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Summary of bio-analytical methods for the quantification of CGN alone and in combination with other drugs
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Sodium-glucose transporter 2 inhibitor emerges as the latest group of oral hypoglycemic agents, which shows insulin-independent pathology and provides an upper hand to enhance renal glucose elimination. Canagliflozin (CGN) was the number one drug, approved by FDA on 29th March 2013 for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. By totting up to its...
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... method was simple, accurate, precise, and can be applied in bioequivalence, pharmacokinetic, and toxicokinetic studies with desired precision and accuracy along with highthroughput. Another author also reported a sensitive, novel HPLC method using SPE as the extraction method (Deepan et al. [50]).The bio-analytical methods published for the quantitative analysis of CGN separately and in drug combination (40-50) and the results (method, matrix, sample preparation, internal standard, column/mobile phase, Rt, detection technique, and linearity) are represented in Table 3. ...Citations
... The fact that there are two daughter peaks at m/z 438.63 and m/z 279.14 shows that the suggested method can be used for in vitro studies that need accurate metabolite measurement. By taking out the molecules and studying how they work in human plasma, more toxicological research can be done (36)(37)(38)(39)(40)(41)(42)(43)(44)(45)(46)(47)(48)(49)(50). ...
... The high excretion rate of the drugs used in the treatment of chronic diseases in their unchanged form implies that a considerable proportion of these drugs are continuously released into various water systems through sewage wastes [25][26][27]. Several analytical studies [28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39] have been reported for determination of this group of drugs in different matrices however, till now there is no sensitive analytical method reported for their determination in environmental water samples. ...
Despite the anticipated exceptional properties of deep eutectic solvents (DES) in microextraction techniques, their self-aggregation behaviour has only been sporadically studied in the previous literature. In the presented study, a novel surfactant-based quasi-hydrophobic deep eutectic solvent (DES) is synthesized and utilized in dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) of three gliflozins in environmental water samples as a proof-of-concept examples. The synthesized DES is composed of benzalkonium chloride (BZKCl) as a hydrogen bond acceptor and octanol (Oct) as a hydrogen bond donor. A full optimization of the extraction conditions was carried out including molar ratio and composition of DES, volume of DES, volume of water samples, extraction time and type of diluting solvent. Moreover, the extraction mechanism was thoroughly investigated, and it was established that the extraction of the target analytes is attributed to the analytes' incorporation into the micelles’ cores that facilitates mass transfer from the aqueous layer into DES layer. Furthermore, micelles formed by surfactant-based DES will provide adequate dispersion of extractant phase within water samples, which consequently improves the extraction efficiency. Micelles formation was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Furthermore, 1H NMR spectra verifies that the synthesized DES keeps its integrity even after extraction, which excludes any decomposition of DES after DLLME procedure. The extraction recovery is in an excellent agreement with the hydrophobicity of the investigated drugs, being the highest for the most hydrophobic one. The extracted analytes were separated by UHPLC coupled with fluorescence detection. Under the optimized experimental conditions, the method exhibits excellent linearity and a high detection sensitivity with a limit of detection of 0.5, 2.0 and 0.1 ng mL−1 for EMP (empagliflozin), DAP (dapagliflozin) and CAN (canagliflozin), respectively. The greenness of the developed microextraction approach was assessed by different greenness metrics such as Complex GAPI and AGREE tools. The developed method shows excellent greenness of synthetic procedure for preparation of DES, the environmentally friendly nature of DLLME procedure as well as the greenness of the developed UHPLC approach.
