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La presente investigación determinó la existencia de contaminantes en la leche cruda de diez centros de acopio con capacidad de recepción entre 2,000 a 10,000 litros ubicados en siete cantones de la Provincia del Azuay. Se colectaron 90 muestras tomadas en tres visitas a cada centro durante los meses de julio y agosto de 2016. En cada muestra se an...
Citations
... A systematic review and meta-analysis according to Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) methodology for reviews of exactitude of diagnostic tests, and reported according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. 9,10 The study protocol has been published in OSF (https://osf.io/ DOI 10.17605/OSF.IO/T8KYP). ...
Introduction:
The clinical guideline for the management of sepsis, recommends using arterial blood samples for glycaemic control. A multicentre study in 86 Spanish intensive care units (ICU) revealed that 85.4% of ICUs used capillary puncture.
Objective:
To analyse the reliability of glycaemia by comparing different blood samples (arterial, venous, capillary) and instruments (glucometers, gasometers, central laboratory). Secondarily, to estimate the effect of confounding variables and the performance of measuring instruments as determined by different quality standards.
Methodology:
Systematic review and meta-analysis with search in PubMed, CINAHL and Embase databases in September-2021 and September-2022, with no time or language limits. Grey literature sources: DART-Europe, OpenGrey and Google Scholar. Results summarised by qualitative (description of results, study characteristics) and quantitative (meta-analysis to assess standardised mean difference) synthesis. Methodological quality of articles assessed with Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies-2 (QUADAS-2).
Protocol:
https://osf.io/ DOI 10.17605/OSF.IO/T8KYP.
Results:
A total of 32 articles and 5451 patients were included. No discrepancies were obtained between arterial glucometer vs laboratory samples [bias (95%CI): 0.01 (-0.12 to 0.14) mg/dL]. In contrast, arterial samples with a gasometer did significantly overestimate [bias (95%CI): 0.12 (0.01 to 0.24) mg/dL]. The same trend is seen in capillaries with a glucometer, although not significantly [bias (95%CI): 0.07 (--0.02 to 0.15) mg/dL]. There is discrepancy between studies on the effect of haematocrit and acid-base balance. The greatest consensus is on the poor agreement of glucometer with capillary vs laboratory samples in the presence of shock and vasopressor support, renal failure or during vitamin C treatment.
Conclusions:
The evidence to date recommends the use of arterial blood with a blood glucose meter for better reliability of glycaemic analysis and less effect of possible confounding variables, frequently present in the critically ill adult patient.
... Two independent reviewers performed the search and screening of references, consulting a third reviewer about disagreements, elucidating the differences by consensus. The critical appraisal tools recommended by Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) were applied to analyze reported data, rating the studies (0-10 in case-control and 0-11 in cohort studies) according to the items scored [16] (Appendix B). ...
Introduction
Clinical outcome assessment (COA) is an important instrument for testing the effectiveness of treatments and for supporting healthcare professionals on decision-making. This review aims to assess the use of COAs, and the evaluation time points of motor status in patients with brain tumor (BT) undergoing surgery.
Methods
We performed a scoping review through MEDLINE, EMBASE, and LILACS databases, looking for original studies in primary or secondary BT, having motor function status as the primary outcome. Exclusion criteria: mixed sample, BT recurrence, and an unspecific description of motor deficits evaluation.
Results
Nine studies met the eligibility criteria. There were 449 patients assessed. A total of 18 scales evaluated these BT patients, 12 performance outcomes measures (PerfO) tested motor function. Four scales were the clinician-reported outcome measures (ClinRO) found in this review, two assessed performance status, and two rated ambulation. Two patient-reported outcome measures (PRO) appraised functionality.
Conclusions
A variety of instruments were used to assess BT patients. Rehabilitation studies are more likely to associate the use of PerfO and PRO concerning motor and functional status. The use of specific validated scales to the BT population was rare. The lack of a standardized approach hampers the quality of BT patient’s assessment.
... Formula of sample size calculation for the research studies to estimate population mean is presented in eq. (6) [1,9]. (6) Where "n" is the required sample size, d is the research design factor, (1-α) % is desired confidence level, Z is the cut off value at the tails of standard normal curve, is the estimated population standard deviation (units) of outcome variable, e is the desired absolute precision (units), is the estimated population mean (units) of outcome variable and is the desired relative precision (%). ...
