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Summary of statistical analysis of ‘jackknife procedure’ used to determine environmental importance of ecological parameters (environmental layers).
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Monkeypox virus, a zoonotic member of the genus Orthopoxviridae, can cause a severe, smallpox-like illness in humans. Monkeypox virus is thought to be endemic to forested areas of western and Central Africa. Considerably more is known about human monkeypox disease occurrence than about natural sylvatic cycles of this virus in non-human animal hosts...
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The unexpected transmission of monkeypox virus (MPXV) from Central and West Africa to previously non-endemic locations is triggering a global panic. The ultrasensitive, rapid, and specific detection of MPXV is crucial for controlling its spreading, while such technology has rarely been reported. Herein, we proposed an MPXV assay combining recombina...
Little is known about the in vivo kinetics of T-cell responses in smallpox/monkeypox. We showed that macaque Vγ2Vδ2 T cells
underwent 3-week-long expansion after smallpox vaccine immunization and displayed simple reexpansion in association with sterile
anti-monkeypox virus (anti-MPV) immunity after MPV challenge. Virus-activated Vγ2Vδ2 T cells exhi...
Background:
Mpox is a viral illness with a characteristic skin rash caused by the monkeypox virus. In 2022, Mpox spread throughout the world, and an epidemic through domestic transmission started in South Korea in early 2023. This study aimed to summarize the clinical features of Mpox patients in South Korea.
Methods:
This is a multicenter retro...
Monkeypox is a zoonotic viral disease that occurs primarily in Central and West Africa. A recent outbreak in the United States heightened public health concerns for susceptible human populations. Vaccinating with vaccinia virus to prevent smallpox is also effective for monkeypox due to a high degree of sequence conservation. Yet, the identity of an...
Berlin is amongst the cities most affected by the current monkeypox outbreak. Here, we report clinical characteristics of the first patients with confirmed monkeypox admitted to our center. We analyzed anamnestic, clinical, and laboratory data. Within a period of 2 weeks, six patients were hospitalized in our unit. All were MSM and had practiced co...
Citations
... As the number of MPXV cases increased, it became obvious that humans were a particularly susceptible host to MPXV infection. During this period, scientists discovered two MPXV strains: a WA and a CA strain [3,37]. This was the first sign that MPXV had mutated and was developing to a more infectious disease, alerting public health professionals to the gravity of this emerging zoonotic virus and the need for intensified surveillance. ...
Monkeypox is a DNA virus that belongs to the orthopox virus family with two distinct clades known as West African and Congo Basin. This virus was initially discovered in crab-eating Macaques in 1958 and in 1970s it spread among people in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Initially, there were several outbreaks of the disease reported in Africa and other regions of the world. The simultaneous spread in 19 countries in 2022 prompted severe worries. The monkeypox virus is closely related to smallpox, which was responsible for the highest fatality rate in human history , and a preconceived thought combined with fear is enough to make us shiver. Furthermore, the virus is often mistaken for a sexually transmitted infection or the Varicella zoster virus. The emergence of outbreaks outside of Africa is indicative of the disease's global footprint. Increased detection and monitoring of monkey pox cases as well as understanding the disease's ever-changing epidemiology is critical. Furthermore, intensive research is yet to identify the exact small mammal reservoir for monkeypox virus. Identifying the exact reservoir may aid in the identification of previously unknown high-risk activities for getting orthopoxvirus infections. Finally, a better understanding of the potential/suspected monkeypox viral transmission pathways is required so that public health officials can develop and implement interventions to lower the risk of human infection. This review focuses on the genetic, clinical , molecular, diagnostic, and therapeutic perspectives of monkeypox.
... Serological diagnosis can be carried out using the samples like serum/plasma. Usually, serodiagnosis is conducted for the presence of IgM in acute patients and IgG in convalescence [12]. ...
