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A thorough background in craniofacial growth and development is necessary for every dentist. An important concept in the study of growth and development is variability. Cephalometrics is an important part of morphological diagnostic procedures to assess craniofacial growth and development. The aim of this study was to obtain cephalometric norms for...
Citations
... This may be due to anteriorly placed occlusal plane in males owing to longer effective mandibular length found in males; this correlates with steeper mandibular plane angle in female compared to male. [8,9] In the present study, the mean values of Steiner analysis for Class II division 1 patients for lower incisor to NB were significantly more in young children males (7.87 mm) than females (6 mm); this may be attributed to more proclination of lower incisor in males compared to females. Similar trend was seen Class II division 2 patients. ...
... ANB, Occlusal plane to SN, upper incisor to NA, and lower incisor to NB were found to be more in the present study. Similar results were obtained in a study by Singh Rathore et al. [8] in Mewari population of Rajasthan which is belongs to northwestern part of India. This study is also in accordance with Anuradha et al. [9] and Chandranee, [17] Kannappan and Balasubramaniam, [18] and Valiathan, [19] in Northern and Southern Indian population, respectively. ...
Background: Cephalometric values particular to one ethnic group may not be applicable to others. Purpose: The purpose of the study
was to evaluate and compare Steiner’s analyses in Class I, Class II, and Class III patients of Central India in two different age groups.
Materials and Methods: Sample size comprised 240 patients belonged to Central India. Patients were divided into two main groups: Group
I comprised 120 young children in age of 12–16 years and Group II comprised 120 young adults in age of 18–22 years. Steiner’s analysis
was done from the data collected to assess skeletal and dental parameters. Results: Central Indian patients had bimaxillary dentoalveolar
protrusion, particularly predominant in Class I and Class II males and Class III females. Central Indian patients had predominant retrognathic
jaws in comparison to Caucasian norms. Conclusions: The differences of skeletal and dental parameters indicate that Caucasian norms cannot
be truly adhered to Central India patients during orthodontic treatment. Incisors were normally more proclined in Central Indian patients and
their overretraction during orthodontic treatment would cause flattening of facial profile and therefore should be avoided
... Cephalometrics is a crucial point of morphological diagnostic procedures to assess cranio-dento-facial features, growth, development, and treatment modifications [1]. Moreover, to diagnose and classify malocclusions, the measured values of cephalometric parameters are usually compared with the standard values. ...
... In order to diagnose and to provide an orthodontic treatment plan, the measured values of 2D cephalometric measurements are evaluated within the standard values given by previous studies [1]. However, no normal values of CBCT cephalometric tracings have been described yet for Caucasian subjects. ...
The objective of this paper is to define normal values of a novel 3D cephalometric analysis and to define the links through an artificial neural network (ANN).
Methods:
One hundred and fifteen CBCTs of Class I young patients, distributed among gender-adjusted developmental groups, were selected. Three operators identified 18 cephalometric landmarks from which 36 measurements were obtained. The repeatability was assessed through the ICC. Two-dimensional values were extracted by an automatic function, and the mean value and standard deviation were compared by paired Student's t-tests. Correlation coefficient gave the relationships between 2D and 3D measurements for each group. The values were computed with the ANN to evaluate the parameters normality link and displayed by Pajek software.
Results:
The ICC assessed an excellent (≥0.9) repeatability. Normal values were extracted, and compared with 2D measurements, they showed a high correlation on the mid-sagittal plane, reaching 1.00, with the lowest 0.71 on the lateral plane. The ANN showed strong links between the values with the centrality of the go-sagittal plane compared to the rest.
Conclusions:
The study provides a set of 3D cephalometric values obtained by the upper and lower 95% CI for the mean divided into the developmental stage subgroups. The two-dimensional measurements showed variable concordance, while the ANN showed a centrality between the parameters.
... If we analyze the foreign work performed in this area, we can also see the logical conclusions about the existence of features of teleradiographic indicators within different populations [19,20]. A.M. Aldrees [1] conducted a metaanalysis of the results of various types of work where we studied the features of teleradiographic indicators for the population of Saudi Arabia. ...
