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Summary of the four perspectives of internationalization of firms
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The purpose of this article is to build a coherent framework of the four main theories relating to the internationalization of firms, in order to facilitate better business teaching and research. Yet, theories of the internationalization of firms are broad and rest on different underlying assumptions. With the purpose of clarifying the potential fo...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... in order to discuss the different insights and assumptions behind the four selected perspectives, we now find it useful to compare the four perspectives along the four categories of: (1) Background (2) Assumptions (3) Study area, and (4) Implications, which we believe provide a good background for the understanding of a meta-theoretical framework. Table 3 ...
Citations
... The reasons for the internationalization of company activities are many and have been well clarified by the established body of theory. A systematic review can be found in the work of Rask et al. (2008), which emphasizes four theoretical areas: a) economic and institutional; b) learning; c) strategic competition and d) inter-organizational. ...
We investigate the relationship between internationalization and the credit rating of Brazilian companies. The data was obtained from a banking institution that periodically rates its account holders. An econometric analysis was conducted using ordered choice models. The constructed model used risk rating as the dependent variable and financial variables as independent variables. The variable of interest, internationalization, measured by exports or imports, was found to be statistically significant, and it is observed that companies with international activity are more likely to be better classified in relation to risk, that is, they pose less risk to a banking institution.
... From these points of view, the RBV offers an excellent and well-founded explanation of a lack of resource sets (entry) barriers for companies to develop or implement internationalization (Arbaugh et al., 2008;Lockett & Thompson, 2001). In this context, Cerrato and Piva (2012) and Rask, Strandskov, and Hakonsson (2008) state that firm size is a good proxy for describing a firm's total resources. Davis (2008) states that firm age can be considered an appropriate measure of the expertise of family business because, following Cerrato and Piva (2012), this variable can be seen as a surrogate for the skills and resources of the firm. ...
Based on a sample of 461 micro- and small family businesses in Western Austria, this study aimed to analyze the degree of internationalization of individual activities in the value chain and their influence on the export probability of family firms. The results show that exporting and non-exporting micro- and small family businesses are internationalized in different value chain activities and can partly explain the export probability. The resource-based view (RBV) can only be used to a limited extent to explain the export activities of micro- and small family firms, and certain firm-specific and individual-decision-maker characteristics can significantly explain export probability. The findings suggest that a) micro- and small family firms take different paths of internationalization concerning their value chain and b) that the global value chain (GVC) approach should be integrated into theoretical concepts to obtain an improved explanatory model of the internationalization behavior of (family) businesses.
... Rask (2014) proposed altering the business models through resource allocation by considering the differences in the foreign geographic locations and market entry modes. Based on the market context, the domestic value proposition and the market segments should be reassessed to accommodate new value offerings for the host country's market channels (Rask, Strandskov, and Håkonsson 2008). ...
Social businesses (SB) have significant relevance as they create social impact through revenue-generating business models. The current study is intended to contribute to social entrepreneurship literature by identifying the factors that can influence social business in the internationalisation process from a developing country context, Bangladesh. The research utilised the qualitative approach to extract the required information from the selected ten (10) business cases. MAXQDA software was used to generate the required codes and categories. From the findings, three broad categories of factors have been identified that influence internationalisation: firm-centric, entrepreneur-specific, and context-specific factors related to home and host country environments. The study determined that the firm’s capabilities, such as designing technological apps and platforms to provide essential health, education, and medical services, contribute to internationalisation. In addition, the research identified the adaptation of the business model as one of the determinants of SB internationalisation. Some adaptation practices include maintaining hybrid logic, adopting social franchising model, value delivery, and value capture processes through partnership with for-profit organisations in host countries. The findings of this study are expected to be useful for academicians and also for the social entrepreneurs willing to take their enterprises to the international market level.
... Las definiciones anteriores contrastan con lo que han representado las tres perspectivas clásicas de la internacionalización (económica, de procesos, de redes) respaldadas por autores de diferentes nacionalidades (Cardozo et al., 2007;Galván Sánchez, 2003;Rask et al., 2008;Trujillo Dávila et al., 2006). La perspectiva económica, por ejemplo, ve la internacionalización como un proceso basado en los costos y las ventas económicas y financieras que produce dicha práctica (Cardozo et al., 2007;Rask et al., 2008). ...
... Las definiciones anteriores contrastan con lo que han representado las tres perspectivas clásicas de la internacionalización (económica, de procesos, de redes) respaldadas por autores de diferentes nacionalidades (Cardozo et al., 2007;Galván Sánchez, 2003;Rask et al., 2008;Trujillo Dávila et al., 2006). La perspectiva económica, por ejemplo, ve la internacionalización como un proceso basado en los costos y las ventas económicas y financieras que produce dicha práctica (Cardozo et al., 2007;Rask et al., 2008). En esta perspectiva, se encuentran teorías que buscan explicar los motivos o razones por las que una empresa emprende su expansión internacional (teoría de la organización industrial, teoría de la internalización, teoría ecléctica, teoría del enfoque macroeconómico), sumado a los contextos que ayudan a determinar las decisiones de localización de la producción, que se fundamentan en la racionalidad económica. ...
