Figure 2 - uploaded by Sanku Borkataki
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Sub-acute inflammation of dermis at 0-day (without treatment) evidence of necrotic mass (N)with PMNs cells admixed with bacterial colonies (BC). H&E, 200X.
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Delayed wound healing due to extraneous bacterial contamination, antibacterial resistance and other associated factors are of great concern in dealing patients having chronically infected wound. Medicinal properties of certain maggots of Calliphoridae family are known for its effective wound debridement therapy. The objective of the study was to ev...
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Context 1
... showed varied changes in formation of granulation tissues. There was an abscess formation along with necrotic tissues involving deep dermis in wound tissues/bed at 0-day of initiation of treatment in all the groups of rats. The superficial necrotic mass was also admixed with bacterial colonies with evidence of haemorrhage in deep dermis (Fig. 2). Abundant polymorphonuclear (PMN) cellular infiltration was noted with characteristics of sub-acute inflammation in all the group of rat at 0-day of initiation of treatment (Fig. 2). In maggot treated groups (maggot singly and in combination with antibiotic), the histopathological observation of granulation tissue at 7 th day showed ...
Context 2
... initiation of treatment in all the groups of rats. The superficial necrotic mass was also admixed with bacterial colonies with evidence of haemorrhage in deep dermis (Fig. 2). Abundant polymorphonuclear (PMN) cellular infiltration was noted with characteristics of sub-acute inflammation in all the group of rat at 0-day of initiation of treatment (Fig. 2). In maggot treated groups (maggot singly and in combination with antibiotic), the histopathological observation of granulation tissue at 7 th day showed lightly infiltrated PMN cells along with macrophages/ monocytes indicative of ending of inflammatory phase at wound. Purulent inflammation was replacing by granulation tissue along ...
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Chronic wounds are still regarded as a serious public health concern, which are on the increase mainly due to the changes in life styles and aging of the human population. There are different types of chronic wounds, each of which requires slightly different treatment strategies. Nevertheless, wound bed preparation is included in treatment of all t...
Citations
... Tests of the antibacterial capability of larvae have also been conducted using a rat model [23]. Wounds were created in the rats and contaminated with a mixed population of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. ...
... Results revealed that maggot-treated wounds reduced bacterial bioburden significantly faster compared to the control and antibiotic-treated groups, allowing for faster wound contraction and healing. The results of treatment with only maggots and the combined maggot and antibiotic treatment were similar [23]. Together with the clinical evidence, these few studies give an indication of the antibacterial capability of maggot therapy in vivo and serve to verify the findings of previous investigations conducted in vitro. ...
... They have a variety of beneficial biological activities, such as antibacterial and immunomodulatory activities [17]. Maggot extracts have been clinically used to treat tissue necrosis and wound infection [18] and can be combined with other drugs to treat gastric cancer and relieve coma [19]. The excreta and secretions in maggot extracts can also inhibit the proinflammatory responses of various neutrophils but do not compromise their antibacterial activity [20]. ...
Background and objective:
Maggots are the larval stage of Lucilia sericata and have strong antibacterial activity and immunomodulatory effects. The objective of our study was to investigate whether maggot extracts can modulate regulatory T cells (Tregs) and treat allergic rhinitis (AR).
Methods:
Mice were randomly assigned to five groups (n=6/group): normal, AR, Maggot, AR+ Maggot, and AR+ dexamethasone (DXM). The Total Nasal Symptom Score (TNSS), ovalbumin (OVA)-sIgE titers, histopathological characteristics and Th1-/Th2-/Th17-related cytokine levels were evaluated. The expression of T-bet, GATA3, RORγt and Foxp3 in the spleen and nasal mucosa of mice was detected, and the proportion of differentiated Tregs in the spleen of mice was determined. In addition, the effects of maggot extracts on the expression level of Foxp3 and the differentiation of Tregs in vitro were studied. Histological evaluation of the potential toxicity was also performed.
