TABLE 1 - uploaded by Bryan W. Husted
Content may be subject to copyright.
Summary of Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development* Level 1: Pre-conventional Moral Reasoning Stage 1: Punishment and obedience: Being moral is being obedient to an external
Source publication
The study explores the impact of cross-national carriers of ethics on attitudes about questionable business practices and form of moral reasoning across Mexican, Spanish and U.S. MBAs. Results show substantial agreement across cultures on twelve personally most objectionable practices, while form of moral reasoning varied significantly. Social cogn...
Similar publications
In this paper, we use the country institutional profile to investigate how selected cognitive, normative, and regulative aspects of various countries relate to traditional gender role attitudes of managers from these countries. Our cross-level analyses, using hierarchical linear modeling, control for a number of individual characteristics (i.e., ag...
Citations
... Despite being commonplace in emerging markets, there is "not a country in the world which does not treat bribery as criminal on its lawbooks" (Noonan Jr. 1984, 702). Corruption is thus considered universally unethical (Husted et al. 1996), such that rationalization strategies are likely required to foster a mindset conducive to perceiving corruption to be a readily available business practice. Discursive legitimation approaches are a window into how an actor rationalizes his or her actions because they unravel an individual's thought process. ...
This chapter adopts an inductive qualitative approach to examine the case of Algerian entrepreneurs and their experience with corruption. In contexts marked by unstable institutions, corruption is often considered necessary for survival. We explore and expand on this line of reasoning through a discursive legitimation approach, relying on the work of Vaara et al. (2006) and Van Leeuwen (2007). We show that Algerian entrepreneurs adopt five legitimation strategies to justify engaging in corruption: moralization (value systems), rationalization (cognitive validity), normalization (common behaviors), authorization (authority of persons), and mythopoesis (use of narratives and stories). Thus, our chapter elucidates the mindset behind why entrepreneurs engage in corruption. We contribute to the understanding of corruption in three ways. First, we show that when corruption is embedded in an institutional environment, the decision to engage in corruption is beyond a black-and-white issue. Second, our study reveals the multifaceted interpretations of corruption by tracing the various justification discourses mobilized by entrepreneurs. Third, our chapter suggests that the multiple discursive justifications call for a broader approach to fighting corruption than what has conventionally been used.KeywordsCorruptionRationalizationJustificationDiscourseLegitimation
... Bribe-taking refers to receiving undue reward and providing the payer with extra favours by violating a special duty or obligation (Pritchard, 1998). By trading public power for private gain, bribe-taking imposes negative or unfair externalities on the public and/or societies (Barr & Serra, 2009;Pritchard, 1998) and, thus, is always regarded as a morally repugnant practice (Husted et al., 1996;Mazar & Aggarwal, 2011). Accordingly, bribe-taking is different from helping and prosocial behaviours (e.g. ...
Past work has demonstrated the psychological benefits of nostalgia; however, little is
known about its “dark side.” Considering both the sociality of nostalgia and the relational nature of bribery, we proposed that nostalgia would bolster social connectedness, which, in turn, would promote bribe-taking. We conducted four experiments ( N = 887 online and laboratory participants) to test this assumption. Experimentally induced nostalgia boosted the willingness to take a bribe across different scenarios (Experiments 1 and 2), and facilitated bribe-taking behavior (Experiment 3); the increased social connectedness accounted for these effects (Experiments 2 and 3). Furthermore, the positive effect of social connectedness on bribe-taking was salient, especially when bribe-taking was framed as a way of establishing social relationships (Experiment 4). The findings not only broaden our understanding of nostalgia and bribe-taking but also provide practical implications for anti-bribery initiatives.
... Nationality is an important personal attribute that can influence individuals' ethical decision making. Moral reasoning in different cultures is significant different (Husted, Dozier, McMahon, & Kattan, 1996). Many past studies have investigated the cross-country effects of information privacy concerns and trust. ...
This study uses a cross-cultural sample from the U.S. and China to compare information privacy-protective responses to a breach in privacy during a job interview. Using a job recruitment scenario, the relationships among individuals' concern for information privacy, disposition to trust, judgment of moral issues, and their information privacy-protective responses were examined. Based on the multiple group analysis results, this paper find that the privacy-protective responses significantly vary between the American and Chinese cultures. The findings shed light on individuals' responses to privacy issues in the United States and China.
... Some individuals use this power responsibly while others use it selfishly. Generally, instances of power abuse are rejected by society due to their negative implications (e.g., Husted et al., 1996); acts such as bribery, when involving public officials in power, threaten a nation's economic growth, democracy, and moral values (e.g., Mazar & Aggarwal, 2011). This is so partly because corruption in general and bribery in particular, often involve the granting or taking of unfair advantages, violating societal standards about impartiality (e.g., merit-based decisions made by weighing personal gains; Transparency International, n.d.; see also De Graaf, 2007). ...
