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Summary of trees and support values for clades. Numbers are bootstrap values for parsimony and likelihood and posterior probabilities for Bayesian analyses. Species without values either had only a single specimen or were never fully monophyletic in the analyses. (Online Þgure in color.)
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Despite their status as economically important pests on apple, species boundaries in the four native Nearctic species of Pandemis Hubner have remained uncertain for a century. We use a total evidence approach to test their genomic integrity using DNA (cytochrome oxidase I and ITS2), morphological (greyness of various wing areas), and geographic evi...
Contexts in source publication
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... inclusive of Archepandemis, was consis- tently monophyletic with posterior probabilities and bootstrap values of 90 Ð100 (Fig. 4). P. heparana, A. coniferana, P. cinnamomeana, and P. corylana were a monophyletic group with weak to strong support with COI, but this was not supported by either ITS2 or combined analyses. Three of the nine analyses place A. coniferana basal to the rest of Pandemis (Figs. 3 and 5; Supp. Appendix 3 [online only]). We choose to main- ...
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... place A. coniferana basal to the rest of Pandemis (Figs. 3 and 5; Supp. Appendix 3 [online only]). We choose to main- tain it within Pandemis, which is supported by analyses of COI and 28S COI (Dombroskie 2011). The com- bined P. lamprosana and P. limitata group clade usually were monophyletic, and P. lamprosana was usually the most basal species (Fig. 4). The P. limitata group was nearly always a well-supported monophyletic group, with the notable exception of the Bayesian analysis of ITS2 as mentioned ...
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... Phylogeny of the P. limitata Group. All species outside of the P. limitata group were recovered as monophyletic, although P. corylana had weak support from likelihood and parsimony COI analyses, possibly because of incomplete sequence data for two of the specimens (Fig. 4). Within the P. limitata group, the two genes produced conßicting results. For COI (Fig. 2), most P. canadana specimens and all P. limitata formed an intermixed clade. A single P. canadana from the Porcupine Hills, Alberta, Canada, was either basal in the group or within the P. canadana and P. limitata clade (inclusive of one specimen ...
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Chilecomadia valdiviana (Philippi) (Lepidoptera: Cossidae) is a native xylophagous pest in apple orchards in Chile. A series of experiments evaluated the efficacy of trap type, sex pheromone (Z7,Z10-16:Ald) dose, and trap location in the apple tree canopy on trap catch of male adults. Bucket traps (6 L), with and without roof and cross vane spacers...
Citations
... Palabras Clave: kairomonas; volátiles de plantas hospederas; polilla de la manzana; enrollador de hojas; trampeo; feromona sexual Pandemis spp. leafrollers (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) are an important group of pests attacking pome fruits (apple, Malus domestica Borkhausen [Rosaceae], and pear, Pyrus communis (L.) [Rosaceae], in North America (Chapman 1973;Dombroskie & Sperling 2012), Europe, and Asia (Dickler 1991). Both species are bivoltine, and overwinter-ing larvae in the fall through spring and summer generations feed on the skin of developing fruits adjacent to leaves, thereby creating culls (Brunner 1996). ...
... In comparison, sex pheromone lures were consistently more attractive for males and caught significantly more total numbers of moths than the use of acetic acid with either phenylacetonitrile or 2-phenylethanol when tested with C. rosaceana, S. ocellana, or P. limitata Judd et al. 2017a;. These data may suggest that the commercial lures for P. pyrusana are not optimized, or that other species in the P. limitata (Robinson) group with different sex pheromone blends are more dominant in the 2 orchards studied (Dombroskie & Sperling 2012). The sex pheromones of P. limitata and P. pyrusana have been identified as 91:9 and 94:6 blends of (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate and (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate, respectively (Roelofs et al. 1976(Roelofs et al. , 1977. ...
Recent studies have demonstrated that key herbivore-induced foliage volatiles from apple, Malus domestica Borkhausen (Rosaceae), can be attractive to conspecific adult male and female tortricid leafrollers when used together with acetic acid lures. Our study reported here was conducted in Washington State during 2013-2014 and assessed the attractiveness of both sexes of the leafroller, Pandemis pyrusana Kearfott (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), to blends of acetic acid with phenylacetonitrile. Interestingly, traps baited with phenylacetonitrile plus acetic acid caught significantly more males, females, and total moths than the number of males caught in traps baited with a commercial sex pheromone lure. The evaporation rate of the acetic acid co-lure was shown to be an important factor affecting catches of P. pyrusana with phenylacetonitrile. Adding phenylacetonitrile to traps baited with pear ester, ethyl (E, Z)-2,4-decadienoate and acetic acid significantly reduced both total and female moth catches of codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). However, neither C. pomonella nor P. pyrusana catch were impacted when phenylacetonitrile and acetic acid were added to traps baited with pear ester plus (E, E)-8,10-dodecadien-1-ol, the sex pheromone of codling moth. These results support our broader work to develop lures to improve monitoring and management of a number of tortricid pests attacking horticultural crops worldwide.
