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Anglo-German Foundation for the Study of Industrial Society
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... This finding corroborates earlier studies suggesting that Western nations typically exhibit higher rates of entrepreneurial activity than others [28]. Bürgel et al. [29] also highlight the substantial internationalization of sales among British and German startups. Furthermore, Klapper [30] notes a significant growth in the number of startups in France in 2009. ...
Studying acquisitions offers invaluable insights into startup trends, aiding informed investment decisions for businesses. However, the scarcity of studies in this domain prompts our focus on shedding light in this area. Employing Crunchbase data, our study delves into the global network of company acquisitions using diverse network analysis techniques. Our findings unveil an acquisition network characterized by a primarily sparse structure comprising localized dense connections. We reveal a prevalent tendency among organizations to acquire companies within their own country and industry. Furthermore, our temporal analysis indicates a growth in network communities over time, accompanied by a trend toward a sparser network. Through centrality metrics computation in the cross-city acquisition network, we identify New York, London, and San Francisco as pivotal and central hubs in the global economic landscape. Finally, we show that the United States, United Kingdom, and Germany are predominant countries in international acquisitions .
... Globalization and market liberalization create a favorable environment for small to medium-sized enterprises (SME) to achieve international growth (Coviello and McAuley 1999;Knight 2000;Burgel, Fier, and Licht 2001;Nummela, Loane, and Bell 2006). In particular, growing demand from compressed developing markets, such as China, which show multiple stages of economic development simultaneously instead of sequentially, provides new opportunities and challenges for SMEs to extend their customer base and achieve business growth (Whittaker et al. 2020(Whittaker et al. , 2010. ...
The methods Western SMEs can use to activate assets of foreignness in compressed developing markets are not well understood. To fill this gap, this study identifies three main mechanisms for such activation: conforming to home-country institutions, creating distancing narratives and accentuating foreignness. It contributes knowledge about SME internationalization into compressed developing markets through two findings. First, SMEs can benefit from contrasting country practices and norms between home and host countries. Second, SMEs can activate institutional resources of their home country, which requires between-market learning because the value of these resources arises from their use in a different context.
... More specifically, we collected our data in two survey waves, one in 2016 and one in 2018, based on the same selection criteria. Specifically, we selected ventures that were maximum 10 years old and operated in high-tech sectors, based on their official industry codes (Burgel et al. 2004). Furthermore, only independent ventures, having no single external shareholder holding a majority stake, were selected. ...
This study investigates the board of directors’ contribution to opportunity development in high-tech ven- tures. Based on the dynamic managerial capabilities per- spective, we argue that more experienced boards will con- tribute more to opportunity development. Furthermore, building on the attention-based view, we argue that this effect will be moderated by structural and situational factors that affect board members’ attention to the venture’s op- portunity development process. Using hand-collected data on 179 high-tech ventures in Belgium, we find that board experience has a stronger relationship with the board’s contribution to opportunity development when board size decreases, when board tenure increases and when the ven- ture underperforms. These findings offer a contribution to the literature on opportunity development in new ventures and to research on the boards of directors’ role in new ventures. They also have important implications for entre- preneurs who are trying to develop opportunities and their stakeholders.
... From traditional international business literature, three main perspectives can be found aiming to explain internationalisation processes (Table 1) (Akter et al. 2019;Andersson 2000;Burgel et al. 2001). These three domains identify how internationalisation has been explained through previous theories, either by growth and expansion, or though strategies and methods, therefore considering an internationalisation theory any paradigm which study: ...
