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Submandibular skin (mental gland), H&E (high mag). Figure 20. Inguinal gland complex: sebaceous (left), apocrine (right), H&E. Figure 21. Inguinal gland complex: sebaceous (left), apocrine (right), H&E (high mag). Figure 22. Female, Inguinal gland complex (apocrine), vagina, H&E (high mag). Figure 23. Rectum, Anal gland, H&E. Figure 24. Brain, Parasitic encephalitis, H&E.
Source publication
The INHAND (International Harmonization of Nomenclature and Diagnostic Criteria for Lesions Project (www.toxpath.org/inhand.asp) is a joint initiative of the Societies of Toxicologic Pathology from Europe (ESTP), Great Britain (BSTP), Japan (JSTP) and North America (STP) to develop an internationally accepted nomenclature for proliferative and non-...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... paired inguinal gland complexes are located on either side of the penis or clitoris, and thus are sometimes referred to as "preputial" and "clitoral" glands ( Figure 20) (see also Male Reproductive System and Female Reproductive System sections). Each gland complex is composed of two adjacent but morphologically different lobulated glands: the dorsolateral "white" gland and the medioventral "brown" gland. ...
Context 2
... paired inguinal gland complexes are located on either side of the penis or clitoris, and thus are sometimes referred to as "preputial" and "clitoral" glands ( Figure 20) (see also Male Reproductive System and Female Reproductive System sections). Each gland complex is composed of two adjacent but morphologically different lobulated glands: the dorsolateral "white" gland and the medioventral "brown" gland. ...
Similar publications
The INHAND (International Harmonization of Nomenclature and Diagnostic Criteria for Lesions Project (www.toxpath.org/inhand.asp) is a joint initiative of the Societies of Toxicologic Pathology from Europe (ESTP), Great Britain (BSTP), Japan (JSTP) and North America (STP) to develop an internationally accepted nomenclature for proliferative and nonp...
Citations
... The highest incidence of findings in this study was noted in the hematolymphoid system of NZW rabbits; a high incidence of findings in the musculoskeletal system was likely due to the low number of rabbits in which these tissues were evaluated. Findings in the special senses (e.g., eye and the ocular adnexa), musculoskeletal, and/or reproductive tissues may generate particular interest, given the types of studies in which rabbits are used (e.g., developmental and reproductive), the nature and indications of new chemical entities tested in rabbits (e.g., dermal therapeutics and effects on bone), and tissue differences between rabbits and laboratory rodents (e.g., prostate and gastrointestinal system) as previously noted 1,2 . ...
... Rabbits are induced ovulators, hence decreased or absent corpora lutea, as well as occasional corpora hemorrhagica, are normal background findings in the ovary. Mineralization ( Figure 5) is described by Bradley et al. 1 as an uncommon finding; however, it was recorded with the highest incidence in studies in our database. Other background findings included: interstitial cell vacuolation and follicular cysts; the latter are considered a common background finding 1 . ...
... Squamous metaplasia was the most frequently recorded finding in the prostate ( Figure 11) and seminal vesicles and is considered a common background finding in the prostate 1,11 . Other findings that were recorded at a low incidence include: inflammatory cell infiltrates, neutrophilic inflammation, epithelial hyperplasia, and edema in the prostate, and hemorrhage in the seminal vesicle. ...