Background: Recently, monkeypox virus (MPXV) infections have been reported from many parts of the world. Mpox can be transmitted through, contact with patients, fomites, sexual contact, infected animals, and during pregnancy. Complications of Mpox include encephalitis, pneumonia, and ocular infections. Rapid diagnosis is very important for identification of the virus and treatment. Aim: This article is aimed to bring new knowledge on the laboratory diagnosis of mon-keypox (Mpox). This report deals with sample collection, sample transport, and different laboratory techniques available for the diagnosis. Methods: A thorough review of literature was performed with databases Google Scholar, EMBASE, PMC, PubMed/Medline, and Cochrane Library, for the period between 1990 to February 2024. Results: Mpox is caused by a DNA virus called MPXV. Sample collection and transport should be carried out with all biosafety precautions. The laboratory requirements for handling the suspected cases of Mpox should be conducted in biosafety level-2 labs only. A variety of clinical specimens can be used for the diagnosis of Mpox. Skin lesions, throat/ nasopharyngeal swabs, urine, semen, rectal/anal swab, blood, and plasma/serum can be collected for the diagnosis. The detection methods are electron microscopy, virus culture using cell lines/embryonated eggs, PCR, RT-PCR, and serology. The commonly used techniques are PCR and RT-PCR. Virus culture on Mpox samples is carried out in the CDC laboratory only. Electron microscopy followed by negative staining is performed in reference laboratories only. Conclusion: The detection of Mpox by molecular methods such as nucleic acid amplification testing is done by conventional PCR, RT-PCR, or sequencing. This is the most accurate method to detect Mpox. The first step is the PCR to detect the Orthopox virus and the second test is to conduct PCR/sequencing to confirm the MPXV. Very recently, a commercial RT-PCR kit to detect MPXV with primers and probes designed to target the F3L gene of MPXV is available.
... Scientists and academics have put forth a number of theoretical and mathematical studies to examine the dynamics of monkeypox [2]. In their article [4], the ecological niche and geographic distribution of human monkeypox in Africa were investigated by the authors. Researchers looked at [7] to see how many outbreaks of monkeypox there will be and how long they will last in 2022. ...
The monkeypox virus (MPXV) is what causes monkeypox (MPX) disease, which is comparable to both smallpox and cowpox. Using classical, fractional-order and complex order differential equations, we offer a deterministic mathematical model of the monkeypox virus in this study to research its possible breakouts in United States. The complex order derivative makes the fractional order derivative and the integer order derivative more common when the imaginary part of the complex order equals zero and when the real part in complex order derivatives is zero in this case, the new behaviour appears that doesn't appear in integer and fractional order derivatives. Eight nonlinear complex order differential equations make up this model consisting of humans and rodents population sizes. The population of humans ℎ is divided into five different classes. The population of rodent is divided into three classes, and the derivatives are described in the Atangana-Baleanu-Caputo sense and Mittag-Leffler kernels are employed. Numerical methods to simulate complex order systems such as The standard and nonstandard two-step Lagrange interpolation methods are utilised to fit the model. The basic reproduction number of the model is given. The stability of the suggested model's disease-free equilibrium point is shown. Finally, we study the duration and monkeypox outbreak's transmission pattern in the United States from June 13 to Sep 16, 2022, numerical simulations to illustrate our findings are presented. The results show that keeping diseased people apart from the general population decreases the spread of disease.
... Children in West Africa who had not been vaccinated did not experience community-level illness, according to serological investigations of young people there. Nevertheless, in 1996, the cases of monkeypox infections reported in humans in DRC increased dramatically, and from 1997, a total of 88 people had been diagnosed with the disease [73]. Assumptions from 1996 to 2005 recommended that as non-vaccinated cohorts grew older, the age of individuals identified with monkeypox risen; 25% of all illnesses could be followed back to wildlife interaction; and transfer could last up to 9 generations of non-vaccinated interactions, compared to 3 generations in the time prior to 1996 [74]. ...
Monkeypox virus belongs to the Orthopoxvirus genus, which belongs to the Poxviridae family. The Monkeypox virus is responsible to cause monkeypox, a developing zoonotic disease that has been identified as the most common orthopoxvirus infection in humans in the post-eradication era of smallpox. The virus can be transmitted by a variety of animals, including monkeys and rodents as well as person-to-person. Monkeypox has a clinical presentation that is quite similar to smallpox but mortality is low, in that the febrile prodrome is followed by a period of skin eruption. Monkeypox cases have extended outside the forests of central Africa, where they were first discovered, to other regions of the globe, where they have been imported. This pattern of transmission is most likely related to a global reduction in orthopoxvirus immunity following the discontinuation of smallpox vaccination in 1980, when smallpox was proclaimed eliminated. As a result, monkeypox might become the very common orthopoxvirus infection that affect humans. The emergence of epidemics outside of Africa emphasizes the disease's global significance. Increased monitoring and identification of monkeypox cases are critical tools for gaining a better knowledge of the disease's ever-changing epidemiology.
... A study has shown that climate is an important driving factor for the transmission of mpox virus from wildlife to humans (44). A previous study also suggests the association of mpox virus distribution with humid lowland tropical forests, high mean annual precipitation and low elevations (45). Similarly, temperature has been identified as a significant variable that contributes to mpox virus distribution in Africa (46). ...