... However, unlike Pandemis species in the European study (Giacomuzzi et al. 2016), P. limitata moths were caught significantly more often with acetic acid + 2-phenylethanol than they were with acetic acid + phenylacetonitrile. Given the relatedness of these Nearctic Pandemis species (Dombroskie and Sperling 2012) it seems likely that the differences among species, in terms of catches with these two caterpillar-induced benzenoid compounds, probably has more to do with experimental details than differences in olfactory preference. Mean moth catches in the European study were several times Table 2. Influence of different acetic-acid co-lures on catches of Pandemis limitata moths during experiment 3 (12-24 August 2016) in sticky white delta traps baited with different 2-phenylethanol dispensers. ...
Pandemis limitata (Robinson) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) is one of several leaf-feeding caterpillar pests of commercial tree-fruit crops in British Columbia, Canada. Recent discovery that European Pandemis Hübner species are attracted by lures combining acetic acid and the caterpillar-induced apple-leaf volatiles, 2-phenylethanol, and phenylacetonitrile, prompted our examination of P. limitata response to these compounds. Trapping tests in organic apple orchards revealed that neither of these individual benzenoids, nor their binary combination, was attractive. Acetic acid alone was weakly attractive, but more importantly, catches increased significantly when an acetic-acid co-lure was combined with 2-phenylethanol or phenylacetonitrile, individually and together. Catches of male and female P. limitata with acetic acid+2-phenylethanol, or acetic acid+2-phenylethanol+phenylacetonitrile were similar, respectively, and both sexes were caught significantly less often in traps baited with acetic acid+phenylacetonitrile. When combined with acetic-acid co-lures, traps baited with membrane dispensers releasing 2-phenylethanol at ~1 mg/day caught significantly more moths than traps baited with rubber septa lures releasing 2-phenylethanol at ~0.6 mg/day. Moth catches in traps baited with 2-phenylethanol were unaffected when the emission of acetic-acid co-lures was increased from ~28 to 63 mg/day. Catches of male P. limitata in traps baited with sex pheromone were significantly greater than catches in traps baited with acetic acid+2-phenylethanol, or traps baited with a ternary blend of acetic acid+2-phenylethanol+sex pheromone. Catches of female P. limitata in traps baited with acetic acid+2-phenylethanol were significantly reduced when it was combined with sex pheromone. Use of the ternary acetic acid+2-phenylethanol+phenylacetonitrile blend provides an opportunity to develop multispecies bisexual trapping systems to improve management of sympatric tortricid pests currently causing economic losses in organic apples in British Columbia. More work on long-lasting release devices, nonsaturating traps, and organically acceptable killing agents are needed to develop organic mass-trapping systems.
... One of the most commonly used molecular markers for species delimitation studies is mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase (COI). SpeciÞcally, a 658-bp-long fragment of the COI gene, proposed as the standard molecular barcode for animals (Folmer et al. 1994), has been used to establish species boundaries (Hou and Li 2010, Dombroskie and Sperling 2012, Navia et al. 2013) and sex-associations (Kurina et al. 2011, Zhang et al. 2013 in various taxa. However, problems with COI and other mitochondrial genes for such uses have surfaced in certain taxa, in the form of duplicate copies transposed to the nuclear genome, and heteroplasmy (multiple, divergent sequences) among mitochondrial copies. ...
The taxonomy of the Antillean genus Drepanaporus Bradley (Pompilidae) is problematic because of sexual dimorphism and nearly uniform morphology of males across species. Species limits are not well understood, and sexes are not properly associated in all species. In this study, we reassessed morphology, and collected novel molecular data for the purpose of determining species boundaries and establishing sex-associations for all species. Two genes, cytochrome c oxidase (COI) and long-wavelength rhodopsin (LWRh) were amplified for 20 specimens of Drepanaporus, from both females and males. Using LWRh (including both introns and exons) and COI sequences, the relationships of Drepanaporus samples were reconstructed. Sequences obtained for COI showed unusually high divergences and putative introgression, and thus were not used for taxonomic decisions. Taxonomic changes were made based on the LWRh phylogenetic results. A new species of Drepanaporus— Drepanaporus bachata sp. nov—is described herein based on both molecular and morphological characters for both male and female specimens, and a key is provided for the genus for the three species now recognized. We also discuss the usefulness of mitochondrial and nuclear markers in Pompilidae for species delimitations and sex-associations.
... The antennal notch (Fig. 11) was present in Epitymbia alaudana (Horak & Common, 1985) and in all Pandemis species except P. dumetana (Treitschke, 1835) (Razowski 1978). A possible degenerate antennal notch was found in Archepandemis coniferana Mutuura, 1978, but it was coded as absent since its presence was ambiguous (Dombroskie & Sperling 2012). A series of long flowing thoracic scales (Fig. 12) was found in both Syndemis species examined and in Dichelia histrionana (Frölich, 1828) (J. ...
... Because of these distinct differences, we propose that Anaphelia, Sacaphelia, and Zelotherses be raised to generic status separate from Aphelia s. s. (revised status). With a few exceptions, Pandemis is well defined morphologically with a modified pregenital sternite (Fig. 15), basal ventral abdominal scale tufts (Fig. 14), and antennal notch (Fig. 11) (Dombroskie & Sperling 2012). Archepandemis is very similar in venation and genitalia to Pandemis, but lacks the defining SSCs present in most species (Mutuura 1978). ...
