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A life cycle assessment of sugar produced in South Africa evaluates the environmental impacts and energy consumption of the different life cycle phases of sugar production. The system studied includes sugar cane farming, fertiliser and herbicide manufacture, cane burning, sugar cane transportation and sugar manufacture. Inventory and impact assessm...
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... In sugarcane cultivation activities, from several stages of cultivation, there are stages contributing to greenhouse gas emissions, thereby triggering global warming and climate change. Mashoko et al. (2010) and Alvarez et al. (2018) stated that sugarcane cultivation process was the largest contributor to global warming and climate change, such as the process of burning sugarcane post-harvest waste. Burning sugarcane biomass (fresh litter) can also result in a decrease in soil fertility. ...
Burning biomass on sugarcane plantations can lead to pollution (CO₂ emissions) and degradation in soil properties. Adopting non-burning technology can increase the value of biomass by applying it directly to the soil, although this may result in nutrient immobilization, which can hinder optimal plant growth due to high lignin and cellulose content or high CN ratio. On the contrary, composting waste with a decomposer will boost plant nutrient availability and enhance other soil characteristics. This research was aimed to assess the effect of several types of sugarcane organic matter on improving soil characteristics, growth of sugarcane and the CO₂ emissions. The study was conducted using a Completely Randomized Factorial Design with two factors: type of organic matter (control, fresh litter and compost of sugarcane biomass) and level of drought stress (100, 75, 50 and 25%). Incubation occurred over 16 weeks, divided into two phases of 8 weeks each. The results showed that the application of organic materials in the form of compost could reduce water loss caused by environmental heat and sugarcane growing process. Furthermore, compost application improved soil chemical and biological properties by increasing soil pH, total nitrogen (N), total phosphate (P), total potassium (K), and the total microbial population, although differences were not significant compared to the control. Additionally, applying organic matter in the form of compost or litter helped suppress or reduce emissions, with compost treatment proving more effective than litter in reducing CO₂ emissions.
... Power generation from biomass residuals is an attractive option for satisfying the increasing demand for power in the Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) in a cost effective and sustainable manner (Stich et al., 2017). Mashoko et al. (2010) conducted a life cycle assessment (LCA) of the South African sugar industry and found that road transportation was the highest contributor to fossil energy use and concluded that significant savings could be achieved through optimizing delivery routes. Thailand's National Transport Master Plan is focused on sustainability and encourages multimodal transportation, emphasizing modes of transportation that minimize energy consumption, particularly rail, water and pipelines (Jaensirisak et al., 2016). ...
... With this agreement, the EU committed to intensify its efforts for transformation to a low-carbon economy. Biofuel policy has created new usage possibilities for sugar beet, especially the production of bioethanol and biogas (Mashoko et al. 2010;Nguyen et al. 2010). As a result, sugar beet has become an important energy crop as well. ...
The European Union is the world’s largest producer of sugar beet and one of the main consumer markets in the world. The EU market is very specific as for 50 years, it was one of the most regulated markets in the agri-food sector. For more than three decades, the Union maintained an extremely costly supply management regime in its domestic sugar market through heavy price support and import duties. This system resulted in domestic prices being three times higher than the world market prices and a surplus of production, which could only be exported thanks to substantial subsidies. The aim of this article is to identify the trends and determinants of the EU sugar market to predict its future development as accurately as possible. The research method used is a two-equation econometric model determining the supply of sugar and its price on the European Union market. The results of the econometric model show that sugar supply in the EU market is determined by the volume of sugar production, initial sugar stocks, import of raw sugar, and sugar beet yield per hectare. Furthermore, the model implies that the price of sugar is determined by the sugar price in the previous period and by political changes. The econometric model served as a basis for the calculation of predicted volume of sugar supply and sugar prices inside the European Union. The prediction implies that between 2023 and 2032, sugar supply will decline by 4.5%. At the same time, the price of sugar on the EU market will increase by 11.5% in the period considered.