... The coefficients of determination of regression equations of the angle II, distances Max1-NA, 1u-NA and 1l-NB in young women with a very wide face type are from 0.405 to 0.564 and therefore have no practical significance. Models of teleradiographic indicators by the Steiner method with a coefficient of determination greater than 0.6, which were included in the third group depending on the indicators of the first and second groups in young women with a wide face type have the form of the following linear equations: angle SN-OcP = 18) =23,72; p<0,0000; Std.Error of estimate=1,980); angle Max1-SN = -42,97 + 2,855 x SNB -1,194 x SNA + 0,588 x SN-GoGn (R 2 =0,617; F (3,20) =10,72; p<0,0002; Std.Error of estimate=4,196); angle Mand1-NB = -162,6 + 1,281 x ANB + 11,84 x N-S:S-Ar' + 0,859 x N-S-Ar -0,950 x Pog-NB + 0,228 x S-ar:ar-Go + 0,374 x N-CC (R 2 =0,833; F (6,17) =14,10; p<0,0000; Std.Error of estimate=2,731); distance 1u-NA = -4,658 -0,716 x ANB -0,470 x Pog-NB + 0,176 x N-СС -0,083 x Аr-Go + 0,083 x SND (R 2 =0,831; F (5,18) =17,69; p<0,0000; Std.Error of estimate=0,757); distance 1u-NВ = -5,249 -0,588 x Pog-NB + 0,284 x ANB + 0,264 x N-CC -0,092 x Ar-Go (R 2 =0,718; F(4,19) =12,07; p<0,0001; Std.Error of estimate=1,049); distance Holdaway Ratio = -8,447 -1,513 x Pog-NB + 0,382 x ANB + 0,232 x N-CC + 0,064 x S-ar:ar-Go + 0,115 x P-PTV (R 2 =0,923; F(5,18) =42,88; p<0,0000; Std.Error of estimate=1,014). ...
Cephalometric methods of analysis of lateral teleradiograms are one of the key elements of orthodontic planning of treatment of a patient with pathology of the dental-jaw system. Determining normative teleradiographic indicators for the local population is a key step for the successful application of one or another method of analysis, in particular, for Ukraine. The aim of the study was to construct and analyze regression models of teleradiographic parameters used in the Steiner method for Ukrainian young men and young women with orthognathic occlusion with different face types. 49 young men and 76 young women with orthognathic occlusion in the software OnyxCeph³™, version 3DPro, the company Image Instruments GmbH, Germany (license № URSQ-1799) conducted a cephalometric study using the Steiner method. The division into facial types was performed using the Garson index. Cephalometric parameters were divided into three groups: the first – indicators used in cephalometric analyzes of Schwarz, Ricketts, Steiner, Roth-Jarabak, Burstone and Bjork and are included in the parameters that usually do not change during surgical and orthodontic treatment; the second – dental-maxillary characteristics according to the Steiner method which surgical methods can be used to change the length, width, angles and position of the jaws; third – indicators according to the Steiner method that characterize the position of each tooth relative to each other, cranial structures and the profile of the soft tissues of the face. Modeling of individual teleradiographic indicators was performed in the licensed package “Statistica 6.0” using step-by-step regression analysis. When analyzing reliable models of teleradiographic indicators according to the Steiner method, which were included in the second group depending on the indicators of the first group with a coefficient of determination higher than 0.6, it was found that out of 7 possible, 5 models were built for young men with a wide face type, which most often include the value of the distances Ar-Go and N-S and the angles H and N-S-Ar; young women with a very wide type of face – 3 models (R²=from 0.604 to 0.812) which most often include the value of the angles N-S-Ar and H; in young women with a wide type of face – 4 models (R²= from 0.694 to 0.771) which most often include the value of the angles POr-NBa and H, the distance P-PTV and the ratio S-ar:ar-Go. When analyzing reliable models of teleradiographic indicators according to the Steiner method, which were included in the third group depending on the indicators of the first and second groups with a coefficient of determination higher than 0.6, it was found that out of 8 possible in young people with a wide face type, 7 models were built (R²= from 0.662 to 0.946). which most often include the magnitude of the angles ANB and SN-GoGn and the distance P-PTV; in young women with a very wide face type – 4 models (R²= from 0.635 to 0.844) which most often include the value of the angles ANB, SNA, POr-NBa and the distance Pog-NB; in young women with a wide type of face – 6 models (R²= from 0.617 to 0.923), which most often include the value of the distances Pog-NB and N-CC and the angle ANB. Construction of regression models of teleradiographic indicators used in the Steiner method in Ukrainian young men and young women with orthognathic occlusion is the foundation for creating a database of normative cephalometric indicators in Ukraine, which will provide dental care to the population at the current level.
... Dental analysis includes the relationships of the upper and lower incisors respectively to the jaw in which they are located, but also their relationship to each other. Soft tissue analysis plays a role in contributing to the balance and harmony of the lower facial profile 8 . In order to determine the skeletal sagittal relationship, he used the angles SNA to determine the relation of the upper jaw to the cranial base, and SNB angle for the relation of the lower jaw to the base 9 . ...
... Rathore A. S. and co-authors [23] compared cephalometric parameters for Meravi children living in Rajasthan with normative indicators according to the Steiner method. The sample in the experiment was 100 people (50 boys and 50 girls aged 11-13 years). ...
Annotation. The aim of the work is to analyze the modern scientific literature on the features and use of methods of cephalometric analysis of lateral teleroentgenograms by Steiner, Ricketts and Downs methods. The introduction of modern methods of dental care, which include an individual approach to the patient depending on the characteristics of his face is the most promising in clinical medicine. However, at the same time, such an approach requires a solid theoretical basis, foundation, and further large-scale clinical trials. Clinical anthropology, one of the parts of which is cephalometry, meets such requirements most fully. Cephalometry, in turn, is reflected in clinical application in the form of cephalometric analysis, which is a key element to begin providing modern dental care to the population.