... Diagnostic test accuracy studies are quite common in practice to compare a new or potential test or protocol or index against an existing test or protocol or index, which is known to be the best available test for identifying the presence or absence of the condition of interest. Predominantly reported measures of diagnostic accuracy are sensitivity, specificity, negative and positive predictive values, negative and positive likelihood ratios, and area under the curve of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve [9]. Formula of sample size calculation for the diagnostic accuracy studies based on sensitivity and specificity is presented in eq. ...
... (9) [11]. ( 9 ) Where "n" is the required sample size, d is the research design factor, (1-α) % is desired confidence level, Z is the cut off value at the tails of standard normal curve, e is the margin of error and is the variance of anticipated area under the curve ( ). ...
For the reliability and general ability of the results of any epidemiological or medical research study, adequate number of study units is extremely important. Study of both less than needed and unnecessarily large sample size is ethically and economically unfair. Considering the importance of sample size, its determination and justification in all kinds of epidemiological or medical research studies, we propose simple and non-technical explanation to the available sample size calculation methods. In this review we covered most frequently encountered study designs in medical research. Present review provides statistical formulas for the sample size calculation of the research studies with varying objectives such as estimation of population proportion(s) and hypothesis testing, estimation of population mean, estimation of diagnostic accuracy, estimation of association and reliability, sample size calculation for case control studies, and sample size calculation for cohort studies. Limited technical details and explanations of underlying theoretical assumption for each method have been included to ensure the adaptability of the method with minimal theoretical understating and statistical knowledge.
... Formula of sample size calculation for the research studies to estimate population mean is presented in eq. (6) [1,9]. (6) Where "n" is the required sample size, d is the research design factor, (1-α) % is desired confidence level, Z is the cut off value at the tails of standard normal curve, is the estimated population standard deviation (units) of outcome variable, e is the desired absolute precision (units), is the estimated population mean (units) of outcome variable and is the desired relative precision (%). ...
... Diagnostic test accuracy studies are quite common in practice to compare a new or potential test or protocol or index against an existing test or protocol or index, which is known to be the best available test for identifying the presence or absence of the condition of interest. Predominantly reported measures of diagnostic accuracy are sensitivity, specificity, negative and positive predictive values, negative and positive likelihood ratios, and area under the curve of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve [9]. Formula of sample size calculation for the diagnostic accuracy studies based on sensitivity and specificity is presented in eq. ...
... (9) [11]. ( 9 ) Where "n" is the required sample size, d is the research design factor, (1-α) % is desired confidence level, Z is the cut off value at the tails of standard normal curve, e is the margin of error and is the variance of anticipated area under the curve ( ). ...
... The proposed systematic review will be conducted in accordance with the JBI methodology for systematic reviews of diagnostic test accuracy. 25 This review has been registered in The international Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (registration number CRD42019140276). ...
Objective:
To synthesize the best available evidence for the diagnostic test accuracy of procalcitonin (PCT) compared to C-reactive protein (CRP) in diagnosing osteomyelitis (OM) and septic arthritis, in hospitalized children and adolescents.
Introduction:
Serum measurement of PCT has been shown to outperform CRP in diagnosing adult osteoarticular infections. Before PCT can be considered as a potential diagnostic test in children and adolescents, a systematic review is required.
Inclusion criteria:
Children and adolescents aged one month to 18 years, admitted to hospital with suspected acute osteoarticular infection. Original studies measuring the diagnostic accuracy of PCT and/or CRP in the diagnosis of acute OM or septic arthritis, defined as: positive culture or polymerase chain reaction (PCR) confirmation of an accepted pathogen from blood, bone biopsy or joint fluid aspirate and/or at least two of the following: 1) purulent material from biopsy or aspirate specimen; 2) positive radiological findings of osteoarticular infection; 3) symptoms and signs consistent with OM/septic arthritis.