... These industries produce large quantities of waste in the form of bagasse, molasses, and press mud/filter cakes. Typically, crushing 1 tonne of sugarcane generates approximately 0.3 ton (wet basis) of bagasse, 0.03 ton (wet basis) of press mud, and 0.041 ton of molasses (Gupta et al., 2011;Mashoko et al., 2010). In the sugar industry, dry bagasse is typically combusted to fulfill the process heat requirements. ...
The co-combustion characteristics and synergy of distillery effluent sludge (DES) and sugar mill waste (SMW) were studied by thermogravimetric (TG) analysis. TG data were used to evaluate the combustion indices, synergy, kinetic parameters, and heterogeneous reaction mechanisms. The blend D1S3 (25% DES and 75% SMW) exhibited optimal combustion parameters (Ci = 2.69 × 10⁻⁴% min⁻³, Cb = 1.34 × 10⁻⁶% min⁻⁴, and CCI = 13.02 × 10⁻⁷%² °C⁻³ min⁻²). Mixing DES with SMW resulted in a positive synergy that facilitated effective combustion owing to the presence of Fe, Ca, and Mg in DES, which served as catalysts during combustion. For D1S3, the apparent activation energy (*Ea) calculated using FWO, KAS, and ST iso-conversional methods were 173.3, 172.4, and 172.7 kJ mol⁻¹, respectively. The master plots revealed that the combustion process was governed by the D1, D3, F2, and F3 solid-state kinetic models in different conversion (α) ranges for the wastes and their blends. Finally, the presence of alkaline and alkaline-earth elements (Na, K, Mg, and Ca) was confirmed through ash characterization. Thus, the ash can be considered a possible supplementary cementing material for end-use applications.
... During the process, 1 kg sugar production results in by-products such as 0.3-0.4 kg of molasses and a high amount of fibrous residue (Fig. 6) (Ramjeawon, 2004;Botha and von Blottnitz, 2006;Mashoko et al., 2010). Molasses contains fermentable sugars (mainly sucrose and less amount of glucose and fructose) and organic substances (betaine, amino acids, minerals, vitamins, trace elements) (Valli et al., 2012;Nakata et al., 2014). ...
... The LCA became a familiar tool to undertake a systematic environmental assessment throughout the chain of sugar production. ISO 14040-44 standards design LCA, consisting of the scope, the inventory analysis, the evaluation of impact, and the interpretation of results (Livison et al. 2010; Astuti et al. 2018; Ramiro et al. 2019). Many studies have been conducted using this methodology in different countries around the world, such as Brazil, South Africa, Egypt, and Mauritius. ...
... The LCA was divided into four phases: goal de nition, inventory analysis, impact assessment, and interpretation by using SimaPro software version 9.0.0.49 (Livison et al. 2010). The functional unit used in this study was the average weight of sugarcane per ton that used to produce one ton of sugar by using the current technology of sugar processing Sudan. ...
... Survey work to the power departments of the selected factories was made to collect the relevant data from the records sheets, and personal contacts with specialists were conducted. The parameters considered were; bagasse combusted per ton a day, the net calori c value (NCV) of bagasse which was assumed to be 7.8 MJ/kg (Rakesh et al. 2016;Livison et al. 2010), electricity in kW per day that generated to supply the system of sugar processing. Also, the renewable energy required to produce one ton of sugar, the total renewable energy consumption for the system in kWh per ton sugar, and the energy e ciency index calculated using Eq. 1 as follows: ...