... La perspectiva de procesos ve la internacionalización como un proceso de compromiso incremental de recursos comprometidos en los mercados exteriores (Rask et al., 2008;Trujillo Dávila et al., 2006). Esta perspectiva se fundamenta en teorías y modelos estáticos (modelo Uppsala, modelo de innovación, modelo del ciclo de vida del producto, modelo de planeación sistemática, modelo de la perspectiva de la contingencia), abordando la internacionalización de forma dinámica a partir de procesos de modelación. ...
This study presents a review of scientific research on the phenomenon of global born companies from the origin of this concept until 2019. Based on a systematic review of the literature to 793 works on this type of companies included in Scopus database, we discuss the origin of the concept of born global firms, their characteristics, and associated factors. We also examine the production of writings under these perspective. Our analysis provides particular data on this "new" internationalization approach, thus allowing the allocation of greater importance to this perspective in order to promote future research studies on the subject.
... Las definiciones anteriores contrastan con lo que han representado las tres perspectivas clásicas de la internacionalización (económica, de procesos, de redes) respaldadas por autores de diferentes nacionalidades (Cardozo et al., 2007;Galván Sánchez, 2003;Rask et al., 2008;Trujillo Dávila et al., 2006). La perspectiva económica, por ejemplo, ve la internacionalización como un proceso basado en los costos y las ventas económicas y financieras que produce dicha práctica (Cardozo et al., 2007;Rask et al., 2008). ...
... Las definiciones anteriores contrastan con lo que han representado las tres perspectivas clásicas de la internacionalización (económica, de procesos, de redes) respaldadas por autores de diferentes nacionalidades (Cardozo et al., 2007;Galván Sánchez, 2003;Rask et al., 2008;Trujillo Dávila et al., 2006). La perspectiva económica, por ejemplo, ve la internacionalización como un proceso basado en los costos y las ventas económicas y financieras que produce dicha práctica (Cardozo et al., 2007;Rask et al., 2008). En esta perspectiva, se encuentran teorías que buscan explicar los motivos o razones por las que una empresa emprende su expansión internacional (teoría de la organización industrial, teoría de la internalización, teoría ecléctica, teoría del enfoque macroeconómico), sumado a los contextos que ayudan a determinar las decisiones de localización de la producción, que se fundamentan en la racionalidad económica. ...
... La perspectiva de procesos ve la internacionalización como un proceso de compromiso incremental de recursos comprometidos en los mercados exteriores (Rask et al., 2008;Trujillo Dávila et al., 2006). Esta perspectiva se fundamenta en teorías y modelos estáticos (modelo Uppsala, modelo de innovación, modelo del ciclo de vida del producto, modelo de planeación sistemática, modelo de la perspectiva de la contingencia), abordando la internacionalización de forma dinámica a partir de procesos de modelación. ...
Este estudio tiene como objetivo revisar la investigación científica sobre el fenómeno de las empresas nacidas globales desde sus inicios hasta el 2019. Basado en una revisión sistemática de literatura de 793 escritos sobre este tipo de empresas, a partir de la colección de la base de datos Scopus, los autores discuten sobre el origen del concepto de estas empresas, sus características, los factores asociados, así como un estudio de la producción de escritos en la perspectiva de la internacionalización. Este análisis proporciona datos particulares de esta “nueva” perspectiva, y los resultados obtenidos sirven para brindarle una mayor importancia con el objetivo de respaldar futuras investigaciones con base en esta.
... Otro factor que destacamos para el inicio del proceso de internacionalización en las empresas son las redes, las cuales para Rask et al (2008) destacan gran ayuda para que ocurra el proceso de internacionalización. Para Johanson y Mattson (1988) la internacionalización inicia cuando la empresa toma en consideración su entorno de red empresarial, siendo para Welch y Loustarinen (1993) las redes de contactos personales y la interacción social, claves en la entrada al mercado internacional. ...
... Las empresas en la búsqueda de su beneficio económico y financiero que permita aumentar sus ingresos ven la internacionalización como una oportunidad, tal como lo señala Rask et al (2008), el cuál advierte que la compañía busca internacionalizarse para sobrevivir y maximizar sus ingresos. ...
