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| Study area and location of the six sampling sites (NGF = natural gallery forest, DGF = disturbed gallery forest, NOF = natural oak forest, DOF = disturbed oak forest, NTSF = natural tropical sub-deciduous forest, DTSF = disturbed tropical sub-deciduous forest) in Cabo Corrientes, Jalisco, Mexico. (Google Earth Pro, 2020).
Source publication
Background and Aims
Epiphytes are an important component of tropical forests, also they are sensitive to disturbance and deforestation caused by humans, since they depend on their host trees and the micro environmental conditions that these provide. The aim of this study was to analyze the differences in species richness, composition, and vertical...
Contexts in source publication
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... study was conducted in the municipality of Cabo Corrientes, located in the western part of Jalisco state, Mexico, between 20 • 10 55 and 20 • 31 00 latitude N and 105 • 10 00 and 105 • 41 25 longitude W (Figure 1). Cabo Corrientes belongs to the North Coast region together with the municipalities of Puerto Vallarta and Tomatlán [Comisión Estatal del Agua Jalisco [CEA], 2021] and forms part of the biogeographic provinces Pacific Coast and Sierra Madre del Sur ( Morrone et al., 2017). ...
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... found 45 species, 29 genera and nine families of epiphytic angiosperms (Supplementary Appendix 1). The most diverse families were Bromeliaceae and Orchidaceae with 17 and 15 species, respectively. ...
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... recorded species include 37 true epiphytes, four primary hemiepiphytes, and four secondary hemiepiphytes. None of the species found are registered in the Official Mexican Standard (NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2010); however, 15 species are endemic to Mexico (8 of them exclusive to the Pacific slope), two endemic to western Mexico and two endemic to Jalisco (Supplementary Appendix 1). According to the Chao2 estimator, we observed mostly more than 90% of the estimated species. ...
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... bracteata, Hylocereus purpusii (Weing.) Britton and Rose, Philodendron scandens Kunth, and Tillandsia jaliscomonticola Matuda were present in all five zones and 26% of the species were exclusive to one zone (Supplementary Appendix 1). On the other hand, the understory had 32 species, 19 genera, and eight families of epiphytic angiosperms. ...
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... sampling sites shared between 2 and 18% of the recorded species in which the DGF and the NOF were least different with a dissimilarity coefficient of 0.68, while the sites with greatest dissimilarity were NTSF with both NOF and DGF, with values of 0.91 and 0.89, respectively (Supplementary Appendix 3). On the other hand, the cluster analysis divided the sites into two main groups: (1) NOF, DOF, and DGF; (2) NTSF, DTSF, and NGF (Figure 10). According to the NMDS analysis, there is a clear difference in the epiphytic species represented in the zones and in the understory in almost all sites (Figure 11). ...
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... the other hand, the cluster analysis divided the sites into two main groups: (1) NOF, DOF, and DGF; (2) NTSF, DTSF, and NGF (Figure 10). According to the NMDS analysis, there is a clear difference in the epiphytic species represented in the zones and in the understory in almost all sites (Figure 11). The highest dissimilarity index was between the zones Z3 and Z4 in NOF, as they share 86% of the species, and the zone Z2 in DOF was the most different from all, as it presented only one species, that was also found in zone Z2 in NTSF. ...
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... Williams) M. W. Chase and N. H. Williams was collected at both habitats in the gallery forest but showed a preference for more closed and humid sites. Some species were also observed to benefit from disturbance, such as several of the genus Tillandsia, which were more abundant in open spaces, or the hemiepiphyte Philodendron warscewiczii that had a wider vertical distribution and also a much higher frequency in the disturbed site (DTSF) (see Supplementary Appendix 1). The changes in dominance of these species could be used to determine effects of anthropic disturbance ( Krömer et al., 2014). ...
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... the sustainable use of populations must be based on a management plan for the maintenance of their diversity ( Mondragón and Ticktin, 2011;Toledo-Aceves et al., 2014;Francisco-Ventura et al., 2018). In the case of this region, population studies specially of the species with restricted distribution (see Supplementary Appendix 1) would be required before presenting concrete proposals on their management. ...
