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... 2-6 show the growth patterns of children between birth and 24 months for LAZ, HCZ, WAZ, WLZ, and MUACZ, respectively, and Figure 7 illustrates the prevalence of stunting at each time point. Statistically significant differences in attained size (growth status) and postnatal growth rate are described below. ...
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Citations
... Similar to our findings, in populations in Madagascar and Bangladesh with a relatively low prevalence of VAD (∼13.7 and 13.0%, respectively), provision of LNS to mothers during pregnancy and lactation, and/or SQ-LNS to children, had no effect on serum RBP concentration or the prevalence of VAD among children 6-18 mo of age (Madagascar) or 6-24 mo of age (Bangladesh) (39,40). ...
Background:
Vitamin A (VA) deficiency is prevalent in preschool-aged children in sub-Saharan Africa.
Objectives:
We assessed the effect of small-quantity lipid-based nutrient supplements (SQ-LNS) given to women during pregnancy and lactation and their children from 6 to 18 mo of age on women's plasma and milk retinol concentrations in Malawi, and children's plasma retinol concentration in Malawi and Ghana.
Methods:
Pregnant women (≤20 wk of gestation) were randomized to receive daily: 1) iron and folic acid (IFA) during pregnancy only; 2) multiple micronutrients (MMN; 800 μg retinol equivalent (RE)/capsule), or 3) SQ-LNS (800 μg RE/20g) during pregnancy and the first 6 mo postpartum. Children of mothers in the SQ-LNS group received SQ-LNS (400 μg RE/20 g) from 6 to 18 mo of age; children of mothers in the IFA and MMN groups received no supplement. Plasma retinol was measured in mothers at ≤20 and 36 wk of gestation and 6 mo postpartum, and in children at 6 and 18 mo of age. Milk retinol was measured at 6 mo postpartum. VA status indicators were compared by group.
Results:
Among Malawian mothers, geometric mean (95% CI) plasma retinol concentrations at 36 wk of gestation and 6 mo postpartum were 0.97 μmol/L (0.94, 1.01 μmol/L) and 1.35 μmol/L (1.31, 1.39 μmol/L), respectively; geometric mean (95% CI) milk retinol concentration at 6 mo postpartum was 1.04 μmol/L (0.97, 1.13 μmol/L); results did not differ by intervention group. Geometric mean (95% CI) plasma retinol concentrations for Malawian children at 6 and 18 mo of age were 0.78 μmol/L (0.75, 0.81 μmol/L) and 0.81 μmol/L (0.78, 0.85 μmol/L), respectively, and for Ghanaian children they were 0.85 μmol/L (0.82, 0.88 μmol/L) and 0.88 μmol/L (0.85, 0.91 μmol/L), respectively; results did not differ by intervention group in either setting.
Conclusions:
SQ-LNS had no effect on VA status of mothers or children, possibly because of low responsiveness of the VA status indicators.
Background
Small-quantity lipid-based nutrient supplements (SQ-LNSs) have been shown to reduce the prevalence of child anemia and iron deficiency, but effects on other micronutrients are less well known. Identifying subgroups who benefit most from SQ-LNSs could support improved program design.
Objectives
We aimed to identify study-level and individual-level modifiers of the effect of SQ-LNSs on child hemoglobin (Hb), anemia, and inflammation-adjusted micronutrient status outcomes.
Methods
We conducted a 2-stage meta-analysis of individual participant data from 13 randomized controlled trials of SQ-LNSs provided to children 6–24 mo of age (n = 15,946). We generated study-specific and subgroup estimates of SQ-LNSs compared with control, and pooled the estimates using fixed-effects models. We used random-effects meta-regression to examine potential study-level effect modifiers.
Results
SQ-LNS provision decreased the prevalence of anemia (Hb < 110 g/L) by 16% (relative reduction), iron deficiency (plasma ferritin < 12 µg/L) by 56%, and iron deficiency anemia (IDA; Hb < 110 g/L and plasma ferritin <12 µg/L) by 64%. We observed positive effects of SQ-LNSs on hematological and iron status outcomes within all subgroups of the study- and individual-level effect modifiers, but effects were larger in certain subgroups. For example, effects of SQ-LNSs on anemia and iron status were greater in trials that provided SQ-LNSs for >12 mo and provided 9 (as opposed to <9) mg Fe/d, and among later-born (than among first-born) children. There was no effect of SQ-LNSs on plasma zinc or retinol, but there was a 7% increase in plasma retinol-binding protein (RBP) and a 56% reduction in vitamin A deficiency (RBP < 0.70 µmol/L), with little evidence of effect modification by individual-level characteristics.
Conclusions
SQ-LNSs can substantially reduce the prevalence of anemia, iron deficiency, and IDA among children across a range of individual, population, and study design characteristics. Policy-makers and program planners should consider SQ-LNSs within intervention packages to prevent anemia and iron deficiency.
This trial was registered at www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO as CRD42020156663.
Background
Small-quantity lipid-based nutrient supplements (SQ-LNS) have been shown to reduce the prevalence of anemia and iron deficiency among infants and young children, but effects on other micronutrients are less well known. Identifying subgroups who may experience greater benefits from SQ-LNS, or who are more likely to respond to the intervention, may facilitate the development of public health policies and programs.
Objective
Our objective was to identify study-level and individual-level modifiers of the effect of SQ-LNS on child hematological and micronutrient status outcomes.
Methods
We conducted a two-stage meta-analysis of individual participant data from 13 randomized controlled trials of SQ-LNS provided to children 6 to 24 months of age in low- and middle-income countries (n = 15,946). Outcomes were hemoglobin (Hb), inflammation-adjusted plasma ferritin, soluble transferrin receptor, zinc, retinol and retinol binding protein (RBP), and erythrocyte zinc protoporphyrin, and respective dichotomous outcomes indicative of anemia and micronutrient deficiency. We generated study-specific estimates of SQ-LNS vs. control, including main effects and subgroup estimates for individual-level effect modifiers, and pooled the estimates using fixed-effects models. We used random effects meta-regression to examine potential study-level effect modifiers.
Results
Provision of SQ-LNS decreased the prevalence of anemia (Hb < 110 g/L) by 16% (relative reduction), iron deficiency (plasma ferritin < 12 µg/L) by 56% and iron deficiency anemia (IDA; Hb < 110 g/L and plasma ferritin < 12 µg/L) by 64%. We observed positive effects of SQ-LNS on hematological and iron status outcomes within all subgroups of the study-level and individual-level effect modifiers, but effects were larger in certain subgroups. For example, effects of SQ-LNS on anemia and iron status were greater in trials that provided SQ-LNS for > 12 months and provided 9 mg/d vs. < 9 mg iron/d, and among later-born (vs. first-born) children. There was no effect of SQ-LNS on plasma zinc or retinol, but there was a 7% increase in plasma RBP and a 56% reduction in vitamin A deficiency (RBP < 0.70 µmol/L), with little evidence of effect modification by individual-level characteristics.
Conclusions
SQ-LNS provided to infants and young children 6-24 months of age can substantially reduce the prevalence of anemia, iron deficiency, and IDA across a range of individual, population and study design characteristics. Policy-makers and program planners should consider SQ-LNS within intervention packages to prevent anemia and iron deficiency. This study was registered at www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO as CRD42020156663.
