitrate leaching and ammonia volatilization) sustainability, and regional barriers and opportunities for their implementation were also considered. Based on its results best strategies to abate GHG emissions in Mediterranean agro-systems were proposed. Adjusting N fertilization to crop needs in both irrigated and rain-fed systems could reduce N2O emissions up to 50% compared with a non-adjusted practice. Substitution of N synthetic fertilizers by solid manure can be also implemented in those systems, and may abate N2O emissions by about 20% under Mediterranean conditions, with additional indirect benefits associated to energy savings and positive effects in crop yields. The use of urease and nitrification inhibitors enhances N use efficiency of the cropping systems and may mitigate N2O emissions up to 80% and 50%, respectively. The type of irrigation may also have a great mitigation potential in the Mediterranean region. Drip-irrigated systems have on average 80% lower N2O emissions than sprinkler systems and drip-irrigation combined with optimized fertilization showed a reduction in direct N2O emissions up to 50%. Methane fluxes have a relatively small contribution to the total GHG budget of Mediterranean crops, which can mostly be controlled by careful management of the water table and organic inputs in paddies. Reduced soil tillage, improved management of crop residues and agro-industry by-products, and cover cropping in orchards, are the most suitable interventions to enhance organic C stocks in Mediterranean agricultural soils. The adoption of the proposed agricultural practices will require farmers training. The global analysis of life cycle emissions associated to irrigation type (drip, sprinkle and furrow) and N fertilization rate (100 and 300 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹) revealed that these factors may outweigh the reduction in GHG emissions beyond the plot scale. The analysis of the impact of some structural changes on top-down mitigation of GHG emissions revealed that 3–15% of N2O emissions could be suppressed by avoiding food waste at the end-consumer level. A 40% reduction in meat and dairy consumption could reduce GHG emissions by 20–30%. Reintroducing the Mediterranean diet (i.e. ∼35% intake of animal protein) would therefore result in a significant decrease of GHG emissions from agricultural production systems under Mediterranean conditions.
... A) Geographical location of the area of study and B) detail of the communities included in the field survey reported in Arab (2008), indicating the location of the archaeological site, Tell Halula. Redrawn from Ferrio et al. (2007). elsewhere (Araus et al., 1999b, 2007). ...
... Were they sustainable in the long term, or rather a self-defeating economic activity. By characterizing the evolution over time of stable isotopes and crop distribution at the Tell Halula site (NW Syria), Ferrio et al. (2007) reported a trend towards agriculture intensification that might have threatened settlement subsistence. In the early phases of the settlement (Pre-Pottery Neolithic B, ca. ...
The second in a three-part series on climatic change, this book addresses the challenges of the foreseen climate change for agriculture from a multidisciplinary point of view. The initial chapter discusses the global changes that gave rise to the beginning of agriculture. The rest of the book is subdivided in two major parts: first, towards an understanding of the present and future challenges imposed by climate change on several different agricultural systems, and, secondly, to reviewing research avenues to cope with the environmental conditions expected in the near future from climate change. Chapter 2 discusses the predictions for dryland systems of the Mediterranean basin, while chapter 3 analyses the situation in the highly productive agricultural systems of irrigated rice in southern Asia, where in the absence of water stress the increase in atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide may represent a positive factor for species with a C 3 metabolism, provided that high temperatures are prevented and soil fertility is maintained. Chapter 4 covers the Pampean (Argentina) agriculture, another of the World food baskets, also challenged by increases in temperature and changes in levels and patterns of precipitation. Chapter 5 addresses the challenges expected in the already highly technological and added-value horticultural systems, where the possibilities for controlling the environment, particularly temperature and efficiency in the use of water, must be further improved. Chapter 6 provides a detailed discussion on physiological plant responses to an increase in carbon dioxide and to the interaction of this factor with the occurrence of abiotic stresses, such as drought. Chapter 7 illustrates the practical experience in crop breeding of the Australian CSIRO, one of the institutions most credited worldwide concerning breeding for drought adaptation. Molecular techniques, field breeding and adequate phenotyping are discussed in chapter 8 as tools for the production of crops better suited to global change challenges. The role of information technologies in crop management and improvement amidst global change is discussed in chapter 9. Chapter 10 highlights the need for a global effort, from science to policy, to cover the challenges involved in improving agriculture in a changing environment, particularly in the developing world where political structures are weak but social networks may be of assistance. The books in this series are aimed at researchers, upper-level students and policy makers, providing international coverage of topics related to climate change, including both a synthesis of facts and discussions of future research perspectives and possible solutions.