Results:
Compared with the AR group, the AR+ Maggot group showed reduction in histopathological inflammation, downregulated OVA-sIgE titers, and restoration of the imbalance in cytokine profiles (P<0.05). After treatment with maggot extracts, the proportions of Tregs and Foxp3 expression in the spleen were significantly increased, the expression of GATA3 and RORγt was decreased (P<0.05), and the expression of T-bet showed no significant change (P>0.05). In vitro, maggot extracts promoted the expression of Foxp3 and differentiation of Tregs in a dose- and time-dependent manner (P<0.05). In addition, no obvious organ damage was observed in mice treated with maggot extracts.
Conclusion:
Maggot extracts can inhibit the progression of AR by upregulating the level of Foxp3 and promoting the differentiation of Tregs, thus serving as an alternate treatment for AR.
... The maggot extract (ME) shows positive impact on gastric cancer and coma when used in concomitant with other drugs (13). Therapeutic intervention based on ME has notable antimicrobial activity, and is the most rapid and efficient way to treat wound debridement with necrotic and/or infected tissue (15). It has been reported that ME and maggot secretion (MS) can suppress multiple pro-inflammatory responses, such as chemotaxis, degranulation, integrin expression and respiratory burst, through neutrophil production. ...
Intestinal fibrosis is induced by excessive myofibroblast proliferation and collagen deposition, which has been regarded as a general pathological feature in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Therefore, identifying clinical markers and targets to treat and prevent intestinal fibrosis is urgently needed. The traditional Chinese medicine maggot, commonly known as “wu gu chong”, has been shown to reduce oxidative stress and alleviate inflammation in chronic colitis. This study investigated the mechanisms underlying the effects of maggot extract (ME) on inflammation-associated intestinal fibrosis in TGF-β1-stimulated human intestinal fibroblasts (CCD-18Co cells) and dextran sodium sulphate (DSS)-induced chronic colitis murine model. To assess the severity of inflammation and fibrosis, histological and macroscopic evaluation were carried out. The results showed that ME was a significant inhibitor of body weight loss and colon length shortening in mice with chronic colitis. In addition, ME suppressed the intestinal fibrosis by downregulating TGF-β1/SMADs pathway via upregulation of Nrf2 expression at both protein and mRNA levels. ME markedly increased the expression of Nrf2, thus resulting in a higher level of HO-1. After treatment with Nrf2 inhibitor (ML385) or siRNA-Nrf2 for deactivating Nrf2 pathway, the protective effects of ME were abolished both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, the histopathological results for the major organs of DSS mice treated with ME showed no signs of clinically important abnormalities. Treatment with ME had no effect on the viability of CCD-18Co cells, suggesting its low in vitro cytotoxicity. Furthermore, ME could mediate intestine health by keeping the balance of the gut microbes through the enhancement of beneficial microbes and suppression of pathogenic microbes. In conclusion, this is the first ever report demonstrating that ME ameliorates inflammation-associated intestinal fibrosis by suppressing TGF-β1/SMAD pathway via upregulation of Nrf2 expression. Our findings highlight the potential of Nrf2 as an effective therapeutic target for alleviating intestinal fibrosis.
... The maggot effects on healing when used alone or in combination with antibiotics were recorded as similar. It was demonstrated that the maggots of L. sericata possess a definite antibacterial action along with the removal of dead tissue and effectively reduced the bacterial bioburden in the infected wound and induced wound healing quickly [4]. It was also suggested that L. sericata in the wound ingest necrotic tissue, sparing healthy tissue and also ingest bacteria and thereby increase oxygen perfusion, rapid spread of granulation tissue, cellular proliferation, fibroblast migration and matrix remodeling [5]. ...
The extract from larval Lucilia sericata is used clinically to promote wound healing and tissue regeneration. However, its effect and underlying mechanisms on fibroblast cells, which are involved in the wound healing process, are still poorly understood. This study aimed to examine the effects of larval secretions on dermal fibroblast activity and gene expression and to evaluate the wound healing potential of their major components. Primary rat fibroblasts were cultured and treated with larval secretions. Following the treatment, the cells were used to extract RNA for gene profiling. In addition, migration to the injury site was studied with the scratch healing assay. Our results showed that larval secretion accelerated the migration of the fibroblasts compared to the control cells and that several mRNAs were differentially expressed during a period of 72 h incubation. Additionally, we analyzed the chemical composition of larval secretions and showed that fumaric acid, ferulic acid, and p-coumaric acid, which were selected and identified for their major components, enhanced the migration of the fibroblasts. Therefore, these results indicate that L. sericata larval secretions could modulate the mRNA expression of some wound healing-related genes of the fibroblasts and contain the effective components for wound healing.