Sharing Economy platforms have expanded their operations all around the globe at an unexpected rate. Due to its “asset-lite” nature, traditional internationalisation theories may not be able to fully explain or predict their expansion patterns. This lack of theoretical background puts at risk the phenomenon’s future and stops traditional companies from coming up with a solid plan to compete against platforms. To ease the creation of a Sharing Economy internationalisation paradigm, this paper intends to review the existing research regarding the internationalisation of sharing platforms as well as the applicability of existing theories. Through a systematic literature review, the existing research was reviewed, and afterwards, internationalisation theories and their distinct factors extracted were noted to address the applicability of these within the singularities of the sharing phenomenon. This classification of factors was done according to the exiting literature in the field. After this research, we can confirm the lack of explanatory power of traditional theories regarding sharing platforms and confirm the insufficient research regarding these operations. We propose a list of factors that should be considered for future research as a guideline for the further development of the Sharing Economy internationalisation theory. Additionally, the factors classification is tested upon the case of the internationalisation of Blablacar, the most extensive carpooling network operating, to check if the theoretical and the practical approaches converge.
... ightly related with greater performance relative to competing firms. Westhead, et. al. (2001) suggests that the relationship between internationalization and small business performance may be country, industry or region specific (circumstantial). Their claim is further confirmed by several studies (McDougall & Oviatt, 1996;Bloodgood, et. al., 1996;Burgel, et. al., 2001;Zhang & Yang, 2009) based on internationalization in new technology-based sector such as software firms. McDougall & Oviatt(1996) observed that firms that had increased international sales reflected superior performance. Additionally, Bloodgood et al. (1996) found that internationalization was moderately related with ventures that regist ...
... Additionally, Bloodgood et al. (1996) found that internationalization was moderately related with ventures that registered higher profits. Burgel et al. (2001) noted that firms with international operations recorded superior productivity and sales growth but not employment growth. Chatterjee & Lim (2000) based on the relationship between the external factors and internal factors of SMEs in Singapore with the degree of internationalization and performance also echoed the same sentiment. ...
Internationalization is believed to be an essential component of business success, more so in relation to survival, longevity, market expansion, access to new technology, access to capital, access to expertise, and the gradual establishment as a key player in regional markets and economies. Though efforts are being made by agencies such as the Uganda Export Promotion Board championing this cause, a big part of cross-border transactions still remain informal and a larger number of small businesses seem not to embrace the notion of internationalizing. Internationalization is particularly important in the context of Uganda due to the evolving regional economic integration initiatives to consolidate an East African market, which should be an added motivator to internationalizing among small businesses. This book identifies the levels of internationalization and why such levels exist among small businesses in Kampala, Uganda.
... According to the survey research conducted by Bürgel et al. (2004), many young, internationalizing high tech firms benefitted from R&D funding, whilst their access to internationalization support remained limited. At the time the research was conducted, a few schemes tailored to the needs of technology firms existed; their reliance on the R&D grants prior and during the internationalization encourages renewed research interest in the perception of the firms on possible complementarity of the different instruments. ...
W opartej na wiedzy gospodarce globalnej najszybciej rozwijające się startupy są jednocześnie najbardziej innowacyjne i zinternacjonalizowane. Autorzy stawiają hipotezę, iż koncentrowanie publicznego wsparcia na przedsiębiorstwach o wysokim potencjale wzrostu (scaleups) jest elementem integrującym kluczowe polityki w obszarze badań, innowacji, przedsiebiorczości i internacjonalizacji. W celu weryfikacji hipotezy przeprowadzono analizę z trzech perspektyw badawczych: narodowych systemów innowacyjnych w krajach UE i organizacji pomostowych w Dolinie Krzemowej (niniejsza Część I) oraz innowacyjnych startupów z Polski wchodzących na rynek USA poprzez Północną Kalifornię (Część II, publikowana w kolejnym numerze „Przeglądu Organizacji”). W procesie badawczym zidentyfikowano dobre praktyki łączące systemy wsparcia internacjonalizacji, innowacyjności i przedsiębiorczości w krajach członkowskich UE oraz wzajemne relacje z ich rządowymi Organizacjami Pomostowymi w Dolinie Krzemowej. Jako najbardziej zaawansowany przykład kraju traktującego system wsparcia internacjonalizacji przedsiębiorców jako oś koordynującą politykę innowacyjną, w tym działalność Organizacji Pomostowych, wskazano Finlandię, a w szerszym aspekcie współpracy pomiędzy krajami – kraje skandynawskie.
