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Summary of the 12 hypothetical design scenarios including program complexity, parameter scale and coupling, and geometry.
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While the overall performance of buildings has been established to be heavily impacted by design decisions made during the early stages of the design process, design professionals are typically unable to explore design alternatives, or their impact on energy profiles, in a sufficient manner during this phase. The research presents a new design simu...
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... sce- narios were also generated using varying levels of geo- metric complexity. A summary of the 12 scenarios is provided in Figure 5. Each case has further been defined through a series of site constraints, program requirements, and geometrically driving, fixed, and driven parameters, and formal, i.e. geometric complexity. ...
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Citations
... Structural Optimization for Seismic Loads. Optimization has been widely used in other engineering fields but has recently gained attention in the design of building systems (Gerber & Lin, 2014;Wortmann, 2019). However, the complex and multi-disciplinary nature of early building design and the need for custom solutions for specific sites have limited the use of optimization in practice to only a few prominent examples (Cichocka et al., 2017). ...
Numerical analyses can aid design exploration, but there are several computational approaches available to consider design options. These range from “brute-force” search to optimization. However, the implementation of optimization can be challenging for the complex, time-intensive analyses required to assess seismic performance. In response to this challenge, this study tests several optimization strategies for the direct displacement-based design of a lateral force-resisting system (LFRS) using mass timber panels with U-shaped flexural plates (UFPs) and post-tensioning high-strength steel rods. The study compares two approaches: (1) a brute-force sampling of designs and data filtering to determine acceptable solutions; and (2) various automated optimization algorithms. The differential evolution algorithm was found to be the most efficient and robust approach, saving 90% of computational cost compared to brute-force sampling while producing comparable solutions. However, every optimization formulation did not return best range of design options, often requiring reformulation or hyperparameter tuning to ensure effectiveness.
... The main goal of optimization is to identify the optimal solution (or a set of optimal solutions, known as Pareto solutions) for a specified design problem [21]. Given the inherent complexity of architectural design problems, multi-objective optimiza- tion is recognized as a suitable approach for optimizing results in architectural generative design [22][23][24][25][26]. Its applications span from building performance optimization to neighborhood layouts optimization on an urban scale, demonstrating its ability to address diverse objectives within an architectural generative design process. ...
... In response, they proposed a framework that integrates generative design methods with data-driven decision-making for urban design. Gerber and Lin [24] integrated parametric modeling with multi-objective optimization to provide a comprehensive platform for conducting trade-off analysis in the areas of design, energy use intensity, and finance. The results of their study underscore the advantages of utilizing multi-objective optimization, as it enhances design decision-making during the initial phases of the design process and accommodates a greater degree of design complexity. ...
During the design process, architectural layout configuration is subject to complex constraints such as site conditions and design requirements, resulting in limited design efficiency. This research aims to provide architects with an effective design tool that can generate reference-worthy underground parking layout solutions based on the given site information. In this research, we extract spatial modules from underground parking layouts, and transform the design constraints into adjacency rules based on the analysis of the configuration process for underground parking layout, then develop a generation and optimization model of the underground parking layout based on the WaveFunctionCollapse algorithm (WFC) and Multi-objective Optimization (MOO), and verify the effectiveness of the model through experiments. The results show that with given plan contour and entrance/exit locations as inputs, the model can efficiently generate architectural layout solutions that meet the design objectives.
... Traditionally, designers relied on knowledge to find effective solutions, but computational tools allow designers to rapidly explore a range of solutions with quick performance feedback, enabling more efficient production of high-performance designs for architects and engineers Gerber and Lin 2009;Mueller and Ochsendorf 2015). However, some designers criticize digital design space exploration for its limitations in design thinking and potential design fixation compared to traditional sketching processes (Stones and Cassidy 2010). ...
