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Summary of the two-factor ANOVA test on the influence of egg load, substrate, and their interaction on the observed parameters.
Source publication
Simple Summary: The amount of waste produced by the population creates general health problems in terms of public health and hygiene. In recent years the common housefly (Musca domestica L. 1758) has been widely used in the treatment of organic wastes. This study aims to assess the effect of egg loading of the common housefly on maggot development...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... analysis of variance (Table 1) shows that larval biomass, larval number, and substrates rate reduction were strongly influenced by the substrate type and egg load as well as the interaction of the two factors. Overall, egg load has no effect on the survival rate (from egg hatching until the last larval instar; SR). ...Similar publications
Little millet is an important small millet grown mostly in India. The availability of genetic variability is a critical requirement for crop improvement. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and correlation study was undertaken in a set of 28 little millet genotypes to estimate genetic diversity, association pattern among seven quantitative traits an...
Citations
... Mass-rearing protocols for farmed insects have previously focused on optimisation through the manipulation of abiotic conditions, management and nutrition to ensure high survival and productivity [9][10][11][12][13][14], but further improvement could potentially be obtained by exploiting the genetic variation within and between populations [15]. Genetic optimisation through selective breeding is common practice in traditional crops and livestock, and more recently in aquaculture [16]. ...
Background
There is a burgeoning interest in using insects as a sustainable source of food and feed, particularly by capitalising on various waste materials and by-products that are typically considered of low value. Enhancing the commercial production of insects can be achieved through two main approaches: optimising environmental conditions and implementing selective breeding strategies. In order to successfully target desirable traits through selective breeding, having a thorough understanding of the genetic parameters pertaining to those traits is essential. In this study, a full-sib half-sib mating design was used to estimate variance components and heritabilities for larval size and survival at day seven of development, development time and survival from egg to adult, and to estimate correlations between these traits, within an outbred population of house flies ( Musca domestica ), using high-throughput phenotyping for data collection.
Results
The results revealed low to intermediate heritabilities and positive genetic correlations between all traits except development time and survival to day seven of development and from egg to adulthood. Surprisingly, larval size at day seven exhibited a comparatively low heritability (0.10) in contrast to development time (0.25), a trait that is believed to have a stronger association with overall fitness. A decline in family numbers resulting from low mating success and high overall mortality reduced the amount of available data which resulted in large standard errors for the estimated parameters. Environmental factors made a substantial contribution to the phenotypic variation, which was overall high for all traits.
Conclusions
There is potential for genetic improvement in all studied traits and estimates of genetic correlations indicate a partly shared genetic architecture among the traits. All estimates have large standard errors. Implementing high-throughput phenotyping is imperative for the estimation of genetic parameters in fast developing insects, and facilitates age synchronisation, which is vital in a breeding population. In spite of endeavours to minimise non-genetic sources of variation, all traits demonstrated substantial influences from environmental components. This emphasises the necessity of thorough attention to the experimental design before breeding is initiated in insect populations.
... The amount of waste produced by residents raises general health problems in terms of public health and hygiene (Hamidou Leyo, Moussa Ousmane, Noël, Francis, & Caparros Megido, 2021). Several species of flies are used for recycling organic waste, including Hermetia illucens. ...
... The amount of waste produced by residents raises general health problems in terms of public health and hygiene (Leyo et al., 2021). Several species of flies are used for recycling organic waste, including Hermetia illucens. ...
Background: Breast milk is also an important source of energy and nutrients during illness, and reduces mortality among malnourished children. Breastfeeding is a physiological process to provide nutrition to the baby optimally. To review evidence related to factors that influence the success of exclusive breastfeeding for working mothers. In Scoping review using the framework from Arksey and O'Malley, which focuses reviews with the PEOS framework, conducts literature searching using relevant databases and gray literature, selects relevant studies using inclusion and exclusion criteria, conducts critical appraisal for article quality assessment, conducts data extraction, analyzes and can report results. There were 8 articles selected and received Grade A. 8 articles were obtained research conducted in developing countries. There are 7 factors that affect the success of exclusive breastfeeding for working mothers, namely knowledge, educational status, breastfeeding facilities, employment status, husband support, family support, and health worker support.
... crop and household waste) (Leyo et al., 2021a), and can be harvested 3-4 days after oviposition (Koné et al., 2017). Thus, M. domestica production as larvae are both a beneficial widely available protein source and a method for organic waste recycling (Leyo et al., 2021b). The residue from fly larvae production on livestock manure could be used as high quality biofertilizer to improve soil quality, increase crop yield, and reduce the use of chemical fertilizers (Bloukounon-Goubalan et al., 2017;Charlton et al., 2015;Coulibaly et al., 2020a,b;Wang et al., 2016;Zhang et al., 2012). ...