... There is sound evidence of the effect of innovation on internationalization (Becker and Egger, 2013;Cassiman andGolovko, 2011, Cavusgil andZou, 1994;Trevino and Grosse, 2002;Westhead et al., 2004). In fact, Burgel et al. (2001) found that firms reporting higher levels of R&D intensity were significantly more likely to be exporters. The propensity to export has been linked to technological awareness (Prefontaine and Bourgault, 2002) and technology intensity (Trevino and Grosse, 2002). ...
A fundamental, but overlooked stream of resource-based theory (RBT) is the analysis of combinations of initial heterogeneous resource endowments with homogeneous resources that are acquired in the market. These combinations can generate heterogeneous, specific non-tradable resources, which are a potential source of superior competitive advantage and, hence, performance. In order to operationalize this idea empirically, we analyse the development of internationalization resources (considered a specific category of non-tradable resources) within family and non-family firms. Compared to non-family firms, we argue that family firms are able to combine a particular type of heterogeneous initial resource (i.e. familiness) with homogeneous tradable resources acquired in the market. This question is tested using a panel of family and non-family Spanish manufacturing firms for the period 1990 to 2010. As a result, this study contributes to the literature on RBT, extending previous theoretical and empirical research in this stream.
... However, Brown et al. (2014) emphasize that high-growth firms do not restrict themselves to export activities, but use a wide range of means to expand to foreign markets such as joint ventures, overseas foreign direct investments (FDI) and licensing. The rather scant literature analysing the market expansion strategies of highgrowth firms, reveals that high-growth firms are significantly more internationalised compared to non high-growth firms and that they use various mechanisms for market expansion (Brown & Mawson, 2016;Bürgel, Fier, Licht, & Murray, 2004). Encouraged by the rapid development of the digital economy, cross-border e-commerce became a mainstream and efficient method for the internationalisation of goods and services. ...
This report contributes to a better understanding of the framework conditions that are conducive to the emergence and the growth of entrepreneurial activities in Europe. It takes into account a broad variety of framework conditions, including entrepreneurial culture, access to human capital, support initiatives for knowledge creation and networking, market conditions, availability of sufficient and appropriate finance, prevailing business regulations and the quality of the supporting infrastructure. For each of these framework conditions, the underlying components that affect respectively the creation and growth of firms are identified in the prevailing entrepreneurial literature. A set of two composite indicators – i.e. the Entrepreneurship and Scale-up Indices (ESIS) –have been constructed to facilitate the comparison across Member States. As such, this report provides a working tool to monitor and benchmark EU Member States in the creation of a business-friendly environment that can foster both the creation and the growth trajectories of firms.
... The average age of the firms in our sample was 7.33 years and firms were within the range that is typically considered acceptable for high-tech start-ups, namely up to 13 years old (Knockaert and Ucbasaran, 2013). Second, we checked whether the ventures belonged to high-tech sectors, as classified by Bürgel et al. (2004). Third, we checked whether only early stage high-tech firms with no individual external shareholder holding a majority stake were included. ...
In this paper, we unite upper echelon theory and the attention based view of the firm to provide a deeper understanding of which top management team (TMT) characteristics, directly, or indirectly through board service involvement, result in TMT effectiveness in high-tech start-ups. In order to do so, we build upon data collected from 103 Norwegian academic spin-outs. The findings demonstrate that diversity and cohesion among TMT members directly and positively affect TMT effectiveness, and that board service involvement mediates the relationship between TMT diversity and TMT effectiveness. Finally, we find that higher proportions of board outsiders positively moderate the relationship between board service involvement and TMT effectiveness.
... The authors identified four dimensions of international expansion, namely, the 'what', the 'how', the 'where' and the organizational structure. Burgel, Murray, Fier, and Licht, (2000) identified five dimensions of international expansion as the incidence, the degree of international expansion, the timing of market entry, target countries and the market entry modes. ...