En la búsqueda de aumentar los ingresos y de captar más clientes para conseguir un mayor beneficio económico, las compañías buscan expandirse a mercados internacionales. A este proceso de expansión se le conoce como internacionalización. Este fenómeno presenta varias formas o modos de entrada de las compañías al mercado internacional, entre las cuales tenemos las exportaciones, acuerdos contractuales, alianzas estratégicas e inversión extranjera directa. Para el ingreso de las compañías a mercados extranjeros se han desarrollado modelos o estructuras que explican este proceso, entre los más reconocidos y estudiados tenemos el modelo Uppsala, también conocido como gradual, los nacidos globales o born glogal y la teoría de redes. En cuanto a la medición de la internacionalización se han definido tres indicadores, estos son: el tiempo, la escala y el alcance.
... Cela conduit à la construction d'une matrice [2,2] qui permet de classer les différentes théories d'internationalisation tel que proposé initialement par Strandskov (1995) et repris dans (Rask, Strandskov, & Håkonsson, 2008), matrice présentée dans le Tableau 1. ...
... Ex : Modèle d'Uppsala (Johanson & Vahlne, 1977;Johanson & Wiedershheim-Paul, 1975) Perspective interorganisationnelle Ex : Théorie des réseaux (Turnbull & Valla, 1986) Sources : Strandskov (1995) et (Rask et al., 2008) Si cette grille de lecture permet d'identifier à quelle théorie se référer lorsqu'on veut comprendre un processus d'internationalisation, elle ne permet pas de comprendre complétement à quelle stratégie l'entreprise se conforme en termes de nature de prise de décision associée à l'interdépendance entre les activités de l'entreprise. On constate bien à la lecture de cette matrice que le processus d'internationalisation n'est pas aussi simple qu'il n'y parait : le paradigme éclectique permet toutefois d'expliquer dans une approche plus large celui-ci, sans pour autant rentrer dans une des cases du Tableau 1. ...
Prospecter, attirer, localiser et ancrer sur un territoire des projets d’investissements directs étrangers (IDE) est désormais un enjeu fort pour les responsables économiques et politiques. Les acteurs du management public (techniciens, élus, citoyens) s’interrogent alors sur le type de management et d’intelligence économique territoriale à mettre en œuvre en vue de faciliter l’ancrage de ces projets. La littérature sur ce sujet est riche de recherches sur les facteurs d’attractivité et les déterminants de la localisation mais a très peu été abordée sous l’angle des sciences de gestion. Afin de comprendre les raisons du succès ou de l’échec de l’implantation de tels projets, il est alors pertinent d’interroger le processus du management public territorial dans l’objectif de comprendre ce qui sous-tend la mise en œuvre et l’ancrage d’un projet d’IDE durant son cycle de vie. A partir d’études de cas qualitatives, nous étudions les liens entre le processus d’implantation d’un projet d’IDE et son inscription dans l’écosystème territorial pour i) un projet chinois en France dans le secteur des télécommunications et ii) un projet sud-coréen au Brésil dans le secteur des semi-conducteurs. Sur la base d’une étude initiale historique produite à l’aide de sources publiques primaires et secondaires ainsi que des entretiens de confirmation avec des parties prenantes impliquées, nous proposons des analyses secondaires au prisme de la sociologie de la traduction associée au cadre strategy as practice. En remettant en cause une vision classiquement linéaire du cycle de vie du projet et en identifiant les événements et pratiques managériales clés, nous comprenons ainsi mieux le processus et la manière dont les territoires font preuve, ou non, d’agilité stratégique. Les relations entre universités, entreprises et gouvernement sont aussi analysées en termes de soutien à l'attractivité territoriale. Considérer l'attraction des projets d’IDE du point de vue de collaborations fournit ainsi de nouvelles preuves empiriques et explications du phénomène. Nous pouvons alors proposer les implications managériales suivantes : i) l'utilisation d'une stratégie de triple hélice est un facteur attractif pour la localisation d'un investissement exogène, ii) l'université entrepreneuriale est un facteur attractif lors de la localisation d'un investissement exogène et iii) les politiques publiques contemporaines doivent être impliquées dans des réseaux complexes avec la communauté pour réussir à localiser et à ancrer un investissement exogène.