... Specific to optimization pedagogy, recently developed courses in architecture and engineering programs have introduced optimization to students with promising initial results (Brown and Bunt 2022;Oliveira et al. 2018;Pasternak and Kwiecinski 2015), but the learning outcomes of these courses are not standardized, and the tools and processes used vary by institution. Nevertheless, much of the emerging research that considers earlystage optimization tools focuses on student participants (Brown 2020;Brown and Mueller 2016b;Gerber and Lin 2009;Mark 2012), so there is value in identifying specific sources of student limitations in design environments, particularly for optimization. Considering this population, it has been shown that novice designers tend to use less sophisticated processes compared to experts (Atman et al. 2007;Deininger et al. 2017), which may hinder effective use of optimization methods. ...
... Optimization, as a design strategy, enables the consideration of quantitative objectives such that designers make more informed decisions [5]. This approach is useful in building design as the requirements of our built environment become more numerous and complex [8,9]. Many design goals for buildings are inversely related, such as daylight and energy conservation, where the use of more glass will increase daylight, but not provide an as efficient U-value compared to an insulated wall for thermal performance. ...
Both architects and engineers increasingly use design optimization in the early stages, but it is unclear how designers’ disciplinary background may influence their optimization strategies. In considering designs with multiple conflicting objectives, large datasets of options are often produced, which can be difficult to navigate. Architects and engineers may engage with optimization tools and their feedback differently based on their background, which can affect collaborative efforts and influence design outcomes. In this study, graduate architecture and engineering students with experience in optimization responded to a design task with both quantitative and qualitative goals. The task required participants to establish and explore their own parametric design variables, producing large datasets with numerical and visual feedback. Screen recordings of the design sessions were analyzed to characterize optimization events initiated by the designers, revealing when and how often they ran optimization routines and how they reviewed the optimization feedback. The study showed that the architecture students tended to use optimization later and iterate less than the engineering students, who relied on quantitative data more often to edit their design space and justify their decisions. Future efforts to incorporate design optimization into graduate education should be cognizant of these differences, especially in multi-disciplinary settings that encourage architects and engineers to mutually engage with data during collaborative design.KeywordsMulti-objective optimization3D parametric designDisciplinary design strategiesDesign study
... Taking these areas into consideration improves information sharing and leads to making effective decisions. The lack of research into the processes of collaboration is driven mainly by the fact that most research focuses on BIM and GIS of terms in technology and interoperability (Azhar 2011) and automating decision-making (Schlueter and Thesseling 2009;Welle et al. 2011;Geyer 2012;Gerber and Lin 2014). The precise process of how to collaborate has not been captured in previous work (Zanni et al. 2017). ...
... [5][6][7] Researchers have leveraged advances in computational design to quantify and evaluate certain built environment features against highlevel numerical design goals such as energy efficiency, structural performance, and natural lighting. [8][9][10][11][12][13][14] These computational design models continue to improve in accuracy and their implementation into engineering and architectural design processes, but overall, these models are now well-established and are being used to predict the performance of a wide variety of complex structures and configurations. ...
This paper describes a method to tailor computational design algorithms to evaluate human-centric outputs in architectural projects by presenting a case study that evaluates teamwork affordance for primary care clinics. We argue that computational design assessment techniques fall short of evaluating those human experiences that stem from multiple interactions between individuals and the surrounding environment. This research suggests that future computational design algorithms could benefit from incorporating scenario-based methods developed in the field of evidence-based design, in which studies are concerned about improving qualitative goals. Through this case study, we describe the process of prototyping a computational design algorithm based on the Functional Scenario Analysis approach, applying the algorithm to evaluate case studies, visualizing findings, and extracting design strategies based on the analysis results. This method offers a new vision of how computational design can benefit informed decision-making processes and generate design alternatives aligned with a project’s design goals.
... Moreover, dynamic simulations are time-consuming and require several assumptions to generate energy models from early-stage BIM models. A few researchers developed integrated BIM-BPS solutions that provide optimised solutions [44][45][46]; however, optimised solutions are criticised for negatively affecting the designers' creativity to make design changes. ...