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... study was conducted in the municipality of Cabo Corrientes, located in the western part of Jalisco state, Mexico, between 20 • 10 55 and 20 • 31 00 latitude N and 105 • 10 00 and 105 • 41 25 longitude W (Figure 1). Cabo Corrientes belongs to the North Coast region together with the municipalities of Puerto Vallarta and Tomatlán [Comisión Estatal del Agua Jalisco [CEA], 2021] and forms part of the biogeographic provinces Pacific Coast and Sierra Madre del Sur ( Morrone et al., 2017). ...
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... found 45 species, 29 genera and nine families of epiphytic angiosperms (Supplementary Appendix 1). The most diverse families were Bromeliaceae and Orchidaceae with 17 and 15 species, respectively. ...
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... recorded species include 37 true epiphytes, four primary hemiepiphytes, and four secondary hemiepiphytes. None of the species found are registered in the Official Mexican Standard (NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2010); however, 15 species are endemic to Mexico (8 of them exclusive to the Pacific slope), two endemic to western Mexico and two endemic to Jalisco (Supplementary Appendix 1). According to the Chao2 estimator, we observed mostly more than 90% of the estimated species. ...
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... bracteata, Hylocereus purpusii (Weing.) Britton and Rose, Philodendron scandens Kunth, and Tillandsia jaliscomonticola Matuda were present in all five zones and 26% of the species were exclusive to one zone (Supplementary Appendix 1). On the other hand, the understory had 32 species, 19 genera, and eight families of epiphytic angiosperms. ...
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... sampling sites shared between 2 and 18% of the recorded species in which the DGF and the NOF were least different with a dissimilarity coefficient of 0.68, while the sites with greatest dissimilarity were NTSF with both NOF and DGF, with values of 0.91 and 0.89, respectively (Supplementary Appendix 3). On the other hand, the cluster analysis divided the sites into two main groups: (1) NOF, DOF, and DGF; (2) NTSF, DTSF, and NGF (Figure 10). According to the NMDS analysis, there is a clear difference in the epiphytic species represented in the zones and in the understory in almost all sites (Figure 11). ...
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... the other hand, the cluster analysis divided the sites into two main groups: (1) NOF, DOF, and DGF; (2) NTSF, DTSF, and NGF (Figure 10). According to the NMDS analysis, there is a clear difference in the epiphytic species represented in the zones and in the understory in almost all sites (Figure 11). The highest dissimilarity index was between the zones Z3 and Z4 in NOF, as they share 86% of the species, and the zone Z2 in DOF was the most different from all, as it presented only one species, that was also found in zone Z2 in NTSF. ...
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... Williams) M. W. Chase and N. H. Williams was collected at both habitats in the gallery forest but showed a preference for more closed and humid sites. Some species were also observed to benefit from disturbance, such as several of the genus Tillandsia, which were more abundant in open spaces, or the hemiepiphyte Philodendron warscewiczii that had a wider vertical distribution and also a much higher frequency in the disturbed site (DTSF) (see Supplementary Appendix 1). The changes in dominance of these species could be used to determine effects of anthropic disturbance ( Krömer et al., 2014). ...
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... the sustainable use of populations must be based on a management plan for the maintenance of their diversity ( Mondragón and Ticktin, 2011;Toledo-Aceves et al., 2014;Francisco-Ventura et al., 2018). In the case of this region, population studies specially of the species with restricted distribution (see Supplementary Appendix 1) would be required before presenting concrete proposals on their management. ...
Citations
... This systematic listing of flora is an essential resource for the broader understanding of plant diversity and taxonomy (Mehmood et al. 2015;Arif and Haider 2022). The distribution of plant species provides valuable insights into both living (biotic) and non-living (abiotic) factors, and their direct or indirect contributions to ecosystem services in a specific location (Flores-Argüelles et al. 2022;Magray et al. 2022;Shannon et al. 2022;Wani et al. 2022a, b) The presence of all plant species in a particular region characterizes its flora, whereas vegetation encompasses the significance of these species, their life forms, population dynamics, and their interactions within a specific environment. A floristic inventory can enhance our comprehension of vegetation characteristics. ...