Mots clés : investissement direct étranger, management public, intelligence territoriale, triple hélice, sociologie de la traduction, strategy as practice
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Territorial public management of foreign direct investment projects
A contribution to territorial intelligence
Prospecting, attracting, locating and anchoring foreign direct investment (FDI) projects in a country is now a major challenge for economic and political leaders. Public management actors (technicians, elected officials, citizens) then question themselves on the type of management and territorial economic intelligence to be implemented in order to facilitate the anchoring of these projects. The literature on this subject is rich in research on attractiveness factors and the determinants of location but has been very little addressed from the perspective of management sciences. In order to understand the reasons for the success or failure of the implementation of such projects, it is then relevant to question the process of territorial public management in order to understand what underlies the implementation and anchoring of an FDI project during its life cycle. Based on qualitative case studies, we study the links between the process of implementing an FDI project and its inclusion in the territorial ecosystem for i) a Chinese project in France in the telecommunications sector and ii) a South Korean project in Brazil in the semi-conductor sector. On the basis of an initial historical study produced using primary and secondary public sources as well as confirmatory interviews with involved stakeholders, we propose secondary analyses from the perspective of translation sociology associated with the "strategy as practice" framework. By challenging a traditionally linear view of the project life cycle and identifying key managerial events and practices, we better understand the process and how territories demonstrate, or not, strategic agility. Relations between universities, companies and government are also analysed in terms of supporting territorial attractiveness. Considering the attractiveness of FDI projects from a collaborative perspective thus provides new empirical evidence and explanations of the phenomenon. We can then propose the following managerial implications: i) the use of a triple helix strategy is an attractive factor for the location of an exogenous investment, ii) the entrepreneurial university is an attractive factor when locating an exogenous investment and iii) contemporary public policies must be involved in complex networks with the community to successfully locate and anchor an exogenous investment.
Keywords : foreign direct investment, public management, territorial intelligence, triple helix, sociology of translation, strategy as practice
... Several researchers defend a new, more integrative, holistic perspective of internationalisation that captures the variety of situations found in different business practices (Melin, 1992;Fletcher, 2001;Etemad, 2004a;Rask et al., 2008;McAuley, 2010). This holistic model is necessarily realistic and comprehensive, taking into account the different contributions of internationalisation theories and models that have been proposed over the years and correctly explaining the internationalisation of firms (e.g., Leonidou and Katsikeas, 1996;Coviello and McAuley, 1999;Fillis, 2001;Whitelock, 2002;Ruzzier et al., 2006;Mejri and Umemoto, 2010). ...
This paper proposes a conceptual model that analyses the factors influencing the export performance of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and integrates international entrepreneurship theory and international strategies. Rooted in an extensive bibliography that provides the basis for key constructs, the proposed model brings together the fundamentals of SMEs' internationalisation processes that influence these enterprises' export performance. The model highlights three important factors: industry-, environment- and firm-related aspects affecting firms' entrepreneurial orientation. The model contributes to a better understanding of the key factors affecting the export performance of SMEs, providing a simple structure that can be strategically used by entrepreneurs when launching their firms into international markets. The model complements previous approaches but offers a more integrative approach based on research that ventures further into a little explored area of the literature on internationalisation theories.
... Several researchers defend a new, more integrative, holistic perspective of internationalisation that captures the variety of situations found in different business practices (Melin, 1992;Fletcher, 2001;Etemad, 2004a;Rask et al., 2008;McAuley, 2010). This holistic model is necessarily realistic and comprehensive, taking into account the different contributions of internationalisation theories and models that have been proposed over the years and correctly explaining the internationalisation of firms (e.g., Leonidou and Katsikeas, 1996;Coviello and McAuley, 1999;Fillis, 2001;Whitelock, 2002;Ruzzier et al., 2006;Mejri and Umemoto, 2010). ...
This paper proposes a conceptual model that analyses the factors influencing the export performance of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and integrates international entrepreneurship theory and international strategies. Rooted in an extensive bibliography that provides the basis for key constructs, the proposed model brings together the fundamentals of SMEs’ internationalisation processes that influence these enterprises’ export performance. The model highlights three important factors: industry-, environment- and firm-related aspects affecting firms’ entrepreneurial orientation. The model contributes to a better understanding of the key factors affecting the export performance of SMEs, providing a simple structure that can be strategically used by entrepreneurs when launching their firms into international markets. The model complements previous approaches but offers a more integrative approach based on research that ventures further into a little explored area of the literature on internationalisation theories.
... The researchers agree that internationalization is a complex and multifaceted construct and the goals of it can be classified as follows: institutional-economic, learning, strategic competition and inter-organization (Rask, Strandskov, & Hakonsson, 2008). For the purpose of this particular study we adopt inter-organization network approach and analyze the antecedents of internationalization process from that perspective. ...
In the last decades, remote technologies changed the networks and communication behavior of a company. Although the number of researches analyzing the importance of internet to the expansion abroad is constantly growing (Gilmore, Gallagher, & Henry, 2007), the influence of e-marketing strategy on the success of internationalization process remains an unexplored scientific topic. The known theories of firm’s internationalization are not able to set the light on the speed and success of internationalization process from the internet technologies and e-marketing perspective. Therefore, this article presents an empirical testing of Revisited Internationalization Model (Skudiene, Auruskeviciene, & Sukeviciute, 2015) and a quantitative analysis of the relationship among e-marketing strategy and success of internationalization process.