The historical control database of a multinational laboratory services provider was queried for all histopathologic findings in New Zealand White rabbits which were used as control animals during a ten-year period (2011–2020). The query included all evaluated tissues, with or without microscopic findings, in studies conducted for safety testing for regulatory approval by the U.S. Food and Drug Agency (FDA) or the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. A second query included studies conducted in the United Kingdom for control rabbits used in studies compliant with the Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) and/or the European Medicines Agency (EMA), which provide regulatory oversight in the United Kingdom and European Union, respectively. Infiltrates of inflammatory (mixed or mononuclear) cells were commonly noted in various organs including heart, digestive tract, muscle, thyroid, kidney, urinary bladder, eyelid, ocular structures, harderian gland, lacrimal gland, and lung. Mineralization was noted in aorta, kidney, urinary bladder, and ovary. Also noted were degeneration/necrosis in the myocardium, and intramuscular injection sites of the skin, degeneration/regeneration of muscle and diaphragm, ectopic tissue in the pancreas and thyroid, basophilic foci in salivary gland, increased/decreased vacuolation in adrenal gland, increased/decreased lymphocytic cellularity of lymph nodes, intrasinusoidal erythrocytes in lymph nodes, thymic atrophy, increased adipocytes in bone marrow, inflammatory cell foci in the liver and gall bladder, lacrimal gland atrophy, renal tubule basophilia, degeneration/regeneration, and dilatation; oviduct cyst; in the testis, degeneration/atrophy, cellular debris, dilatation, decreased sperm and segmental hypoplasia of seminiferous tubules; and squamous metaplasia of the testis and seminal vesicle.
... After 4-5 days, the eggs hatch and the larvae build a hole. Mites will molt, grow, dig additional skin tunnels, and mature in 15 days [20,21]. ...
The drug delivery system is an attractive field of study since it has several applications in veterinary and human medicine. In the realm of veterinary medicine, the discovery of new routes of administration or new delivery systems to regulate the release of medications is of great importance. Due to the high number of animals and the special issues related to the administration of drugs and their market potential is very large, it is necessary to modify the dosage form to produce an effective and practicable preparation. Cats are the most popular pet in the world, outnumbering dogs by a ratio of three to one. It is vital to understand the prevalent illness patterns and limits of traditional delivery systems to establish appropriate dosage forms for cats. We believe this publication will be of interest to veterinarians and pharmaceutical scientists working in the field.
... In rabbits, scleral osseous/cartilaginous metaplasia has not been described in the previously published background histopathological data 2 , even though their eyes were frequently examined in toxicity studies 3 . Recently, scleral osseous metaplasia was described in the published International Harmonization of Nomenclature and Diagnostic Criteria (INHAND) guide in rabbits 4 and has been reported as a reaction to intraocular implantation of polyethylene polymer implants in New Zealand white rabbits 5 . However, to our knowledge, spontaneous scleral osseous/cartilaginous metaplasia has not been reported in rabbits. ...
Cartilaginous metaplasia of the sclera has not been reported in rabbits. Herein, we report two cases of spontaneous cartilaginous metaplasia in the sclera of Japanese White (JW) rabbits. Case 1 was noted in a 14-week-old male Kbs:JW rabbit that received a single ocular instillation of 20% isoproterenol (IP) a day before necropsy, and showed no abnormalities in clinical signs, ophthalmological assessments, and necropsy. Case 2 was noted in a 38-week-old male Kbs:JW rabbit that was housed under light-emitting diode (LED) lighting for 26 weeks and showed no effects of LED on clinical signs, ophthalmological assessments, and necropsy. Histological sections of the eyes of both animals were prepared and stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and Alcian blue, and immunohistochemical staining for vimentin was performed. The H&E-stained specimens showed focal hyaline cartilage-like tissues distributed between the scleral fibers at the posterior pole in both cases. The surrounding scleral fibers were compressed and/or partially destroyed by the cartilage-like tissue. The cartilage-like matrix was stained blue by Alcian blue, and immunohistochemistry showed that chondrocyte-like cells were positive for vimentin. Based on these findings, we diagnosed cartilaginous metaplasia in the sclera of Kbs:JW rabbits. The lesion was farther from the IP administration site in Case 1 and was not accompanied by other ophthalmological or histopathological abnormalities in either of the cases. This implies that the lesions occurred spontaneously owing to the abnormal differentiation of neural crest-derived cells.
... Standardized criteria were used for gross classification of white-spotted hepatic lesions (Table 1; Figs. [1][2][3][4][5]. ...
