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Source publication
In the United States, the National Center for Drug Free Sport manages the drug-testing programs for athletes of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA). Through its Resource Exchange Center (REC), Drug Free Sport supports athletic staff and athletes with information regarding drugs and dietary supplements.
To characterize the types of d...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... 2 provides a summary of the inquiries, including the controlled and NCAA status for each prescription, nonprescription, and street drug. The top 10 most commonly searched medications within the drug lookup database are listed in Table 3. These 10 medi- cations accounted for 34% of all drug lookup inquiries. ...
Context 2
... most common medication-related inquiries to the drug lookup system ( Table 3) involved medications that are used to treat asthma, nose and chest conges- tion, pain, menstrual discomfort, and stimulants used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and attention deficit disorder (ADD). Given the increased awareness of ADHD/ADD and the need to perform well academically at the college level, the frequency of stim- ulant-related inquiries is not surprising. ...
Citations
... sports dietitians, physicians, or pharmacists) for information about supplements with lower frequency than other resources, with less education and formal training related to nutrition and supplement use, such as family, friends, teammates, coaches, or the media (6,11). This is notable due to the limited level of regulation of dietary supplements in the US, as outlined by the Dietary Supplement and Health Education Act (DSHEA), with potential outcomes that may include the misbranding of supplements or products containing dangerous ingredients, banned ingredients, or misleading claims (12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21). ...
Background: Supplements may expose athletes to dangerous ingredients, banned substances, toxins or contaminants; however, few investigations assess use among collegiate athletes in the U.S.
Objective: This cross-sectional study evaluated habitual dietary supplement intake, defined use ≥2 days/week over the past year, in NCAA Division I athletes.
Methods: Male and female members of a NCAA Division I team, at two universities in southern California completed a 13-item survey. Among 705 eligible participants, 596 submitted surveys (84.5% response rate), 557 surveys included complete data. Chi-square (χ²) analyses evaluated differences among athletes based on sex, weight status, year in college, and sport-type. Independent t-test or ANOVA evaluated mean differences for continuous variables.
Results: A total of 45.2% athletes (n = 252) reported taking supplements (≥2 days/week over the past year). Vitamin/minerals (25.5%, n = 142), protein/amino acids (24.6%, n = 137) were used most frequently. Male, vs female athletes, took more supplements overall (1.2 ± 0.1 vs 0.8 ± 0.1, p = 0.004) and indicated higher use of protein/amino acid products (34.2% vs 13.5%, p < 0.005), whereas, females reported higher use of vitamin/minerals (30.5% vs 21.1%, p < 0.05). Higher supplement use was also reported by athletes with BMI ≥ 30.0 kg/m² (vs <30 kg/m², 1.9 ± 0.3 vs 1.0 ± 0.1, p = 0.02), and athletes in ≥ third college year (vs first or second year, 1.2 ± 0.1 vs 0.9 ± 0.1, p = 0.03).
Conclusions: Nearly half of NCAA athletes reported habitual supplements use, with significant variation in patterns based on sex, sport-type, year in college, and weight status.
... • P1 -beta-blockers At present, PES are used at all levels of sports competitions, starting from Olympic level contestants to individuals recreationally involved in various sports disciplines [6]. In 1997, Bamberger et al. performed a study in a group of Olympic level competitors. ...
... This fact is also confirmed by earlier reports [13,17]. Th e issue seems to be of importance in view of the estimated high incidence of adverse side eff ects following PES usage, as well as the fact that the spectrum of ASE is highly extensive and therefore, the problem may be faced by physicians representing numerous specializations [6]. In the present study, almost one-third of the responders declared that in their professional life, they experienced a contact with a patient suff ering from adverse side eff ects resulting from using PES; the fact is confi rmed in the report by Dikic et al. [17]. ...
... Taking into consideration the popularity of PES and the estimated incidence of ASE associated with the use of PES [6], one may conclude that many people do not consult physicians with respect to using such substances. Such a situation may be aff ected by lack of confi dence in physicians exhibited by PES users. ...
Introduction:
The history of using performance-enhancing substances (PES) is long and it goes back to ancient times. At present, PES are employed at all levels of sport competition, starting from Olympic level contestants to individuals recreationally involved in various sports disciplines.
Purpose:
e objective of the study was examining the views on doping in sports in a group of physicians, together with evaluating the frequency of their contacts with this phenomenon, in their professional activities.
Methods:
e investigation was carried out using a validated questionnaire developed by the authors. Questionnaire included 34 questions divided into 6 sections. In total, 257 individuals participated in the study. e percentage of answers was 75.81%.
Results:
Among the responders, 96.50% believed that using PES by sports competitors represented unethical behavior. 42% participants declared that they met doping problem during their professional career. Almost one-third of the physicians (28.79%) declared that during their work, they consulted patient suffering from adverse side effects resulting from using PES.