... As stated in the introductory paragraphs, bribes usually are done in secret and affect reputation negatively if discovered (Muravska, 2014). Further, when bribery comes to light, it is typically condemned (Husted et al., 1996). After each story, participants were asked (1) "Will [Finley] tell her family about winning?" and (2) "Will the judge tell her friends about the gift she got?" Arguably, because contestants would be disclosing winning, as opposed to gifting, there should be no differences between experimental conditions. ...
In three experiments, we presented children and adults with opportunities to condemn acts resembling bribery, a prevalent form of power abuse. Adults and children (N = 333) in the United States rated the acceptability of actions by contest judges. Judges used their position in a self-serving (e.g., accepted or requested gifts from contestants prior to picking winners) versus responsible (e.g., rejected gifts, accepted gifts after judging) way. Across experiments, children by age 10 gave harsher ratings to judges who accepted or requested gifts prior to selecting the contest winners. Further, children expected judges to become biased (Experiment 1) and secretive (Experiment 2) if they accepted gifts during the contest. Children's judgments were influenced by characters' authority level (Experiment 3) and varied as a function of age and modality of assessment (e.g., whether gifts were accepted vs. rejected). Taken together, these results constitute evidence that by late childhood people showcase an emerging moral stance against unethical actions linked to authority-based corruption. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
... A number of articles analyze ethical policies of firms in industrialized countries and try to find out whether culture is a factor that plays a significant role in explaining country differences (Ip, 2009;Ip, 2008;Scholtens and Dam, 2007;Ang and Leong, 2000;Puffer and McCarthy, 1995). Husted et al. (1996) China now manufactures or assembles over 50% of the world's products. However, the world has been reeling from daily accounts of defective ''Made in China'' products. ...
The field of business ethics has received considerable attention from the corporate, academic, and public sectors over the past several decades. A key purpose of this paper is to examine existing research and knowledge creation in the field of business ethics. The paper includes systematic literature review using bibliomteric analysis which covers 50 articles, published in 11 peer-reviewed journals from 1994 to 2019, examining the methodological and theoretical approaches, as well as the main research focus areas. We found significant amount of studies concerning business ethics appeared mostly in business ethics journals. We identified seven areas of research covered by numerous authors in the observed period, of which three predominate: corporate culture; education; and national (cultural) approach to business ethics.
... Moreover, countries vary on their traditional views about what constitute ethical and unethical behaviors, leading to different business ethics standards among nations (Paik et al. 2017). Despite the similar perceptions shared among several nations regarding unethical business practices (Husted et al. 1996), it is 1 3 important to consider contextual variables at the country level that may influence ethical issues at the individual level (McLeod et al. 2016). Therefore, cross-national factors must also be taken into account when conducting ethics research (Jackson et al. 2013;Lehnert et al. 2015). ...
In this study, we used the framework of institutional anomie theory (Messner and Rosenfeld in Crime and the American dream, Wadsworth, Delmont, CA, 2001; Rosenfeld and Messner in: Passas and Agnew (eds) The future of anomie theory, Northeastern University Press, Boston, 1997) to examine the relationship between supervisors’ ethics and their personal value orientation, including achievement and pecuniary materialism. We further investigated whether these individual-level associations were moderated by societal factors consisting of income inequality, government efficiency, foreign competition, and technological advancement. Hierarchical linear modeling was used to analyze data of 16,464 supervisors from 42 nations obtained from the 2010–2014 wave of the World Values Survey. Results showed that strong achievement value orientation was positively related to willingness to justify ethically suspect behaviors; government efficiency and technological advancement, respectively, had negative and positive moderating effects on this relationship. On the other hand, foreign competition had a positive moderating effect on the association between pecuniary materialism and ethicality.
... Bribery refers to the act in which a person offers, promises, or gives another person a financial or other type of advantage, with the intention of inducing that person to engage in unethical behavior (Bello, 2014). Although it is consistently seen as a morally repugnant practice (Husted et al., 1996), bribery is not unusual. A world-wide survey reported that about 900 million people living in 16 Asian-Pacific countries (including China, India and South Korea) paid at least one bribe in the period of 2015-2017 to access public services (Transparency International Index, 2018). ...
Although scholars have long been interested in distinguishing gift giving from bribery, the impact of the degree of guanxi between a giver and a recipient on this distinction remains unclear. Drawing on a bystander perspective, this paper investigates how people distinguish between two types of giving behavior: gift giving and bribing. In three studies, we examined how guanxi (Study 1, n = 143 Chinese students), the price of a present (Study 2, including 106 students and 55 employees), and the motivation for giving a present (Study 3, n = 33 Chinese students) influence people's perception of a present (i.e., as a gift or a bribe). The results largely supported our expectation that presents were more likely to be considered a bribe when guanxi utility was high, if the present held high economic value, and if the giving motivation was instrumental oriented. Implications of our findings for future research and business practitioners in Chinese culture are discussed.
