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In this study, root collar diameter and height growth of bare rooted and containerized Black pine seedlings at 1+0 and 2+0 ages were statistically compared to Scots pine seedlings in Bolu forest nursery. Root collar diameters and height growths of 240 seedlings were measured. The obtained data were compared via “Student’s t – test”. Results show th...
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... to Table 3; there was a significant difference of both root collar diameter and height growth between Black and Scots pine seedlings at both 1+0 and 2+0 ages in favor of Black pine (P<0,05). Table 4 shows that there was a significant difference of both root collar diameter and height growth between Black and Scots pine seedlings at both 1+0 and 2+0 ages (P<0,05). ...
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... The size and the dynamics of tree growth are specie, genotype and age specific. In previous studies, growth rate differences have been reported between the two pine species, which are usually in favor of the black pine (on carbonate soils [95], on rendzinic leptosols [96], on deep soils on limestone [97], on the sunny slopes and on superficial soils in steppe [10], and in the tree nursery [98]), sometimes in favor of the Scots pine (on degraded land in the dry areas [99]). In the natural tree stands vulnerable to fires from the Dinaric Alps [100], as well on the well sunny slopes or on superficial soils in the Carpathians [51], the differences of growth between the two pin species are insignificant. ...
More than a third of Romania’s surface has low-productive soils, at the same time exposed to risks of climatic phenomena and generating high economic loss. Afforestation with pine has been the most common solution for the recovery of sheet erosion. Many of the pines grown on such land have run down. This paper presents the results of the first dendroecological investigation of degraded lands in Romania, 80 years after the first ecological reconstruction. In this way, the effects of reconstruction were assessed, supporting the adoption of future solutions for the improvement and efficiency of recovered ecosystems. Reconstructed radial growth was set against rainfall, air temperature, and management history. A total of 330 black pine and Scots pine trees (Pinus sylvestris L. and Pinus nigra Arn.) of different ages and social positions from 11 stands of different densities were cored for retrospective tree-ring analysis. Scots pine has made better use of these sites, with a better growth rate than black pine especially in plantations with lower survival and on dominant trees. The dynamics of radial growth distinguish the two pine species, with Scots pine showing an accentuated juvenile growth spurt and bigger growth range. The growth decline is predominantly a maturation effect that begins when the tree is around 40 years old and seems to be irreversible. After this age, weak or moderated removal is not enough to revive growth. The contribution of climate (air temperature and rainfall) to the last radial increments in decline is 3–57% and is higher than in the previous decades. On moderately degraded land by farming and grazing, the mixture of Scots pine and black pine, rather than monocultures, proved to be a sustainable solution. Dendrochronological surveying of restored ecosystems allows development of management strategies, which becomes critically important in the circumstances of climate warming.
... The similar results was reported by Jinks and Mason (1988). Oner and Eren (2008) reported a higher value of both (H and D), from containerized, compared to bareroot seedlings. On the other hand, Kolevska & Trajkov (2012) reported higher value of D from bareroot seedlings, but no information on growing density. ...
The influence of seed provenances and seedling production methods on quality of one and two years old seedlings of Austrian pine were investigated. Seeds from three provenances of Austrian pine (Goc, Studenica and Sargan) were used for seedlings production, combined with three production methods: (i) the modified seedbeds (bare-root), (ii) the container type Plantagrah II and (iii) the container type Gocko. Provenance, as well as the combined influence of provenance and production method had minimal influence on the variability of one and two years old Austrian pine seedlings. Nevertheless, the production method had the highest influence. The production system, besides its importance in nursery, will have a high influence on seedlings growth during the first year after planting. Considering the results of this study (e.g. the highest values of the diameter, number of lateral roots, shoot and root dry weight, and quality index and the lowest value of SQ and satisfactory value of S:R), we can conclude that the seedlings produced in container type Gocko led to the highest seedlings quality, recommended especially for afforestation on hard sites.
... The similar results was reported by Jinks and Mason (1988). Oner and Eren (2008) reported a higher value of both (H and D), from containerized, compared to bareroot seedlings. On the other hand, Kolevska & Trajkov (2012) reported higher value of D from bareroot seedlings, but no information on growing density. ...