... For each feed substrate, 50 g substrate was measured with a precision balance (Sartorius, Goettingen, Germany), and was moistened to 70% by adding tap water. Then, 10 mg eggs (Leyo et al., 2021b) were incorporated in each substrate type per replicate (three replicates). All maggots were reared in plastic containers (17.20×11.50×6.00 ...
... The housefly is receiving increasing attention in West African countries because she can decompose a large wide of substrates (animal residue, crop and agri-food wastes) for the production of fly larvae, increasingly considered for animal feed worldwide. Outside the maggot production by housefly adult rearing (Drew and Pieterse, 2015;Ganda et al., 2021;Leyo et al., 2021b;Pastor et al., 2015), a simple way to produce fly larvae is to expose suitable substrates to attract adult flies that will lay eggs in the substrates from where larvae will be subsequently extracted (Koné et al., 2017;Nyakeri et al., 2017;Pomalégni et al., 2017). ...
Poultry farming, because of its many potentialities (i.e. short duration of reproduction and production cycle, rapid return on investment), occupies a place of choice in development strategies and the fight against poverty in most African countries. In Niger, West Africa, poultry are fed specific protein-providing feed ingredients (such as fishmeal); however, these ingredients are very expensive and unsustainable. Larvae represent a potential alternative source of protein for poultry. Here, we investigated different substrates to optimise housefly (Musca domestica L. 1758) maggot production and nutritional composition. Eight dry substrates were tested. The highest larval biomass (larval biomass produced by 10 mg of house fly egg placed on 50 g dry substrate) and mean weight (individual house fly larvae 5 days after the incorporation of eggs on the substrate) were observed on millet and wheat bran (3,446.67±134.16 mg and 24.00±1.01 mg, respectively). However, larvae produced on Brewer’s spent grains had the highest protein and lipid content (53.79±1.04% and 24.13±5.20%, respectively). Ash content was highest for larvae produced on cow dung and a mixture of 50% wheat bran and 50% cow dung (15.01±0.32% and 15.41±0.09%, respectively). Maggots produced on rumen contents had the highest water content (80.89±0.22%). The profile of produced larvae included palmitic acid (30.99±0.48% on grain), palmitoleic acid (30.26±2.84% on cow dung), oleic acid (27.93±0.31% on rice hulls), and linoleic acid (26.41±0.18% on millet bran + rumen contents). For all substrates, Maggots contained more unsaturated fatty acids (57.59-66.52%) than saturated fatty acids (26.54-46.34%). This study, offers to farmers a wide variety of substrates that could be used to produce maggots, providing a sustainable source of protein that has not been previously available in Niger. We recommend the farmers to use the cow dung to produce maggots without cost.
The ever-growing human population has forced people to intensify agriculture to meet the demand for food and feed. However, the increase in global agricultural production also means an increase in waste generation, which is mostly improperly managed, especially in low- and middle-income countries where adequate waste management infrastructure is limited and inefficient. Consequently, organic waste has become a global burden due to its negative impact on the environment and human health. In this sense, insect-based bioconversion could be an economically viable, environmentally friendly, and technically feasible approach to organic waste management. Based on this review, organic wastes from agriculture, food industry, household, municipalities, and starch industry are considered as suitable substrates for bioconverter insects. Commonly used insects for bioconversion include the cricket, yellow mealworm, superworm, black soldier fly, house fly, flesh fly and blow fly. Rearing facilities must be adapted to provide the optimal environmental conditions for the growth and development of the reared insect to maximize the bioconversion rate and efficiency. Bioconverter insects and their by-products can be industrially processed into animal feed, fertilizer and biodiesel or extracted to isolate bioactive compounds. The challenges associated with insect-based bioconversion include human and social acceptance, method-, infrastructure- and technology-related problems, the availability of substrates, and political and legal regulations. In summary, insect-based bioconversion of organic waste has the potential to reduce waste, create jobs, provide novel products, and offer a sustainable source of protein to feed the world's growing population.
Aim
Residents are concerned about the presence of flies, especially in areas near landfills, so it is important to study the distribution patterns of fly communities and community responses to the presence of flies. This study focuses on two main topics: fly distribution in various zones and people’s perspectives on fly prevention initiatives.
Materials and Methods
Data were collected by dividing the sampling location into four clusters and collecting data three times per day (morning, noon, and afternoon). Flypaper was used to collect the insects, which were then separated based on their morphology. The data were tabulated and analyzed using the Shannon-Wiener equation for the diversity index, and the Morisita index equation for the distribution pattern. The observation was then continued by asking people about the existence of the fly community.
Results
Cluster 4 has the strongest dynamics with varying absolute density. The morning has the highest absolute density, with an average of 26.56. The findings of the relative density analysis suggest that Musca domestica has the highest percentage, with an average percentage of 74.36%. Only 45% of respondents took actions to combat the presence of flies. The study’s findings also revealed that 97% of the population had never been socialized about sanitary management and attempts to control fly communities.