A Life Cycle Assessment used to analyse the Sudanese sugar production environmental impact. The systems studied include sugarcane production, fertilizers, and herbicides manufacturing, sugarcane harvesting and transportation, and sugar milling. The study used SimaPro Software Version 9.0.0.49 and the methods of ReCiPe 2016 and Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change (IPCC) 2007. Sugarcane production was the most consumer (39%) of fossil fuel (2166 MJ t − 1 sugar), followed by sugar processing (26.6%), sugarcane cultivation (20.7%) and sugarcane harvesting with transportation (13.7%). The green-house gases emissions were 271.2 kg CO 2 -equivalent t − 1 sugar and 59% of this is from sugarcane production. However, 51% of the global warming potential was from sugar processing, sugarcane production. The principal contributor to ozone depletion was sugarcane production (44%). Sugar processing has contributed significantly to eutrophication, acidification, particulate matter, and ecotoxicity. The study has recommended enhancement on the sugar industry operations that would substantially improve environmental performance.
... The study includes the stage of cane cultivation and harvest, cane burning, transport, fertiliser and herbicide manufacture, cane sugar manufacture, and electricity generation from bagasse. Another study belongs to Mashoko et al. [14] in South African cane sugar industry. The system studied includes sugar cane farming, fertiliser and herbicide manufacture, cane burning, sugar cane transportation, and sugar manufacture. ...
... In the same manner, the N 2 O emissions from manure and residue of sugar beet (leaves) were estimated as 0.28 and 0.25 kg N 2 O, respectively. Mashoko et al. [14] reported the total N 2 O emissions into the air for the whole cane sugar life cycle were estimated to be 0.47 kg per ton of sugar produced. Ramjeawon [13] reported 0.26 kg of N 2 O per ton of sugar production from sugar cane. ...
... They found that over 75% of the total emissions in crop production resulted from nitrogen fertiliser use. Seabra et al. [17] estimated a total of 234 kg CO 2 eq per ton of raw sugar (from sugar cane); Meza-Palacios et al. [12] estimated a total of 1156.1 kg CO 2 eq per ton of raw sugar, and Mashoko et al. [14] reported 383 kg CO 2 eq per ton of raw sugar. Compared with 3210 kg CO 2 eq estimated in this analysis, it shows that the environmental burden was much higher in this case study. ...
In this research, the environmental profile of sugar produced from beet was estimated by considering the beet cultivation and the milling process in the Iranian Hamadan Province via the life cycle assessment methodology. Data were obtained from sugar beet growers and the main sugar mill in the province. The system boundaries were set from the sugar beet planting to the production of white sugar in the sugar mill. The functional unit was considered to be 1 ton of white sugar. The calculations were performed for impact categories including global warming, abiotic depletion, fossil fuel depletion, ozone layer depletion, human toxicity, fresh water aquatic ecotoxicity, marine aquatic ecotoxicity, terrestrial ecotoxicity, photochemical oxidation, acidification, and eutrophication. Results indicate that the global warming impact of sugar production through beet cultivation and the milling process was estimated to be 310, and 1540 kgCO2eq/ton, respectively. Electricity accounted for the greatest share of the impact for agricultural phase (55.29%), followed by chemical fertilisers (20.83%). This electricity consumption in sugar beet production is mainly due to the agricultural irrigation. Therefore, the enhancement of water use efficiency and water extraction in sugar beet farming seems to be a possible solution to the reduction of the overall environmental burden. Also, sugar beet production should become more efficient in terms of fertiliser use. In the industrial phase, the most significant impacts are related to the production and use of natural gas. Renovation of equipment and development of renewable energies in the mill have been suggested for making beet processing more energy efficient.
... The cultivation of the raw IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1018/1/012001 2 materials for palm sugar, i.e., coconut trees, is considered more environmentally friendly compared to cane sugar. Sugarcane cultivation has the largest contribution to global warming and climate change because it is contribute for 42% of the amount greenhouse gas emissions produced on a single sugar production process [5], [6]. In addition to being environmentally friendly, coconut palm sugar agroindustry has a good potential for increasing the household income of coconut farmers. ...