... Infection with E. stiedae was diagnosed on the basis of ectasia of the bile ducts resulting from epithelial hyperplasia, characteristic papillary luminal projections, large numbers of intraepithelial gametocytes and oocysts, as well as portal fibrosis, as reported previously (Fig. 7). 4,6 Macrogametes were spherical, 20-50-µm diameter, with peripherally located intracytoplasmic eosinophilic granules, a centrally located nucleus, and a prominent nucleolus. Microgametes were also spherical, 15-25-µm diameter, with peripheral intracytoplasmic basophilic granules. ...
In rabbits, a white-spotted liver can be indicative of one of several disease processes, frequently caused by parasites. To date, the prevalence of white-spotted liver in wild rabbits, Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the United Kingdom is undetermined. We evaluated the prevalence and main parasitic etiologies of this entity in a U.K. population of wild rabbits. Wild rabbits ( n = 87) were shot in Cambridgeshire for population control, and cadavers were donated for research. Postmortem examination was undertaken, including gross and histologic hepatic examination. Macroscopic lesions consistent with white-spotted liver were found in 46 of 87 (53%) rabbits examined; most of these lesions were considered to be mild. For 28 of 46 (59%) rabbits with gross hepatic lesions, an etiologic agent was apparent histologically. Eimeria stiedae was detected in 21 of 87 (24%) rabbits, and Calodium hepaticum (syn. Capillaria hepatica) was detected in 7 of 87 (8%). In the subset of rabbits killed in the summer, there was a significant association between white-spotted liver and juvenile age class. There was also an association between white-spotted liver caused by E. stiedae and juvenile age class. When restricting analysis to rabbits with white-spotted liver caused by E. stiedae and submitted in the summer, both juvenile age class and female had significant effects. E. stiedae and C. hepaticum can be transmitted to pet lagomorphs via contaminated vegetation, and to humans in the case of the latter, which demonstrates the importance of monitoring the prevalence of these parasitic diseases in wild rabbits.
Objectives
This study aims to assess the thermal safety profile of the BeShape One Device, a noninvasive, high‐intensity, non‐focused ultrasound device designed for reducing waist circumference. This device possesses several features that distinguish it from other commercial ultrasound‐based fat reduction devices. The study focuses on evaluating temperature‐related physiological changes through thermal safety analysis and histopathology in a swine model.
Materials and Methods
The study utilized three types of applicators—active, demo, and modified—to comprehensively assess the device's impact on various skin layers. Five female Large White X Landrace swine were involved in the study, and the BeShape One Device was applied to designated treatment sites using a specific treatment protocol. The assessment included clinical observations, skin reaction evaluations, gross pathology, histopathological analyses, and advanced temperature measurement techniques, including needle thermocouples, thermal cameras, COMSOL modeling, and CEM43 analysis.
Results
Clinical observations indicated the animals’ overall well‐being throughout the study. Skin reactions, including erythema, edema, bruising, and crust formation, were temporary and resolved over time. Gross pathology revealed no treatment‐related pathologies, except for a discoloration related to a tattoo procedure. Histopathological analyses at 30 and 90 days posttreatment demonstrated an absence of heat‐related lesions in skin layers. Needle thermocouples and thermal camera measurements supported the device's ability to maintain consistent thermal homogeneity. COMSOL modeling and CEM43 analysis predicted no thermal damage to the skin, confirming the safety of the BeShape One Device.
Conclusions
Under the experimental conditions, the BeShape One Device demonstrated a favorable safety profile. Clinically and histopathologically, no adverse effects were observed. The device's ability to achieve thermal homogeneity in skin layers was validated through advanced temperature measurement techniques. COMSOL modeling and CEM43 analysis further supported the conclusion that the device is safe, making it a promising option for noninvasive body contouring procedures.