A comprehensive study was conducted in the year 2022 and 2023 at Rahim Abad valley, District Gilgit, Pakistan, situated 33 km from Gilgit city along the Karakoram Highways, with an elevation ranging from 1440m to 2670m. The study area was surveyed, phytosociological research was carried out to determine dominant species, habit categories, and life forms. The research site was divided into three stands, thirty quadrates in each case were used to compute the Importance Value Index (IVI) for ascertaining dominant species. This research documented the baseline inventory of 111 phanerogams species, which comprised 93 unique genera were followed 43 diverse plant families. The valley's plant life-forms exhibited a rich diversity, comprising 55 Hemicryptophytes (49.55%), 22 Phanerophytes (19.82%), 33 Therophytes (29.73%) and one Geophyte. The hemicryptophytes were the largest life form which contributed 49.55% of the vegetation in the study area. Similarly, the recorded flora spanned various habit categories, with 79 herbs (71.17%), 20 trees (18.02%), 11 shrubs (9.91%), and one sub-shrub, all contributing to the region's botanical tapestry. Through this approach, Solanum tuberosum L emerged the most dominant species, boasting the higher IVI value of (23.24) among herbaceous plants.
... Although recent efforts to study the richness and distribution of epiphytes in several mountain regions and protected areas in Mexico are available, large regions in mountain systems in southeastern Mexico (e.g., "Sierra Madre del Sur" and "Sierra Madre of Chiapas") remain unexplored or poorly sampled. For example, there are floristic checklists and ecological studies in mountain areas such as the Cerros Negro-Yugaño Priority Terrestrial Region in Oaxaca (Gomez-Escamilla et al., 2019); El Triunfo Biosphere Reserve in Chiapas (Martínez-Meléndez et al., 2008, in semi-deciduous forest in El Cielo Biosphere Reserve in Tamaulipas state (de La Rosa-Manzano et al., 2017), pine-oak forest in Los Ocotones, Chiapas (Martínez-Meléndez et al., 2022), tropical deciduous forest in the North Coast region of Jalisco state (Flores-Argüelles et al., 2022); and studies on epiphyte diversity patterns along elevational gradients in Los Tuxtlas and the central region of Veracruz state (Krömer et al., 2013a;Guzmán-Jacob et al., 2020). ...
Mesoamerican mountains are important centers of endemism and diversity of epiphytes. The Sierra Madre of Chiapas in southeastern Mexico is a mountainous region of great ecological interest due to its high biological richness. We present the first checklist of epiphytes for this region based on a compilation of various information sources. In addition, we determined the conservation status for each species based on the Mexican Official Standard (NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2010), endemism based on geopolitical boundaries, spatial completeness with inventory completeness index, richness distribution with range maps, and the relationship between climatic variables (temperature and rainfall) with species richness using generalized additive models. Our dataset includes 9,799 records collected between 1896-2017. Our checklist includes 708 epiphytes within 160 genera and 26 families; the most species-rich family was Orchidaceae (355 species), followed by Bromeliaceae (82) and Polypodiaceae (79). There were 74 species within a category of risk and 59 species considered endemic. Completeness of epiphyte richness suggests that sampling is still largely incomplete, particularly in the lower parts of the mountain system. Species and family range maps show the highest richness at high elevations, while geographically richness increases towards the southeast. Epiphyte richness increases with increased rainfall, although a unimodal pattern was observed along the temperature gradient with a species richness peak between 16-20 C°. The Sierra Madre of Chiapas forms a refuge to more than 40% of all epiphytes reported for Mexico and its existing network of protected areas overlaps with the greatest epiphyte richness.