Conclusions
Community sanitation, the prevalence of trash, and the presence of insects are not successfully regulated. The residential sector of the Gampong Jawa Community, which has the most direct access to the landfill, is at a higher risk of getting affected by hazardous diseases conveyed by flies.
This research thesis investigated into the critical issue of declining insect populations, particularly pollinators, in the crucial context of ecosystem functioning, agriculture, and human health. Focusing on bees, hoverflies, and apoid wasps, we explore the impact of landscape degradation, caused by agricultural intensification and urbanization, on pollinator communities in temperate agricultural and urban landscapes. Four case studies are presented, offering valuable insights and
recommendations for conservation and restoration efforts. The first study examined ecological diversification on two farms in early ecological transition, uncovering valuable data on wild bees and hoverflies. Results highlighted specific diversity with 101 bee species and 31 hoverfly species, indicating the potential for ecological diversification and agroecological practices to support rare and endangered pollinators. Building on this study, we investigated the impact of flower strips in
intercropping systems with winter wheat. Multifloral strips attracted a diverse range of hoverflies, presenting a promising ecological and economic solution for farmers. In urban landscapes, we analyzed pollen availability and foraging behavior of honeybee colonies along an urban-rural gradient in Tokyo. Landscape factors significantly influenced floral species visited by honeybees, offering valuable insights for urban planning. Lastly, we explored the nesting potential of
pavements for ground-nesting Hymenoptera in Brussels. We identify 22 species of wild bees and apoid wasps nesting in specific urban surfaces, providing essential recommendations for encouraging these pollinators. These studies underscored the significance of food and nesting resources for pollinator communities and advocated for conservation efforts in disturbed environments. Our findings contribute to the growing body of knowledge on agricultural and urban
ecology, paving the way for future scientific endeavors in this crucial field.
Flies (Diptera) have played a prominent role in human history, and several fly species are reared at different scales and for different beneficial purposes worldwide. Here, we review the historical importance of fly rearing as a foundation for insect rearing science and technology and synthesize information on the uses and rearing diets of more than 50 fly species in the families Asilidae, Calliphoridae, Coelopidae, Drosophilidae, Ephydridae, Muscidae, Sarcophagidae, Stratiomyidae, Syrphidae, Tachinidae, Tephritidae, and Tipulidae. We report more than 10 uses and applications of reared flies to the well-being and progress of humanity. We focus on the fields of animal feed and human food products, pest control and pollination services, medical wound therapy treatments, criminal investigations, and on the development of several branches of biology using flies as model organisms. We highlight the relevance of laboratory-reared Drosophila melanogaster Meigen as a vehicle of great scientific discoveries that have shaped our understanding of many biological systems, including the genetic basis of heredity and of terrible diseases such as cancer. We point out key areas of fly-rearing research such as nutrition, physiology, anatomy/morphology, genetics, genetic pest management, cryopreservation, and ecology. We conclude that fly rearing is an activity with great benefits for human well-being and should be promoted for future advancement in diverse and innovative methods of improving existing and emerging problems to humanity.
Bioconversion by housefly (Musca domestica L.) larvae is a novel technology for reducing and recycling food waste. In this study, odor characteristics and health risks of gaseous pollutants from food waste bioconversion by housefly larvae were investigated and compared with other treatment technologies for the first time. Air samples were collected from different areas in a full-scale food waste bioconversion facility (50 t/d). The chemical compositions of the air samples were quantitatively and qualitatively analyzed, the odor contribution and annoyance were assessed with the odor activity values and their sum, and the health risks (carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks via inhalation and other risks) were evaluated. The total concentrations of volatile compounds were significantly higher in the breeding and biodegradation areas than in the other areas. Ethanol was the dominant odorant in the unloading, pretreatment, substrate storage, and breeding areas, while that was ammonia in the biodegradation and product areas. The sums of odor activity values in the breeding and biodegradation areas were the highest (1171 and 756, respectively) with trimethylamine as the key odorant. Carcinogenic risk in the breeding area was unacceptable with acetaldehyde as the key carcinogen, and possible carcinogenic risks existed in the other areas except for the substrate storage area. Non-carcinogenic risk existed in the order of breeding area > biodegradation area > product area > pretreatment area with acetaldehyde, ethyl acetate, hydrogen sulfide, and ammonia as the dominant contributors. The bioconversion technology showed different odor characteristics and health risks from other treatment technologies. Therefore, odor control and health protection measures should be taken based on the odor and health risk evaluation, especially in the breeding area. Suggestions on gas collection and treatment method selection were proposed. The findings provide a scientific basis for odor control and health protection in food waste bioconversion facilities.