... When combined with other drugs, the maggot extracts demonstrate beneficial effects on coma and gastric cancer as well [10]. Maggot therapy, which has strong antimicrobial activity, is the fastest and most efficient debridement therapy in wounds with necrotic tissue and infection [12]. Recent studies have shown that maggot excretions/secretions are able to suppress multiple proinflammatory responses by neutrophil, which include degranulation, chemotaxis, respiratory burst, and integrin expression. ...
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a common chronic remitting disease driven through altered immune responses with production of inflammatory cytokines. Oxidant/antioxidant balance is also suggested to be an important factor for the recurrence and progression of UC. Maggots are known as a traditional Chinese medicine also known as “wu gu chong.” NF-E2-related factor-2 (Nrf2) transcription factor regulates the oxidative stress response and also represses inflammation. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of maggot extracts on the amelioration of inflammation and oxidative stress in a mouse model of dextran sulfate sodium- (DSS-) induced colitis and evaluate if the maggot extracts could repress inflammation and oxidative stress using RAW 264.7 macrophages stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In the present study, we found that the maggot extracts significantly prevented the loss of body weight and shortening of colon length in UC induced by DSS. Furthermore, DSS-induced expression of proinflammatory cytokines at both mRNA and protein levels in the colon was also attenuated by the maggot extracts. In addition, the maggot extracts could significantly suppress the expression of interleukin- (IL-) 1 β , IL-6, TNF- α , NF κ B p65, p-I κ B, p22-phox, and gp91-phox in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells and colonic tissues. The maggot extracts increased the level of Nrf2 and prevented the degradation of Nrf2 through downregulating the expression of Keap1, which resulted in augmented levels of HO-1, SOD, and GSH-Px and reduced levels of MPO and MDA. However, after administering an Nrf2 inhibitor (ML385) to block the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway, we failed to observe the protective effects of the maggot extracts in mice with colitis and RAW 264.7 cells. Taken together, our data for the first time confirmed that the maggot extracts ameliorated inflammation and oxidative stress in experimental colitis via modulation of the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway. This study sheds light on the possible development of an effective therapeutic strategy for inflammatory bowel diseases.
... Initially, recommended uses were limited to the process of wound debridement, since there was no clinical evidence related to effective disinfection and growth stimulation. Today, laboratory or clinical studies show antibacterial and/or growth stimulating applications of the therapy [16][17][18][19][20][21]. ...
... This is also achieved by means of chemicals secreted by larvae foraging within the wound [16]. The work of Borkataki et al., in a study conducted experimentally in rats, observed that the infected wounds treated with MTD reduced significantly, with a decrease in bacterial load, compared to the control group of rats, treated with antibiotic only [17]. ...
... Larval growth in the wound is not uniform and depends on nutrition; mature larvae leave the wound and migrate to, or out of, the dressing, which shows they must be evacuated from the wound. Pain sensations depend on the location and type of wound, as well as modifying factors [17,21,48,54]. Researchers emphasize the fact that patients may experience more severe pain than in conventional treatment [60]. ...
The process of successful wound healing depends on effective debridement and infection control. One method of wound debridement, known since antiquity, is based on the use of fly larvae. Solid scientific evidence proves that maggot debridement therapy (MDT), like surgical intervention, can be effectively and safely used to remove necrotic tissue. Based on a review of the related literature, this study was designed to assess the effectiveness of chronic wound cleansing with the use of larvae of Lucilia sericata (Phaenicia sericata). Maggot therapy, applied in wound debridement and treatment, is a safe and effective method. Its benefits are associated with debridement, disinfection and faster tissue growth. MDT may reduce the duration of antibiotic therapy and the need for hospitalization, or it may decrease the number of outpatient visits required. It is a relatively cost-effective method, and, in addition to financial gains, it may reduce the frequency of inpatient treatment. In the literature, an increasing amount of scientific evidence confirms that such treatment can effectively reduce the biofilm and bacterial load in a wound.