... It leads to the proper identification of plant species and thereby conservation in a scientific and systematic way. The distribution of plant species is a valuable source of information for environmental factors and ecosystem services in a particular habitat (Angyalossy et al., 2022;Flores-Argüelles et al., 2022;Magray et al., 2022;Shannon et al., 2022;Wani et al., 2022b;Watts et al., 2022). Floristic diversity is used to interpret plant species of any geographical area, whether cultivated or wild in their nature (Farooq et al., 2019;Khan and Badshah, 2019;Ca et al., 2020;Wani et al., 2022a). ...
This study assessed the floristic composition, biological spectrum, and phytogeographical elements of the Bin Dara western boundary of Pakistan. The flora consisted of plant species belonging to families. The most dominant family was Poaceae (with species), followed by Asteraceae (species). The biological spectrum showed the therophytes (species,. %) as the dominant life form class, followed by mega-phanerophytes (species,. %), nano-phanerophytes (species,. %), geophytes (species,. %), chamaephytes (species,. %), and hemi-cryptophytes (species,. %). Leaf size classes comprised of nanophylls (species,. %), microphylls (species,. %), mesophylls (species,. %), macrophylls (species,. %), leptophylls (species, .), megaphylls (species,. %), and aphyllous (species,. %). Cosmopolitan was the most prominent form of phytogeographic elements (with species,. %), followed by pantropical and Euro-Siberian Mediterranean Irano-Turanian (species, %) each. The pluriregional represented (species,. %), Holarctic and Mediterranean Irano-Turanian (species,. %), Irano-Turanian and Western Himalayan (species,. %) each. It is recommended that further study is needed to map the vegetation, its indicators, and rare species that face a huge threat of endangerment.
Las orquídeas epífitas han sido ampliamente utilizadas desde la época prehispánica como plantas de ornato. El uso de las orquídeas epífitas en ceremonias religiosas y festividades populares se ha documentado ampliamente; siendo escasos los estudios que muestren su uso ornamental en casas y comercios. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la riqueza y abundancia de las orquídeas epífitas que se usan de ornato en Puerto Vallarta. Se realizaron recorridos dentro del municipio, censando 24 casas y dos restaurantes que tuvieron orquídeas en sus patios, jardines, terrazas y cocheras frontales. Se obtuvo la identidad, abundancia, color de flor y distribución. Se registraron 521 orquídeas de 16 géneros y 33 especies (13 endémicas, 12 nativas y ocho exóticas). En promedio, las casas tienen una mayor riqueza de orquídeas endémicas, sin preferencia por algún color de flor. De acuerdo con su frecuencia y abundancia, 13 especies fueron dominantes, ocho ocasionales y 12 raras. La especie exótica Phalaenopsis sp fue la más abundante, las especies endémicas Trichocentrum natalieae y Myrmecophyla galeottiana fueron las más frecuentes. El cambio de uso de suelo por actividades agrícolas y la baja densidad poblacional son los factores que potencialmente amenazan a las poblaciones o hábitat de las orquídeas.
Genetic diversity in endangered species is of special significance in the face of escalating global climate change and alarming biodiversity declines. Rhododendron platypodum Diels, an endangered species endemic to China, is distinguished by its restricted geographical range. This study aimed to explore genetic diversity and differentiation among its populations, gathering samples from all four distribution sites: Jinfo Mountain (JFM), Zhaoyun Mountain (ZYM), Baima Mountain (BMM), and Mao’er Mountain (MEM). We employed 18 pairs of Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR) primers to ascertain the genetic diversity and structural characteristics of these samples and further utilized 19 phenotypic data points to corroborate the differentiation observed among the populations. These primers detected 52 alleles, with the average number of observed alleles ( Na ) being 2.89, the average number of effective alleles ( Ne ) being 2.12, the average observed heterozygosity ( Ho ) being 0.57, and the expected heterozygosity ( He ) being 0.50. This array of data demonstrates the efficacy of the primers in reflecting R. platypodum ’s genetic diversity. SSR-based genetic analysis of the populations yielded Ho , He , and Shannon index ( I ) values ranging from 0.47 to 0.65, 0.36 to 0.46, and 0.53 to 0.69, respectively. Notably, the ZYM population emerged as the most genetically diverse. Further analysis, incorporating molecular variance, principal component analysis, UPGMA cluster analysis, and structure analysis, highlighted significant genetic differentiation between the Chongqing (BMM, JFM, ZYM) and Guangxi (MEM) populations. Morphological data analysis corroborated these findings. Additionally, marked genetic and morphological distinctions were evident among the three Chongqing populations (BMM, JFM, and ZYM). This suggests that, despite the observed regional differentiation, R. platypodum ’s overall genetic diversity is relatively constrained compared to other species within the Rhododendron genus. Consequently, R. platypodum conservation hinges critically on preserving its genetic diversity and protecting its distinct populations.