... Scarcely any, if at all, studies exist that have looked at the role of culture in explaining the relationship of personality on ethical attitudes using large cross-national samples. Most of the current cross-national research appears to focus on variables such as national culture (e.g., Husted et al. 1996;Tsui et al. 2007) and social institutions (e.g., Hofstede 2001;Schooler 1996). Some work has been conducted cross-nationally with personality, but that work has focused on issues such as satisfaction (Haar et al. 2014;Magee et al. 2013) and subjective wellbeing (Cheng et al. 2014;Fonseca-Pedrero et al. 2017). ...
In this paper, we examine the relationships between three of the Big 5 personality traits (conscientiousness, openness to experience, and agreeableness) and willingness to justify unethical behavior. We also consider the moderating relationship of four of the GLOBE cultural dimensions (institutional collectivism, humane orientation, performance orientation, and assertiveness) on the above relationship. We tested our propositions on a sample of 38,655 individuals from 23 different countries obtained from the latest data available from the World Values Survey Group’s survey (WVS 2014). We found that conscientiousness and agreeableness were both negatively associated with willingness to justify unethical behavior. We also conducted Hierarchical Linear Modeling and found significant interaction effects of selected GLOBE cultural dimensions (humane orientation, assertiveness, institutional collectivism, and performance orientation) on the relationships between personality traits and willingness to justify unethical behavior. We provide managerial implications of our findings, as well as suggestions for future research.
... Studies show that employees with internalized multiple cultural identities and a variety of abilities turn to have expanded behaviour repertoires, better developed social interactions, and power dynamics in the group (Lücke et al., 2014). Additionally, wage satisfaction, organizational commitment, opportunities for future development, and cultural identity model the ethical framework for moral reasoning (Peterson, 2003;Husted et al., 1996). ...
With increasing globalization and ever-changing business environment, the
ability to positively and effectively deal with uncertainty, volatility, ambiguity and failure is
vital for organizations and individuals. Self-development and life-long learning have become a necessity, namely a part of an individual’s personal and professional life, as well as the ability to manage setbacks and thrive in times of adversity. How can companies make sure to recruit suitable personnel that will successfully cope with this current disruptive fast-paced changing arena?
This article argues if employers should recruit talented candidates or rather applicants
with a growing immigrant mindset - which of them are more likely to thrive? Besides that, an “immigrant mentality” can represent a competitive edge.
Immigrants, having come out of their comfort zones and being used to facing challenges on a daily basis, are used to dealing with “discomforts”. Immigrants tend to perceive adversity as an opportunity rather than a crisis. They embrace change and failures, and “think outside the box and find a way”.
Lastly, because of necessity, they are more likely to develop “life skills” and become “resourceful when there are no resources”: the reason is that they see their environment with fresh eyes (Keuilian, 2017).
Organizations like Microsoft are implementing a growth mindset talent policy (Dweck, Hogan, 2017). Should other companies change their talent management strategy as well?
... Cross-Cultural Literature. In cross-cultural research, one school of thought posits the commonality of human nature and argues that a set of universal values and ethical standards exists (Bigoness and Blakely, 1996;Brown, 2013;Horodecka, 2014;Husted, Dozier, McMahon, and Kattan, 1996;Ralston, Holt, Terpstra, and Kai-Cheng, 1997). According to this philosophy, cultural differences are superficial and people in China exhibit the same ethical values as people in France. ...
Within a CSR framework, this paper reports on an extensive array of studies that explore consumer and employee issues with businesses in 13 countries, including the United States and countries in Eastern and Western Europe, Latin America, Asia, and the Middle East. The relevance of this study is based on the idea that consumer trust and fair treatment of employees are both core components of CSR and vital elements of economic efficiency and satisfaction from both supplier and customer perspectives. The questionnaires included open-ended inquiries which employed the technique of unaided recall, alternatively known as “top of mind” awareness. This method’s strength is that it provides minimum direction to respondents, thus avoiding interviewer bias. The resulting data were examined and classified using the method of content analysis. The results indicate that in Mexico and Argentina most consumer complaints involved price, while in Russia, China, and India consumers complained about aspects of product policy. Only Brazilian consumers registered their major concerns as complaints on service. The complaints about corporate policy focused on the poor treatment of employees. The between-country contrasts were often large; for example, 26% of Japanese respondents expressed concerns about employee issues whereas such complaints were limited to 3% of our Mexican sample. The strength of the current research is the combination of the breadth of the study (13 countries) coupled with the employment of national probability samples. The corresponding limitation stems from the limited depth of inquiry associated with the methodology employed and the inherent complexity of cross-national comparisons. The key implication of the paper is that both customers and employees have numerous complaints regarding the treatment they receive from corporations, but these issues show significant differences between the countries in the sample. In-depth examination of the individual countries is one of several fruitful areas suggested for further research. Keywords: Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), Consumer Complaints, Price, Product, Service.