Conclusions:
In Poland, physicians regard using PES as unethical behavior. They believe that a health care system professional should participate in counteracting doping in sports. Physicians - regardless of their specialty - are also exposed to PES-related problems in their professional work. In view of the above facts and the consistently increasing popularity of PES, extending the knowledge in this field among physicians seems to be of importance to allow for their offering better medical services to their patients.
... sports dietitians, physicians, or pharmacists) for information about supplements with lower frequency than other resources, with less education and formal training related to nutrition and supplement use, such as family, friends, teammates, coaches, or the media (6,11). This is notable due to the limited level of regulation of dietary supplements in the US, as outlined by the Dietary Supplement and Health Education Act (DSHEA), with potential outcomes that may include the misbranding of supplements or products containing dangerous ingredients, banned ingredients, or misleading claims (12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21). ...
... An initial study of inquires submitted to the REC by NCAA athletes and athletic staff was conducted for the 2005-06 academic year (September 1, 2005, through June 30, 2006). 2 The current report is a follow-up to that previous study. Detailed information about the ergogenic and performance-enhancing effects of drugs and other substances can be found in a review article published previously. 1 ...
... Further, they need accurate and timely information about specific products that are being considered for use by athletes, particularly athletes who are subject 30, 2010, and followed similar methodology as in the previous study. 2 Data from the drug lookup feature of the database consisted of the name of the drug (brand or generic name), the date of the inquiry, and the outcome of the inquiry (i.e., if the drug was banned or not banned). When an inquiry involved a medication not listed in the drug lookup feature, the status field would appear blank and a notice would appear advising the user to submit the request using the BDI submission process by phone, e-mail, or online submission. ...
... In 2005, we conducted a similar study that evaluated inquiries during a 10-month period. 2 Of note, over the course of 4 years, a 95% increase occurred in the use of the drug lookup function and a 56% increase in the number of BDI submissions for the same 10-month period. The increase in inquiries may be related to education programs targeted at NCAA athletes, promotional programs for the REC, a new social media campaign, and/or a greater awareness by athletes that use of a banned substance could affect their eligibility to participate in an NCAA sporting event. ...
Objective:
To characterize the types of drug and dietary supplement inquiries submitted to the National Center for Drug Free Sport through the Resource Exchange Center (REC).
Design:
Cross-sectional study.
Setting:
United States, from July 2009 through June 2010.
Participants:
Athletes and athletic personnel associated with the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA).
Intervention:
Tabulation and classification of drugs and dietary supplement inquiries.
Main outcome measure:
Characteristics and trends of drug and dietary supplement inquiries.
Results:
Inquiries for prescription medications for albuterol inhalers, methylphenidate, amphetamines, and prednisone were the most common using a drug lookup function. The most common inquiries for over-the-counter medications included pseudoephedrine, loratadine, cetirizine, and caffeine. Among dietary supplements, inquiries for amino acids/metabolites, vitamins and minerals, and herbal products occurred most frequently. One dietary supplement, N.O.-Xplode (Bio-Engineered Supplements and Nutrition, Inc.), accounted for the majority of individual dietary supplement inquiries. Banned substances accounted for 30% of all inquiries submitted to the REC and 18% of medications searched in a drug lookup database.
Conclusion:
Almost 25,000 inquiries were submitted to the REC. Pharmacists can use this information to advise, counsel, and refer NCAA athletes regarding the use of banned and permitted substances. Education programs regarding stimulants, dietary supplements, and the risk of using substances such as animal byproducts are needed, and pharmacists can participate in these programs.
Most athletes use dietary supplements (DS) to improve health and performance beyond what can be achieved through diet. Improvements in health and exercise performance through the use of DS are especially attractive to older athletes (OA) challenged with age-related declines. However, there are few DS shown to improve endurance performance, and the prevalence of DS in OA are unknown. Two-hundred cyclists, runners, and triathletes (females = 108; age = 39.4 ± 13.5) completed a questionnaire regarding the prevalence and type of DS currently used, in addition to variables associated with using DS such as motivation and sources of information. Overall, 78.0% of athletes reported current DS use. OA used more DS (Total DS = 4.3 ± 3.0) than younger athletes (2.7 ± 1.8, p < 0.001), with ages 40-49 and 50-59 using more DS than ages 18-29 and 30-39 (p < 0.05). The majority of athletes (53.8%) used ≥ 3 DS. Age was the only significant predictor of total DS use (p = 0.002); OA used ≥ 3 DS more than younger (p < 0.001). Specifically, more athletes 40-49 (67.5%) and 50-59 (76.2%) used ≥ 3 DS compared to 18-29 (33.3%, p = 0.003). More OA used electrolytes (p = 0.005), probiotics (p = 0.045), melatonin (p = 0.004), and vitamin D (p = 0.016) than younger athletes. Motivations to use DS were related to age and were supplement specific. Sources of DS information varied by sex more than age. Age is a significant determining factor for DS use in a sample of cyclists, runners, and triathletes. The prevalence and trends of DS warrant further investigation into the benefits and risks of DS to develop safe, targeted, and age-specific DS strategies on a recreative competitive level.