The present study reports the floristic diversity and ecological attributes of 218 plant species belonging to 77 families from the Arang Valley, Bajaur, Pakistan. Of the total species, 187 (85.78%) were dicots, 27 (12.38%) monocots, three (1.37%) pteridophytes and only one (0.46%) gymnosperm. Asteraceae with 24 species (11.01%) was found to be the largest family, followed by Lamiaceae with 18 species (8.26%), Poaceae with 16 species (7.34%), Fabaceae with 15 species (6.88%) and Rosaceae with 11 species (5.05%). The dominant life forms were therophytes (43.58%), hemicryptophytes and nanophanerophytes (13.76%) each, and geophytes (11.93%). Mesophanerophytes (11.01%) and chamaephytes (5.96%) were the least common life forms. The higher number of therophytes, followed by hemicryptophytes and nanophanerophytes, reflects the xeric nature of the vegetation. According to leaf size, the vegetation consisted of microphylls (34.4%), nanophylls (27.98%) and mesophylls (26.16%), with leptophylls (9.63%), megaphylls and macrophylls (0.46%) being the least common. Cuscuta reflexa and Periploca aphylla were the aphyllous species. In terms of habit, the vegetation consisted predominantly of herbs (73.9%), followed by shrubs (13.8%), trees (11.0%), and lianas (1.38%). Based on their life cycle, plants were primarily annuals (49.5%) or perennials (48.6%), while biennials were rare (1.83%). The phytogeographical distribution reveals that the pluri-regional elements of the Irano-Turanian, Sino-Japanese, and Mediterranean regions (29 species, 13.3%) are dominating, followed by the cosmopolitan and Hamalian elements (24 species, 11%). The next dominant bi-regional elements in the area are Irano-Turanian and Sino-Japanese (19 species, 8.72%). Further research is required in order to map the vegetation structure and threatened species that are susceptible to biotic and abiotic stresses.
Background:
Bromeliaceae are widespread in Mexico and present in all types of vegetation. A high number of species are restricted to the country. Jalisco is the fifth Mexican state regarding Bromeliaceae richness and 18 % of its species are state endemics.
Questions and / or Hypotheses:
How bromeliads are distributed in Western Sierra-Coast region of Jalisco? What is the endemism status of bromeliads in the region?
Studied species:
Native Bromeliaceae of WSC.
Study site and dates:
WSC region in Jalisco, collections from 1926 to 2020.
Methods:
Data were obtained by herbarium material revision and field expeditions. We analyzed life form, distribution by vegetation type, altitudinal range, and recollection activity per year. A richness map was generated. To determine the affinity of the bromeliad flora with other regions of the state, a cluster analysis was performed using UPGMA method.
Results:
We found nine genera and 53 species, richest genera were Tillandsia and Pitcairnia. Epiphyte was the commonest life form. Oak forest had the highest species number, most taxa were found between 250-750 m asl. Most collections come from the municipality of Cabo Corrientes accounting for 66 % of total species in WSC. The study area hosts six species of endemic bromeliads.
Conclusions:
Despite to their restricted distribution, none of the endemic species from WSC are listed under special protection. The WSC should be considered for conservation. The tourism development, deforestation and climate change could have a negative impact on bromeliads, especially epiphytes that depend entirely on the host trees.