Global energy concerns necessitate designing energy-efficient buildings. Many important decisions affecting energy performance are made at early stages with little information. Dynamic simulations support informed decision-making; however, uncertainty, high computational time, and expensive modelling efforts impair their use at early stages. This article develops an approach using building information modelling and machine learning that provides quick energy performance information. This approach has been implemented into a web tool, p-energyanalysis.de. It allows design space exploration, assesses the energy performance of design options, compares multiple options, performs sensitivity analysis, and tracks changes. Twenty-one participants (researchers and architects) used it as a support tool for designing an energy-efficient building. Their feedbacks are discussed as part of the tool development. The study found that the tool supports early-stage design decisions by quickly providing relevant information. The limitations, such as the bias in the results towards training data population and implementation issues, are also discussed.
... The overall performance of any building is profoundly impacted by the design decisions made during the conceptual design stage. Nevertheless, designers face difficulties exploring design alternatives and their effect on the building's energy profile in an adequate manner during this stage (Gerber & Lin, 2014;Jabi, 2014). Adopting a performanceoriented design approach at the early stages of design requires several connected components such as a building model platform, an energy simulation engine, and an optional optimization algorithm (Li, Liu, & Peng, 2020). ...
Architectural design is an intellectual activity where the architect moves from the abstract to the real. In this process, the abstract represents the logical reasoning of how architectural form is configured or structured, while the real refers to the final physical form. Diagrams become an integral part of the conceptual design stage because they mediate between those two realms. Building Information Modeling (BIM) can reallocate the effort and time to emphasize conceptual design. However, many consider BIM a professionally-oriented tool that is less suitable for the early design stages. This research suggests that architectural design reasoning can be achieved using constraint-based parametric diagrams to aid conceptual design in BIM. The study examines several techniques and constructs a framework to use diagrams in the early design stages. This framework has been investigated through Villa Stein and Citrohan House by Le Corbusier. This study addresses two roles of diagrams: the generative role to create various design solutions and the analytical one to conduct an early performance study of the building. Our research contributes to the discussion on the ways designers can use digital diagrams to support the architectural design process. INTRODUCTION The key aspect of architectural design is concerned with the intellectual pursuit of creating distinctive artistic forms (Norberg-Schulz, 1965). Designers use various diagrams to develop abstract and incomplete design solutions that respond to some requirement considerations in the early stages of design. While Building Information Modeling (BIM) has gained wide acceptance in support of architectural design production, diminutive consideration has been given to the best way to support the conceptual design stage and capture the logic of architectural form within BIM. As a test case to see if BIM is sufficient for exemplifying the formal qualities of architecture in an abstract diagram, we have mapped the syntactic relationships and vocabulary of Le Cor-busier's architecture in Villa Stein and Citrohan house into a BIM template. Using BIM, this research addresses three fundamental concerns in design, using abstract diagrams to illustrate an architectural form's Building Information Modelling-Volume 2-eCAADe 39 | 39 logic, generating new designs, and conducting performance evaluation. This paper addresses the question of whether BIM can support the early stages of design and express formal knowledge through a defined set of syntactical tools and design vocabulary. We propose that BIM supports buildings' production and management and can be used to represent architectural forms explicitly.
... Parallel to its other contributions, BIM is also identified as a critical solution to performance-based architectural design through the employment of its integrated simulation tools (Natephra et al., 2016). Simulation-based design, which has the maximum impact on the overall performance of a building, is particularly useful during the early phases of design (Gerber and Lin, 2014). Simulation tools can give designers the ability to improve performance across a range of relevant criteria, including daylighting illumination (Cho and Kim, 2015). ...
/Purpose/
– In performative architectural design, daylighting is a crucial design consideration; however, the evaluation of daylighting in the design process can be challenging. Immersive environments (IEs) can create a dynamic, multi-sensory, first-person view in computer-generated environments, and can improve designers’ visual perception and awareness during performative design processes. This research addresses the need for interactive and integrated design tools for IEs toward better-performing architectural solutions in terms of daylighting illumination. In this context, building information modeling and performance simulations are identified as critical technologies to be integrated into performative architectural design.