Methods:
JBI methodology for systematic reviews of diagnostic test accuracy will be utilized. A three-step strategy will be undertaken to find relevant studies that will be assessed and reviewed using JBI SUMARI. A standardized critical appraisal tool will assess methodological quality of studies. The main outcome will be pooled sensitivity and specificity measures with 95% confidence intervals for PCT and CRP in OM or septic arthritis. Results will be presented using either paired forest plots, receiver operator characteristic curves and narrative synthesis, and will include a summary of findings table.
Systematic review registration number:
CRD42019140276.
... Further improvements are needed before breath test devices can be introduced into the routine TB diagnostic work flow. reviewed by A.M.S. and D.D.P. with a critical appraisal sheet taken from Joanna Briggs Institute Reviewers' Manual 2015 [29] which was developed based on the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies (QUADAS)-2 approach [30]. Resolving disagreements was conducted in the same manner. ...
... A data extraction sheet was developed based on Joanna Briggs Institute Reviewers' Manual 2015 [29]. We pilot-tested it on ten randomlyselected included studies, and refined it accordingly. ...
Background:
Breath tests may diagnose tuberculosis (TB) through detecting specific volatile organic compounds produced by Mycobacterium tuberculosis or the infected host.
Methods:
To estimate the diagnostic accuracy of breath test with electronic-nose and other devices against culture or other tests for TB, we screened multiple databases until January 6, 2019.
Findings:
We included fourteen studies, with 1715 subjects in the analysis. The pooled sensitivity and specificity of electronic-nose were 0.93 (95% CI 0.82-0.97) and 0.93 (95% CI 0.82-0.97), respectively, and no heterogeneity was found. The sensitivity and specificity of other breath test devices ranged from 0.62 to 1.00, and 0.11 to 0.84, respectively.
Interpretation:
The low to moderate evidence of these studies shows that breath tests can diagnose TB accurately, however, to give a real-time test result, additional development is needed. Research should also focus on sputum smear negative TB, children, and the positioning of breath testing in the diagnostic work flow.
Funding:
The authors received no specific funding for this work.
... This systematic review protocol was developed according to: (1) the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis Protocols (PRISMA-P), 20 and (2) the Joanna Briggs Institute ( JBI) methodology for systematic reviews of diagnostic test accuracy. 21 It has been enrolled with the PROSPERO prospective register of systematic reviews: CRD42016027953. ...
Introduction
Hodgkin lymphoma is an effectively treated malignancy, yet 20% of patients relapse or are refractory to front-line treatments with potentially fatal outcomes. Early detection of poor treatment responders is crucial for appropriate application of tailored treatment strategies. Tumour metabolic imaging of Hodgkin lymphoma using visual (qualitative) 18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) is a gold standard for staging and final outcome assessment, but results gathered during the interim period are less accurate. Analysis of continuous metabolic–morphological data (quantitative) FDG-PET may enhance the robustness of interim disease monitoring, and help to improve treatment decision-making processes. The objective of this review is to compare diagnostic test accuracy of quantitative versus qualitative interim FDG-PET in the prognostication of patients with Hodgkin lymphoma.
Methods
The literature on this topic will be reviewed in a 3-step strategy that follows methods described by the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI). First, MEDLINE and EMBASE databases will be searched. Second, listed databases for published literature (MEDLINE, Tripdatabase, Pedro, EMBASE, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and WoS) and unpublished literature (Open Grey, Current Controlled Trials, MedNar, ClinicalTrials.gov, Cos Conference Papers Index and International Clinical Trials Registry Platform of the WHO) will be queried. Third, 2 independent reviewers will analyse titles, abstracts and full texts, and perform hand search of relevant studies, and then perform critical appraisal and data extraction from selected studies using the DATARI tool (JBI). If possible, a statistical meta-analysis will be performed on pooled sensitivity and specificity data gathered from the selected studies. Statistical heterogeneity will be assessed. Funnel plots, Begg's rank correlations and Egger's regression tests will be used to detect and/or correct publication bias.
Ethics and dissemination
The results will be disseminated by publishing in a peer-reviewed journal. Ethical assessment will not be needed; only existing sources of literature will be searched.
Trial registration number
CRD42016027953.