This study aimed to identify the prevalence and predictors associated with the use of higher-risk dietary supplements, defined as supplements containing herbal ingredients, caffeine, or those classified for weight loss, muscle-building, or as a preworkout supplement, among 557 National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I male and female collegiate athletes. Although 252 (45.2%) athletes reported the use of a dietary supplement on ≥2 days per week over the past year, 46 (8.3%) athletes met criteria for higher-risk supplement use. Twenty (3.6%) athletes reported the use of herbal, 1 (0.2%) caffeinated, 5 (0.9%) weight loss, 28 (5.0%) preworkout, and 1 (0.2%) muscle-building supplements. Body mass index status (BMI ≥30 kg·m), sport-type (sports using the phosphocreatine energy system), and college year (≥4th year) were associated with the use of preworkout, muscle-building, or herbal supplements. A multiple regression analysis identified predictors of higher-risk supplement use including the number of dietary supplements used in the past year (odds ratio [OR] = 2.1, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.7-2.7, p < 0.001), the reported motivation of taking dietary supplements to gain muscle and lose body fat (OR = 3.5, 95% CI = 1.1-11.7, p = 0.04), and the motivation to increase athletic endurance (OR = 3.5, 95% CI = 4.0, 95% CI = 1.6-9.9, p < 0.005). These factors may be considered as a part of a screening process to evaluate athletes with an increased risk of higher-risk supplement use and potential consequences to health or eligibility status.
Objective:
To determine dissemination outcomes and faculty perceptions of senior research projects conducted from 2008 to 2011 by PharmD students in a curricular pathway focused on direct patient care.
Methods:
Preceptors' reported dissemination outcomes of research projects were surveyed and their perceptions of the precepting experience were rated using a web-based survey. Results were compared to those from an earlier pharmaceutical care cohort (2002-2007) and a combined cohort of 2, more research-intensive curricular pathways at the school.
Results:
The overall response rate was 90.2%. Project dissemination included 61.3% at an institutional forum, 42.3% as a submitted publication, 37.8% as a poster, and 4.5% as an oral presentation. Projects completed from 2008-2011 were significantly more likely than those from 2002-2007 to be submitted for publication (42.3% vs 10.7%, p<0.001) and published (28.8% vs 5.3%, p<0.001). Most preceptors found their research projects valuable to them professionally (88.3%) and to their own or another institution (83.5% and 78.5%, respectively). Ninety-five percent of preceptors would precept again.
Conclusion:
Dissemination rates for pharmaceutical care projects increased over time. Despite modest dissemination levels, the majority of preceptors agreed that required student research projects provide a valuable learning experience for students.
Background:
Doping in sport has become an increasingly prominent topic. The decision to take part in doping practices is multifactorial and often based on many different information sources of varying reliability. This study sought to determine the attitudes of athletes at a Canadian Interuniversity Sport (CIS) university toward doping and to discover if pharmacists are perceived to be a valid information source on medication usage for these athletes.
Methods:
CIS athletes competing in at least 1 of 8 sports were asked to complete a questionnaire. Participants were asked various questions regarding their perceptions of doping, medication use, information available to them regarding doping and the role of pharmacists in providing advice on medication usage.
Results:
In total, 92.7% (307/331) of questionnaires were at least partially completed. Generally, these athletes did not feel pressured to dope or that it was prevalent or necessary. The fear of doping violations largely did not alter the use of medications and supplements. The online doping education program administered by the Canadian Centre for Ethics in Sport was the most used information source (74.5%); pharmacists were used 37.7% of the time. Pharmacists were perceived to be a good source of information about banned substances by 75.6% (223/295) of participants, although only 35% (104/297) consulted a pharmacist each time they purchased a nonprescription medication.
Conclusions:
It appears that doping is neither prevalent nor worth the risk for these CIS athletes. There also appears to be an opportunity for pharmacists to play a more prominent role in providing advice on medication use to high-performance athletes.
Drug use and abuse by athletes has become a common problem. Pharmacists can assist by managing the legitimate medication needs of athletes to prevent them from accidentally using a banned substance. Pharmacists can also educate athletes and the public about the health consequences of using performance-enhancing substances. Pharmacists can play a variety of roles to assist with anti-doping. Such roles include educating, advising, dispensing and monitoring medications and supplements; and working with anti-doping agencies. There are few established educational opportunities for pharmacists and pharmacy students. Educational programs in sports pharmacy and doping control need to be developed for instruction in the classroom, for post-graduate training and for experiential programs. Classroom instruction should include information about performance-enhancing substances and general principles of doping control. Student activities for an established advanced pharmacy practice experience include education on performance-enhancing substances and assay technologies, preparing and providing presentations to athletes and others regarding these substances, performing literature research on drugs and dietary supplements used to improve athletic performance, writing a monograph on these substances, and participating in doping control programs.