Coconut palm sugar products are sugar products mostly produced by farmers and MSMEs. The creative and innovative concepts of palm sugar products can be performed by developing product innovations, packaging and marketing. The development of palm sugar products based on consumer preferences can be used as an effort to develop competitive agribusiness products to achieve Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). One aspect of sustainable development is economic sustainability resulting from the growth of the community’s economic sector from both on-farm and off-farm activities. This study aimed to analyse consumer preferences and strategies for developing palm sugar product attributes. The research location was selected by purposive sampling in the Special Region of Yogyakarta. The data analysis used fishbein multi-attribute and Important Performance Analysis Matrix. The results showed that consumer preferences for palm sugar products are determined from the attributes of price, packaging, health benefits&nutritional content, sugar-spice-blend innovation, expiration date, preservatives, organicity, halal status, shape&size, color, taste&aroma, aesthetics, solubility, hygiene, durability, promotion, accessibility, and discount. The strategy for developing palm sugar product attributes is to increase the attributes of sugar-spice-blend innovation and accessibility, as well as maintain the attributes of health benefits, nutritional content, expiration date, organicity, halal status, taste, hygiene, and durability.
... All the processes described above correspond to the agricultural production stage of sugar cane, which contributes values between 295 and 524 kgCO 2 e/t of sugar, corresponding to percentages between 64% (SC and RC) and 84% (MM) of the total climate change category. These results agree with Meza-Palacios et al. (2019), García et al. (2016), Ramjeawon (2004) and Mashoko et al. (2010), who reported impacts between 52 and 80% by the agriculture stage. ...
Mexico is the sixth-largest producer of sucrose worldwide. Therefore, evaluating the environmental impacts of Mexican sugar and proposing impact mitigation strategies is of high importance since this would support better environmental performance and foster competition within the sector. However, the technological variability that occurs between farms and sugar mills, together with the different types of sugar that are produced, makes it difficult to identify a single agro-industrial production system for sugar production, that represents the entire sector. Environmental improvement strategies identified for one system are specific and have a low level of applicability to others. Therefore, the aim of this study is to develop a life cycle assessment study of nine representative sugar production systems in Mexico, considering 1 ton of sugar as a functional unit while also considering the types of sugar and technological level. The nine sugar life cycle systems analyzed were classified as follows: standard conventional (SC), standard semimechanized (SSM), standard mechanized (SM), refined conventional (RC), refined semimechanized (RSM), refined mechanized (RM), muscovado conventional (MC), muscovado semimechanized (MSM) and muscovado mechanized (MM). The results showed that conventional systems demonstrated a better environmental performance for all the impact categories analyzed, primarily because they have a lower energy requirement in cultivation and irrigation, require less fertilizers and applied pesticides, and in the industrial stage, require less chemicals for clarification. Regarding the types of sugar, Muscovado presented the lowest environmental impacts in all the categories analyzed, since it only requires one crystallization and centrifugation process, followed by drying, which is associated with lower requirements for electricity, heat, and steams. The results would suggest that the strategic avenues for further improving the environmental profile of sugarcane production and processing could include a) continued pursuit of high yields, which is an important determinant of the environmental impacts of agricultural products, b) precision application of fertilizers to reduce the potential for losses to the environment and c) maximizing the utilization of coproducts to increase environmental credits.
... Tahap awal adalah fase inventori, yaitu identifikasi dan kuantifikasi aliran bahan dan energi baik pada titik input (konsumsi bahan mentah) maupun output (aliran buangan limbah ke lingkungan). Hasil dari analisis inventori ini kemudian menghasilkan tabel inventori berupa hasil dari keseimbangan aliran masuk dan keluar dalam sebuah siklus (Mashoko et al., 2010). Tahap klasifikasi dan karakterisasi berupa tahap-tahap wajib dalam metode LCA, sedangkan normalisasi dan valuasi adalah dua tahapan opsional. ...
Buku Permodelan Lingkungan: Teori dan Aplikasi menghadirkan pendekatan teori permodelan yang diaplikasikan pada penyelesaian permasalahan lingkungan di lapangan. Pembahasan pada buku ini dimulai dari memahami model, bagaimana mengembangkan berbagai model, dan mengaplikasikan model pada berbagi permasalahan lingkungan