American pikas ( Ochotona princeps) are small lagomorphs that live in mountainous talus areas of western North America. Studies on the histopathology of American pikas are limited. We summarize here the clinical histories, and gross and histologic findings of 12 American pikas, including 9 captive (wild-caught) and 3 wild animals. Death was often attributed to stress (transport, handling, anesthesia) with few-to-no premonitory clinical signs. Infection was the cause of death in 2 cases: 1 had bacterial pyogranulomatous dermatitis, cellulitis, and lymphadenitis with sepsis; the other case had oomycete-induced necrotizing colitis. Incidental parasitic infections included sarcocystosis, nematodosis (oxyurids), and ectoparasitism. Most animals with adequate nutritional status had periportal hepatic lipidosis; this finding was absent in all animals with adipose atrophy, and it is possible that periportal hepatic lipidosis is non-pathologic in American pikas. Three cases had myocardial necrosis that was considered the cause of death; the cause of necrosis was not determined, but it may have been caused by stress or vitamin E–selenium deficiency. Esophageal hyperkeratosis was noted in animals with a history of anorexia and negative energy balance; accumulation of esophageal keratin can result from lack of mucosal abrasion by ingesta. Several histologic findings that are likely normal in American pikas include splenic extramedullary hematopoiesis, thymic tissue in adults, and Clostridium sp. in the enteric lumen.
This chapter aims to highlight the main features of coccidiosis in rabbits. The Eimeria genus belongs to the Apicomplexa phylum causing intestinal and hepatic coccidiosis in rabbits. The complete life cycle of Eimeria is monoxenous leading to the development of successive protozoa stage inside the epithelial cells of the intestine or bile ducts of the host, until their rupture. Subclinical and clinical coccidiosis mainly affect fattening rabbits from approximately 6 weeks old. Additionally, rabbits are also reservoir hosts for this protozoan when their immunity level mitigates the intensity of the lesions and clinical signs. Due to their biologic complexity, a bidirectional cause-effect with other diseases can occur. The treatment of coccidiosis is likely, even when some limitations of drug effectiveness are observed during gametogony. Nevertheless, due to Eimeria ubiquity in rabbitries, only prevention is suitable to keep rabbit performance, health, and well-being at acceptable levels. Currently, coccidiosis control is anticoccidial drug-based, even when other sanitary measures are ensured. Immunization-based measures are under investigation to avoid anticoccidial use and resistance.
This chapter aims to describe the main anatomical features of the rabbit. A classic anatomical division of body parts and apparatus and systems, as well as comparative anatomy with other domestic mammals, is approached. Structures that have an impact on rabbits’ functioning systems and behavior are described. Several anatomical particularities influencing feeding, housing, handling procedures, and clinical approaches to preserve rabbits’ well-being and an adequate state of health are discussed. The terms used in this work are in accordance with the veterinary anatomical nomenclature whenever possible. The rabbit and its anatomical particularities, so far, have not been included in the published Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria, making the description in the present chapter of greater importance.
Nonclinical studies of test articles (TAs) in nonhuman primates are often designed to assess both biodistribution and toxicity. For this purpose, studies commonly use intravenous perfusion of ice-cold (2°C-8°C) saline to facilitate measurements of TA-associated nucleic acids and proteins, after which tissues undergo later fixation by immersion for histological processing and microscopic evaluation. Intriguingly, minimal apoptosis/single cell necrosis (A/SCN) of randomly distributed neural cells is evident in the cerebral cortex and less often the hippocampus in animals from all groups, including vehicle-treated controls. Affected cells exhibit end-stage features such as cytoplasmic hypereosinophilia, nuclear condensation or fragmentation, and shape distortions, so their lineage(s) generally cannot be defined; classical apoptotic bodies are exceedingly rare. In addition, A/SCN is not accompanied by glial reactions, leukocyte infiltration/inflammation, or other parenchymal changes. The severity is minimal in controls but may be slightly exacerbated (to mild) by TA that accumulate in neural cells. One plausible hypothesis explaining this A/SCN exacerbation is that cold shock (perhaps complicated by concurrent tissue acidity and hypoxia) drives still-viable but TA-stressed cells to launch a self-directed death program. Taken together, these observations indicate that A/SCN in brain processed by cold saline perfusion with delayed immersion fixation represents a procedural artifact and not a TA-related lesion.