The Monkeypox virus, commonly abbreviated as mpox, is a viral zoonosis that is experiencing a resurgence in prevalence. It is endemic to regions of West and Central Africa that are characterized by dense forested areas. Various measures pertaining to animals, humans, and the environment have been recognized as potential factors and catalysts for the spread of the disease throughout the impacted regions of Africa. This study examines the various factors contributing to the transmission of the virus in Nigeria, with a particular focus on the animal-human and inter-human modes of transmission in rural communities and healthcare facilities. The One Health approach was emphasized as crucial in the prevention and management of this issue. Literature suggests that preventing repeated zoonotic introductions could potentially halt the transmission of the mpox virus from animal to human hosts, leading to a potential decrease in human infections.
... MPXV is divided into two geographically distinct clades: Clade I (CI, formerly known as the Congo Basin clade), which appears to be more virulent and is endemic to tropical forests of Central Africa [3,13], and Clade II (CII, formerly known as the West African clade), which is endemic to humid, lowland regions from Sierra Leone to the Southwest Region of Cameroon (Clade IIa) [14,15], and caused a multinational outbreak with extensive person-to-person transmission beginning in 2022 (Clade IIb) [2]. CII MPXV has also caused outbreaks in wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) in Côte d'Ivoire [16]. ...
Monkeypox virus (MPXV) is a re-emerging virus of global concern. An outbreak of Clade I ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT MPXV affected 20 captive chimpanzees in Cameroon in 2016. We describe the epidemiology, virology, phylogenetics, and clinical progression of this outbreak. Clinical signs included exanthema, facial swelling, peri-laryngeal swelling, and eschar. Mpox can be lethal in captive chimpanzees with death likely resulting from respiratory complications. We advise avoiding anesthesia in animals with respiratory signs to reduce the likelihood of death. This outbreak presented a risk to animal care staff. There is a need for increased awareness and a One Health approach to preparation for outbreaks in wildlife rescue centers in primate range states where MPXV occurs. Control measures should include quarantining affected animals, limiting human contacts, surveillance of humans and animals, use of personal protective equipment, and regular decontamination of enclosures.
... Serological diagnosis can be carried out using the samples like serum/plasma. Usually, serodiagnosis is conducted for the presence of IgM in acute patients and IgG in convalescence [12]. ...
Background: Recently, monkeypox virus (Mpox) infections have been reported from many parts of the world. Mpox can be transmitted through, contact with patients, fomites, sexual contact, infected animals and during pregnancy. Complications of Mpox include encephalitis, pneumonia and ocular infections. Rapid diagnosis is very important for identification of the virus and treatment. Aim: This article is aimed to bring the new knowledge on the laboratory diagnosis of monkeypox. This report deals with sample collection, sample transport and different laboratory techniques available for the diagnosis. Methods: Thorough review of literature was performed with databases Google scholar, EMBASE, PMC, PubMed/Medline, and Cochrane Library, for the period between 1990 to February 2024. Results: Monkeypox (Mpox) is caused by a DNA virus called monkeypox virus (MPXV). Sample collection and transport should be carried out with all biosafety precautions. The laboratory requirements for handling the suspected cases of monkeypox should be conducted in biosafety level-2 labs only. A variety of clinical specimens can be used for the diagnosis of monkeypox. Skin lesions, throat/nasopharyngeal swab, urine, semen, rectal/anal swab, blood and plasma/serum can be collected for the diagnosis. The detection methods are electron microscopy, virus culture using cell lines/embryonated eggs, PCR, RT-PCR and serology. The commonly used techniques are PCR and RT-PCR. Virus culture on monkeypox samples is carried out in CDC laboratory only. Electron microscopy followed by negative staining is performed in reference laboratories only. Conclusions: The detection of monkeypox by molecular methods such as nucleic acid amplification testing is done by conventional PCR, RT- PCR or sequencing. This is the most accurate method to detect monkeypox. The first step is the PCR to detect orthopox virus and the second test is to conduct PCR / sequencing to confirm the monkeypox virus. Very recently, commercial RT-PCR kit to detect monkeypox virus with primers and probes designed to target the F3L gene of monkeypox virus is available.
... Serological diagnosis can be carried out using the samples like serum/plasma. Usually, serodiagnosis is conducted for the presence of IgM in acute patients and IgG in convalescence [12]. ...