... Pandemis group (Fig. 5) 33-Pandemis, with a few exceptions, is well defined morphologically with a modified pregenital sternite (Fig. 15), basal ventral abdominal scale tufts (Fig. 14), and antennal notch (Fig. 11) (Dombroskie & Sperling 2012). Archepandemis is very similar in venation and genitalia to Pandemis, but lacks the defining SSCs present in most species (Mutuura 1978). ...
We reconstructed a preliminary phylogeny for the economically important tribe Archipini (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Tortricinae) based on 135 exemplar species (including four outgroups) and a combined analyses of 28S rDNA and COI DNA using maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian analyses. A summary tree was produced as the majority rule consensus tree by first assembling all clades that were present in more than 50% of analyses. Based on the results of the analyses, several taxonomic changes are suggested. After mapping secondary sexual characters (SSCs), host plant breadth, and geographic distribution onto the phylogeny, we examined correspondences among these traits using two-by-two χ2 tests and ancestral character state reconstructions. Absence of SSCs was associated with decreased host plant breadth and colonization of the New World, but was not significantly associated with the presence of other SSCs. There is a strong likelihood of an Australasian origin for Archipini. We propose the synonymy of Archepandemis Mutuura with Pandemis Hübner (new synonymy); the synonymy of Cudonigera Obraztsov & Powell with Choristoneura Lederer (new synonymy); and elevation of Anaphelia Razowski, Sacaphelia Razowski, and Zelotherses Lederer to genera from subgenera of Aphelia Hübner (revised status). Epiphyas Turner, may be subordinate within Clepsis Guenée, but further study is needed to confirm this.
We present a genome assembly from an individual male Pandemis corylana (the Chequered Fruit-tree Tortrix; Arthropoda; Insecta; Lepidoptera; Tortricidae). The genome sequence is 441.6 megabases in span. Most of the assembly is scaffolded into 30 chromosomal pseudomolecules, including the Z sex chromosome. The mitochondrial genome has also been assembled and is 15.53 kilobases in length. Gene annotation of this assembly on Ensembl identified 19,608 protein coding genes.
Five Neotropical tortricine species which currently lack meaningful generic assignment (i.e., “Archipini unplaced”) are assigned to genera. The following new combinations and synonymies are proposed: Argyrotaenia telemacana Razowski and Becker, 2010, new synonymy, as a junior synonym of Argyrotaenia tristriata (Meyrick, 1931); Teras jamaicana Walker, 1863, new synonymy, as a junior synonym of Pandemis heparana ([Denis and Schiffermüller], 1775); Raisapoana parana (Busck, 1911), new combination; Archipimima mansueta (Meyrick, 1924), new combination; Sisurcana biforata (Meyrick, 1930) new combination, including Sisurcana valida Razowski and Becker, 2011, new synonymy; Sisurcana recurvana (Zeller, 1866), new combination; and Sisurcana clivigera (Meyrick, 1932), new combination. In addition, Farragona Austin and Dombroskie, new genus is proposed to accommodate two species: Tortrix cratista Walsingham, 1914 and Tortrix cremnobates Walsingham, 1914 (the latter currently placed in Clepsis Guenée); the former of which has a lectotype and paralectotype designated. This results in F. cratista (Walsingham, 1914), new combination and F. cremnobates (Walsingham, 1914), new combination.
Background:
Studies were conducted to identify volatiles released by apple foliage untreated or sprayed with a yeast and from untreated and sprayed foliage with actively-feeding larvae of Pandemis pyrusana Kearfott. Field studies then evaluated various combinations of these volatiles when paired with acetic acid as possible adult attractants.
Results:
The most abundant volatiles released following herbivore-feeding were four green leaf volatiles (GLVs) and acetic acid. Nineteen volatiles were found to be released in significantly higher amounts from foliage with herbivore damage than from intact leaves. The combination of yeast followed by herbivore injury increased the levels of methyl salicylate and phenylacetonitrile compared with herbivory alone. Levels of acetic acid released were not significantly different among the four treatments. Only phenylacetonitrile and 2-phenylethanol with acetic acid caught similar and significantly more total and female moths than acetic acid alone. Moth catches with 12 other volatiles plus acetic acid were not significantly higher than with acetic acid alone, and were lower than with acetic acid and 2-phenylethanol.
Conclusion:
These data show that herbivore-injury does not create a unique chemical signal for adults to locate oviposition or rendezvous sites. Instead, moths may cue to the aromatic-acetic acid combination as a nutritional cue to locate sugary resources.
Phaneta comprises a large genus of Nearctic tortricids with several species that are difficult to delimit using morphological characters. We examined Phaneta tarandana (Möschler 1874) and P. montanana (Walsingham 1884), using morphology and DNA. Our results upheld the distinction between these two species, even though the wing coloration and male genital characters traditionally used to diagnose them were unreliable due to intraspecific variation. Nonetheless, a combination of forewing fringe scale detail, wing streaks, mitochondrial, and nuclear DNA delimited these moth species in a region of overlap in western Canada.