... When combined with other drugs, the maggot protein demonstrate beneficial effects on coma and gastric cancer as well [11]. Maggot therapy is the fastest and most-efficient debridement therapy in wounds with necrotic tissue and infection, which has strong antimicrobial activity [13]. Recent studies have shown that maggot excretions/secretions are able to suppress multiple neutrophil pro-inflammatory responses, which include degranulation, chemotaxis, respiratory burst and integrin expression. ...
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a common chronic remitting disease but without satisfactory treatment. Maggots are known as a traditional Chinese medicine named as 'wu gu chong'. The aim of the present study was to investigate the therapeutic effect of the maggot protein on dextran sulphate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in C57BL/6 mice. In the present study, female C57BL/6 mice were given sterile water containing 3% DSS to establish the model of UC. Mice were randomly divided into five groups: control group (sterile water), model group (DSS), treatment group (DSS + maggot protein), mesalazine group (DSS + mesalazine), and maggot protein group (sterile water + maggot protein). The mental state, defecate traits, and changes in body weights were recorded daily. The disease activity index (DAI) as a disease severity criterion was calculated based on body weights and stool consistency and bleeding. All the mice were killed on the 12th day. Colon length, colon histological changes, and other inflammatory factors were analyzed and evaluated. The results showed that colitis models of mice were established successfully. Administration of maggot protein markedly suppressed the severity of UC compared with the DSS model group. Furthermore, maggot protein potently ameliorated DSS-induced weight loss, colon shortening, and colon histological injury. Moreover, the maggot protein exerted anti-inflammatory effects via inhibition of the activation of the nuclear factor κB (NFκB) signaling pathway. In summary, treatment by maggot protein was able to improve not only the symptoms of colitis, but also the microscopic inflammation in mice with DSS-induced colitis. The present study may have implications for developing an effective therapeutic strategy for inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs).
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), around 11 million people suffer from burns every year, and 180,000 die from them. A burn is a condition in which heat, chemical substances, an electrical current or other factors cause tissue damage. Burns mainly affect the skin, but can also affect deeper tissues such as bones or muscles. When burned, the skin loses its main functions, such as protection from the external environment, pathogens, evaporation and heat loss. Depending on the stage of the burn, the patient’s condition and the cause of the burn, we need to choose the most appropriate treatment. Personalization and multidisciplinary collaboration are key to the successful management of burn patients. In this comprehensive review, we have collected and discussed the available treatment options, focusing on recent advances in topical treatments, wound cleansing, dressings, skin grafting, nutrition, pain and scar tissue management.
This article is explained in a webinar at the following address: »»»»»»»» https://youtu.be/jf0i1V_L5g4?si=Hsm3EwvSaNYCTx6c
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Abstract
The influence of refrigeration on the post-embryonic development of Chrysomya putoria larvae was evaluated, regarding its resistance in the logistics of storage and distribution in biotherapy. Previously sterilized larvae were submitted to four periods of storage under refrigeration (T1=12 h, T2=24 h, T3=48 h and T4=72 h) and control (without sterilization and refrigeration). Newly hatched larvae (0.200 g) were stored between 3 and 9ºC. After refrigeration, 40 neo-larvae (in triplicate) were transferred to 50 g of protein diet and incubated in an acclimatized chamber. There was a significant difference in the larval body mass (T1 and T2) and in the duration of larval, pupal and total development (T3 and T4). The sex ratios found in the four treatments did not differ from what was expected. Normality rates were 100% for all treatments. There was no significant difference between the Control, T1 and T2 treatments for larval, pupal and total viability. There was a significant difference between control (C) and T4 (larval viability), between C, T3 and T4 (pupa) and between C and T4 (total). C. putoria has resistance under refrigeration and storage of up to 56 h, presenting viability above 70% for use in biotherapy.