The World Health Organization stated that there is a strong possibility for another pandemic caused by a novel disease. This disease can be caused by an unidentified and new etiology. The World Health Organization named this disease as disease X. Scientists have commented that the disease X may be 20 times fatal than COVID-19. Apart from disease X, there are diverse group of viruses and bacteria that can contribute emerging and re-emerging pandemic diseases. In this commentary, we evaluate all probable microorganisms and diseases that has the full potential to bring out another pandemic disease. There are several bacterial, viral and other etiologic agents that are emerging as virulent pathogens. Due to change in climate, overuse of antibiotics, deforestation and change in lifestyle has resulted in the emergence of many pathogens. These diseases may not be controlled using existing antibiotics/antiviral agents. Since many of these diseases currently do not have vaccines, prophylaxis becomes difficult. All health care organizations and its staff should be prepared in the control of these emerging diseases. We focus on Ebola hemorrhagic fever, Marburg hemorrhagic fever, Middle East respiratory syndrome Coronavirus, Measles, Herpes zoster, Influenza virus type A, Hepatitis C virus, Monkeypox, Zika virus, other viral diseases and Plague (Black Death).
... A.Monkeypox occurrence endemic zones in Africa(Levine et al., 2007); B. Genome of Human Monkeypox Virus [The HMPXV genome is a linear, double-stranded DNA, approximately 197 kb, with inverted terminal repeats (ITRs) at its ends, and encodes more than 190 ORFs] (Sklenovská, 2020).; C. A child suffering from monkeypox in the province of North Ubangi in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (Ngbolua et al., 2022). This scientific evidence is demonstrated by the results of molecular simulation/modelling. Indeed, 12-Deoxy-16hydroxyphorbol forms a thermodynamically stable complex with viral proteins such as Poxvirus Thymidylate Kinase (PDB ID: 2V54) and protein A42R (PDB ID: 4QWO) and are stabilized by weak molecular interactions including hydrogen bonds. ...
Jatropha curcas is a versatile plant with medicinal, energy, and cosmetic potential. The ethno-botanical survey was carried out using a stratified sampling technique. J. curcas oil was extracted using the standard method, while its characterization was carried out in accordance with Standard DIN 51605 for Rapeseed Oil Fuel. The antiviral activity was evaluated in silico using molecular docking. The study found that the majority of respondents were over 50 years old, with the leaves being the most used parts. Twenty-seven illnesses are treated, of which the 5 most treated are gastritis, cough, haemorrhoids, yellow fever, and tooth decay. The Budja and the Yaka are the only ones who reached a consensus on 6 illnesses. Physico-chemical analyses showed that J. curcas oil complies with the DIN V 51605 standard. The biodiesel obtained gave a better cetane number (109). Molecular modelling indicated that the oil inhibited 2 molecular targets involved in Monkeypox virus DNA replication. J. curcas is a plant with high medicinal, energy and cosmetic potential that should be exploited in the context of sustainable development. J. curcas can be a source of income for rural areas. Bio-clinical studies should therefore be carried out to validate the efficacy and safety of this plant in the treatment of diseases.
... A.Monkeypox occurrence endemic zones in Africa(Levine et al., 2007); B. Genome of Human Monkeypox Virus [The HMPXV genome is a linear, double-stranded DNA, approximately 197 kb, with inverted terminal repeats (ITRs) at its ends, and encodes more than 190 ORFs] (Sklenovská, 2020).; C. A child suffering from monkeypox in the province of North Ubangi in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (Ngbolua et al., 2022). This scientific evidence is demonstrated by the results of molecular simulation/modelling. Indeed, 12-Deoxy-16hydroxyphorbol forms a thermodynamically stable complex with viral proteins such as Poxvirus Thymidylate Kinase (PDB ID: 2V54) and protein A42R (PDB ID: 4QWO) and are stabilized by weak molecular interactions including hydrogen bonds. ...
Jatropha curcas is a versatile plant with medicinal, energy, and cosmetic potential. The ethno-botanical survey was carried out using a stratified sampling technique. J. curcas oil was extracted using the standard method, while its characterization was carried out in accordance with Standard DIN 51605 for Rapeseed Oil Fuel. The antiviral activity was evaluated in silico using molecular docking. The study found that the majority of respondents were over 50 years old, with the leaves being the most used parts. Twenty-seven illnesses are treated, of which the 5 most treated are gastritis, cough, haemorrhoids, yellow fever, and tooth decay. The Budja and the Yaka are the only ones who reached a consensus on 6 illnesses. Physico-chemical analyses showed that J. curcas oil complies with the DIN V 51605 standard. The biodiesel obtained gave a better cetane number (109). Molecular modelling indicated that the oil inhibited 2 molecular targets involved in Monkeypox virus DNA replication. J. curcas is a plant with high medicinal, energy and cosmetic potential that should be exploited in the context of sustainable development. J. curcas can be a source of income for rural areas. Bio-clinical studies should therefore be carried out to validate the efficacy and safety of this plant in the treatment of diseases.