... IBM SPSS software package version 20.0. (Armonk, NY: IBM Corp) (2) was used to analyze the desired data. The normality of distribution was verified by Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. ...
... The skeletal and dental craniofacial features are either genetically and nutritionally acquired or acquired from dietary patterns from parents and are specific to ethnic, race, subrace, or in different communities. [1] The principle of the analysis is to compare the patients with a normal reference group to find the actual dentofacial relationship for his/her race and ethnic group. Patients' dentofacial problems are identified by comparing cephalometric values to a standard database. ...
Objective: Comparative evaluation of McNamara’s analysis in Class I, Class II, and Class III individuals of Central India in two different age groups. Materials and Methods: 240 individuals belonging to Central India were divided into two main groups: Group I comprised 120 children (10–14 years) and Group II comprised 120 adults (18–22 years). McNamara’s analysis was used to assess skeletal, dental, and soft tissue parameters. Results: Statistically significant difference was found for facial axis angle, mandibular length, and maxillary length in children and adults in dental/skeletal Class I individuals. In Class II division 1 individuals, statistically significant difference was found in children and adults for maxillary length, mandibular length, and lower anterior facial height. In Class II division 2 individuals, statistically significant difference was found in children and adults in maxillomandibular difference and lower anterior facial height. In Class III individuals, the difference was in nasolabial angle. Conclusion: The growth of maxilla is usually completed by 10‑14 years of age. The present study suggests that the growth of maxilla is continuous in adults, and nasolabial angle decreases with age in Class III individuals. Hence, planning of extractions in earlier age should be decided with caution.
... On other hand, Mewari children had retrusive mandible relative to cranial base, proclined maxillary and mandibular teeth, with greater convexity of face. They also showed anteriorly placed occlusal plane to cranium and less prominent chin [55]. ...
Morphology of the face depends on many factors such as sex, ethnicity, race, climate, nutrition, genetic con- stitution and socio-economic status. The goal of cephalometrics, at its most fundamental level, is to compare the patient or victim with a normal reference group, so that differences between the person's actual facial mor- phology and those expected for his or her racial or ethnic group are revealed. This study therefore, was designed to examine the review on a preliminary cephalometric study of the relationship between facial morphology and ethnicity. Here, we review contemporary advancement in the importance of cephalometry, cephalometric analysis, cephalometric methods and cephalometric indices in relation to facial morphology and ethnicity. The present study gives an account of full knowledge of the use of the outstanding knowledge of preliminary ce- phalometric study of the relationship between facial morphology and ethnicity in anatomy, forensic study and related.
... It was noted that facial and nasal widths were the major variables in sex determination. This finding is however in disagreement with a study which showed an accurate sex determination rate of 92% for males and 51% for females with an overall rate of 71% (Singh et al., 2012). This difference in accuracy rates could be linked to the difference in sample size Tables 2-4. ...
Morphology of the face depends on many factors, such as sex, ethnicity, race, climate, nutrition, genetic constitution and socio-economic status. In the developed countries, there is well established database on facial anthropometry and for the purpose of identification. In Ghana however, there is very little documented information on cephalometric indices for biometric and forensic purposes. This study therefore, aimed at establishing baseline data to assess the relationship between sex using upper, lower and total cephalometric indices. One hundred participants made up of sixty males and forty females from KNUST were recruited for the study. Linear facial anthropometry were taken using calibrated Shahe digital calipers whiles participants sat with head in natural position. The facial anthropometric measurements were generally higher in males than in females. Upper facial height, facial width, nasal width, biocular diameter, lower facial height, lip length and total facial height were statistically significant and (p < 0.05). The present study shows the existence of statistically significant sexual dimorphism in the study population using cephalo-facial dimensions.
... The mean value of SNA angle in the present study group (81.2 ± 2.2°) was similar to the Caucasian standards (82 ± 2°) indicating an analogous skeletal maxillary position in relation to the cranial base as Caucasians. But the mean SNA was found to be slightly less than South Kanara children [6] (82.5 ± 5.2°) and North Indian children (81.6°) [7] and slightly more than Mewari children [8] (81.06 ± 2.93°). ...
... The mean value of SNB angle in the present study group children was lower (77.3 ± 2.7°) than Caucasian norms (80 ± 2) indicating retruded mandibular position relative to the cranial base. The mean SNB angle found in this study was in agreement with the studies done by Singh Rathore et al., [8] (77.15 ± 2.52°), Chandranee et al. on North Indians (78.5°) and Kharabanda et al. [9] on Aryo-Dravidians (78.5°) and South Kanara children (78.9 ± 5.0°). In this study, SNB in males is slightly more than females in contrast to South Kanara children. ...