/Design/methodology/approach/
– This research adopts a design science research (DSR) methodology involving an iterative process of development, validation and improvement of a novel and immersive tool, HoloArch, that supports design development during daylighting-informed design processes. HoloArch was implemented in a game engine during a spiral software development process. HoloArch allows users to interact with, visualize, modify and explore architectural models. The evaluation is performed in two workshops and a user study. A hybrid approach that combines qualitative and quantitative data collection was adopted for evaluation. Qualitative data analyses involve interviews, while quantitative data analyses involve both daylighting simulations and questionnaires (e.g. technology acceptance model (TAM), presence and system usability scale (SUS)).
/Findings/
– According to the questionnaire results, HoloArch had 92/100 for SUS, a mean value of 120.4 for presence questionnaire (PQ) and 9.4/10 for TAM. According to the simulation results, all participants improved the given building’s daylighting performance using HoloArch. The interviews also indicated that HoloArch is an effective design tool in terms of augmented perception, continuous design processes, performative daylighting design and model interaction. However, challenges still remain regarding the complete integration of tools and simultaneous simulation visualization. The study concludes that IEs hold promising potentials where performative design actions at conceptual, spatial and architectural domains can take place interactively and simultaneously with immediate feedback.
/Originality/value/
– The research integrates building information modeling (BIM), performative daylighting simulations and IEs in an interactive environment for the identification of potentials and limitations in performative architectural design. Different from existing immersive tools for architecture, HoloArch offers a continuous bidirectional workflow between BIM tools and IEs.
/Keywords/
Architecture, Design, Building information modeling, Simulation, Innovation, Integration
/Paper type/
Research paper
... The practice review confirms that the current design paradigm, realised and evolved by the innovative firms, differs from the conventional design workflows, which are continuously followed by most architecture schools (Bunchanan 2012), in the way that computational design tools are intensively implemented in morphological exploration (Ismail 2001;Veale 2013). Such design strategies facilitate handling the interdisciplinary aspects of geometry configuration, structural analysis, and environmental design considerations for parametric and generative form-finding (Abdullah and Kamara 2013; Agkathidis 2015), performance-based parametric design and simulations (Oxman 2008a(Oxman , 2009), automated design optimisation (Malkawi 1994;Gerber and Lin 2014), and responsive design strategies (Meagher 2015) within the paradigm of digital architecture (Oxman 2008b). Thereby fulfilling sustainability requirements, conscious design intentions, and informed decision making from the early stages of design and afterwards. ...
Leading architectural firms in professional practice are expanding their range of design possibilities using digital design strategies. A digital design strategy enables architects to make informed decisions and better handle the interdisciplinary nature of the discipline, while dealing with various complexities, uncertainties and an infinite number of the potential solutions. One of the main responsibilities of architectural education is to educate students on the breadth of professional opportunities and career paths. Therefore, it is highly important to examine the sufficiency of available digital design courses in the architectural education curriculum. To achieve this, the study examines the curriculum of two architectural programs in the Middle East and compares the findings with award-winning architectural firms in international professional practice from a digital design perspective. In the first step, various cutting-edge technology-driven firms were investigated, then three award-winning firms were subsequently selected and studied using a deliberate review. Secondly, the curriculum of each architecture school was reviewed and the responsible instructors were interviewed through a qualitative method of in-depth interviews; the perceptions and suggestions of eight academic staff members from both schools (four each) were recorded to facilitate an assessment of the status of the integrated digital design methodologies in the architecture education of the intended schools. The findings indicate that the current structures of architecture education curricula cannot match the innovative challenges and social demands of architecture in the digital age. The importance of curriculum review, as well as different incorporation alternatives of the digital design applications, are also suggested.