... In order to facilitate the conduct of these reviews the Joanna Briggs Institute has now released methodological guidance for systematic reviews of diagnostic test accuracy. 5,6 These guidelines bring together existing standards for studies of diagnostic test accuracy, such as QUADAS (Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies) 2 for critical appraisal 7 and STARD (Standards for Reporting of Diagnostic Accuracy) for data extraction. 8 It is well recognized, however, that when it comes to diagnostic tests there is more to consider than simply their accuracy. ...
Objective
To identify tools that predict the risk of complications in patients presenting to outpatient clinics or emergency departments (ED) with acute infectious diarrhea.
Methods
Medline, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science and CINAHL were searched from inception to July 2021. Articles reporting on the derivation or validation of a score to stratify the risk of intravenous rehydration or hospitalization among patients with acute infectious diarrhea in the ED or outpatient clinic were retained for analysis.
Results
Five articles reporting on two different tools were identified. Developed to assess the risk of hospitalization of children, the EsVida scale has not been externally validated. Developed originally to assess the level of dehydration in children, the Clinical Dehydration Scale (CDS) was evaluated as a risk stratification tool. For predicting intravenous rehydration, a CDS score ≥ 1 showed a sensitivity between 0.73 and 0.88 and specificity between 0.38 and 0.69, whereas a CDS score ≥ 5 showed a sensitivity between 0.06 and 0.32 and specificity between 0.94 and 0.99. For predicting hospitalization, a CDS score ≥ 1 showed a sensitivity between 0.74 and 1.00 and specificity between 0.34 and 0.38, whereas a CDS score ≥ 5 showed a sensitivity between 0.26 and 0.62 and specificity between 0.66 and 0.96. High heterogeneity among studies and unclear risk of bias precluded meta-analysis.
Conclusion
As a risk-stratification tool, the CDS has been validated only for children. Further research is needed to develop and validate a tool suitable for adults in the ED.
Objective:
The objective of this review was to determine the diagnostic accuracy of [-2]proPSA (p2PSA) and the Prostate Health Index compared to the Gleason score in determining the aggressiveness of prostate cancer.
Introduction:
Prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in men. However, the utility of currently available biomarkers for determining the aggressive form of disease remains unknown. This review sought to determine the diagnostic accuracy of two new biomarkers in determining the aggressive form of prostate cancer.
Inclusion criteria:
Diagnostic accuracy studies that enrolled men of any age and any prostate specific antigen (PSA) level with histologically confirmed prostate cancer in which Prostate Health Index and p2PSA were assessed in comparison to Gleason score for the determination of aggressive prostate cancer. There was no time limitation on study inclusion.
Methods:
A three-step search strategy was utilized to identify both published and unpublished studies in the English language in the following sources: PubMed, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, CINAHL, Web of Science, Google Scholar, MedNar, and SIGLE. Databases were searched from inception to January 2019. Study selection, critical appraisal, data extraction, and data synthesis were done according to the approach recommended by JBI.
Results:
A total of 12 studies (n = 8462) that recruited men with aggressive prostate cancer were considered in this review. The majority of included subjects had a total PSA level of 2 to 10 ng/mL. The sensitivity of the Prostate Health Index ranged from 67% to 97% while specificity ranged from 6% to 64%. At a Prostate Health Index threshold of 25 and below (3 studies, n = 3222), pooled sensitivity was 97% (95% confidence interval [CI], 95% to 98%) and specificity was 10% (95% CI, 6% to 16%). At a Prostate Health Index threshold of between 26 and 35 (6 studies, n = 6030), pooled sensitivity was 87% (95% CI, 8% to 91%) and specificity was 45% (95% CI, 39% to 50%). At a Prostate Health Index threshold of 36 and above (5 studies, n = 1476), pooled sensitivity was 72% (95% CI, 64% to 79%) and specificity was 74% (95% CI, 68% to 80%). Only one study assessed p2PSA. Sensitivity ranged from 80% to 95%, and specificity ranged from 9.9% to 27.9% with increasing threshold values from 7.9 to 10.9 ng/mL.
Conclusions:
Overall, both Prostate Health Index and p2PSA have acceptable accuracy for the determination of likelihood of aggressive prostate cancer. However, the inverse relationship between sensitivity and specificity makes it difficult to determine an optimum cut-off value for positivity. Further research is warranted to determine their utility in the management of prostate cancer.