... Our estimates for grain yield are similar or even higher than present yields under rainfed conditions (Fig. 1); see also Araus et al., 2007 andFerrio et al., 2007). Thus, despite the recent agronomic and genetic advances, the better growing conditions prevailing during the Neolithic allowed ancient farmers to obtain relatively high yields (Araus et al., 1999). ...
Agriculture is still today the main consumer of water in the Mediterranean. We present two cases studies from the edges of Mediterranean Basin which suggest that already early agriculture in the region was not sustainable but expose to a progressive degradation. One is Tell Halula a site 10 thousand years old from east Mediterranean region of the Fertile Crescent (present-day NE Syria), where Western Agriculture originates. The other site is Los Castillejos, a site from South Spain already active about 6 thousand years before present, occupied soon after the arrival of agriculture to the Western extreme of the Mediterranean. For both cases we present a novel approach to study the sustainability of ancient Mediterranean agriculture that combines the measurement of carbon isotope discrimination (� � 13 C) and nitrogen isotope composition (δ 15 N) along with the assessment of quality traits in fossil cereal grains.
... The estimations are similar to or even higher than present yields under rainfed conditions. Thus, despite the recent agronomic and genetic advances, the better growing conditions prevailing during the Neolithic allowed ancient farmers to obtain relatively high yields Ferrio et al. 2007). 3.-We assume the possibility, as some researchers have documented before, that the gloss observed in some flint tools can be the result of harvesting cereals or other plants such as pasture grasses, reeds, rushes and sedges (Anderson-Gerfaud 1988). ...
... Such degradation appears to be associated with a loss in crop diversity and a trend towards a cereal monoculture (Araus et al. 2001;Ferrio et al. 2007). ...
El proyecto de investigación del yacimiento de Tell Halula se ha convertido desde su inicio en una oportu-nidad única para el estudio de las primeras sociedades agrícolas en la zona del Próximo Oriente, que como se recordará constituye la zona donde esta transformación económica y social se realiza con mayor antigüedad. Es por ello que las posibilidades que ofrece este proyecto estable son altamente significativas. Los objetivos de la campaña de 2008 se han desarrollado en las mejores condiciones, gracias al apoyo de las instituciones impli-cadas en el proyecto 2. El trabajo de campo se ha realiza-do durante los meses de septiembre y octubre, partici-pando en él un total de veintitrés investigadores proce-dentes de 9 universidades o instituciones internaciona-les diferentes. En una primera etapa, coincidiendo con el final de la celebración del ramadán, los trabajos se focalizaron en el estudio del material arqueológico recuperado en los años anteriores, posteriormente el desarrollo del traba-jo de excavación ocupó la prioridad de la campaña com-201 Aportaciones al estudio del neolítico del valle del Éufrates (Siria): campaña de excavaciones en Tell Halula The research project on the Tell Halula archaeological site constitutes from its beginning a unique opportunity to study the first agricultural societies in the Middle East region, which is the region, as we all remember, where the social and economic transformation takes place the earliest. That is the main reason why this permanent project is truly full of promise. The 2008 campaign objectives have been fulfilled, thanks to the support of all the institutions involved 1. The field work has been realised in September and October by the researchers, twenty-three in all, coming from 9 universities or several international institutions. During the first phase, coinciding with the end of the Ramadan celebration, the study of the materials found in the previous years was privileged, realising afterwards the field work and, simultaneously, carrying out the specific research about the materials found. The excavation has been focused on the south of the site, working in a 510 m² area, divided in three sub-areas correlated with the aims established in the program. As it is known, the 2006-2009 program's aims are: review the older phases of the archaeological site excavation to determine, more accurately and with a more exhaustive material register, the economic exploitation's process (vegetable and animals' domestica-tion). The second aim is the documentation of the transition from preceramics to ceramics in the beginning of the VII millennium, and the exhaustive analysis of the technological and economic transformation during the transition's phase. Finally the last objective lays on analysing the tell's most recent occupations to determine accurately its chronological features and, when it is possible, to approach the reasons of the settlement abandoning, although the habitat seems to have been stable before the desertion.