Ivetić V., Škorić M., 2013. The impact of seeds provenance and nursery production method on Austrian pine (Pinus nigra Arn.) seedlings quality. Ann. For. Res. 56(2): 297-305, 2013. Abstract. The influence of seed provenances and seedling production meth-ods on quality of one and two years old seedlings of Austrian pine were investigated. Seeds from three provenances of Austrian pine (Goč, Stu-denica and Šargan) were used for seedlings production, combined with three production methods: (i) the modified seedbeds (bare-root), (ii) the container type Plantagrah II and (iii) the container type Gočko. Provenance, as well as the combined influence of provenance and production method had minimal influence on the variability of one and two years old Austrian pine seedlings. Nevertheless, the production method had the highest influ-ence. The production system, besides its importance in nursery, will have a high influence on seedlings growth during the first year after planting. Considering the results of this study (e.g. the highest values of the diam-eter, number of lateral roots, shoot and root dry weight, and quality index and the lowest value of SQ and satisfactory value of S:R), we can con-clude that the seedlings produced in container type Gočko led to the highest seedlings quality, recommended especially for afforestation on hard sites.
... The good quality of the fir found in this study indicates the possibility of growing better seedlings using the container method in comparison with conventional production. This is confirmed by research conducted by Öner and Eren (2007), which showed better parameters of nursery-grown P. sylvestris and P. nigra using containarised compared to bare root plants. A similar relationship was observed by Thiffault et al. (2003) for container-grown spruce. ...
The effectiveness of different peat-based substrates was compared for the propagation of two mountain tree species (silver fir and European beech). The experiment was set up in the spring of 2006, and seedlings were grown in polystyrene multipots for 2 years. Four types of substrate were applied: (1) a newly prepared 1:1 peat-sawdust mixture; (2) a peat-sawdust mixture which had already been used for five production periods; (3) a peat substrate produced in the ‘Nędza’ container nursery (Rudy Raciborskie Forest District), consisting of peat and perlite; (4) a peat substrate, as described for (3), with added mycorrhizal fungus Hebeloma crustuliniforme. After sowing, polystyrene multi-pots were placed in a transparent tent.
During the autumns of 2006 and 2007, for both species and each substrate type, 25 seedlings were randomly selected for measurement of their above-ground height, root length, root collar diameter, above- and below-ground fresh weight.
Growth of one-year old and two-year-old seedlings of both species differed depending on their substrate. The application of a mycorrhizal inoculum positively affected seedling establishment, since the best height growth and largest seedlings of both species were grown on substrate (4). The growth of one-year-old fir seedlings in the ‘old’ peat and sawdust mixture (2) was similar to those seedlings grown on the turf substrate (3). Root:shoot allocation differed among the substrates. In fir, root:shoot allocation was approximately equivalent at 1:0.9, whereas for beech it was 1:2 in one-year old seedlings and 1:1.5 in two-year old seedlings.
... pallasiana Lamb. (Holmboe)], grows naturally on large areas in Turkey excluding Eastern Black sea, Eastern and South-eastern ecological regions of Turkey (Atalay, 2002, Oner andEren, 2008). But in the distribution areas of black pine, the ecological conditions change considerably depending on climatic, topographic and parent material properties. ...
The aim of this study is to determine ecoregions and the effect of ecological properties on natural distribution of Anatolian black pine [Pinus nigra Arnold. subsp. pallasiana Lamb. (Holmboe)] in Turkey. The results suggest that 6 ecoregions exist and climate, parent material, topography, anthropogenic factors, floristic composition, competition are ecological factors that determine the distribution of Black pine in Turkey. But, climatic elements such as precipitation and temperature are the dominant factors. The six ecoregions with different characteristics have been identified and distribution ofAnatolian black pine revealed depending on ecological features of each region. Each region has its own characteristics that affect the growth and distribution of black pine. Productive black pine forest are found on the subhumid-semiarid areas receiving humid air mass coming from the seas either on northern or southern coastal mountains of Turkey. The poor and/or lowest productive stands occur in the semiarid parts of Inner Anatolia. Black pine can grow on all material in the semi-arid and sub-humid cold climates, but deep weatheared parent materials are the best for growing of black pine.
... These unproductive areas have been evaluated as potential areas for rehabilitation practices to diminish the wood supply deficit in Turkey. Of course, big amount and high quality of reproductive material is necessary to keep present scots pine forest stock even to continue with increasing trend by rehabilitating the degraded areas [3]. Presently, Turkey has 21 Scots pine seed orchards on 109 ha [4], only 9.2% of annual seed demand for plantations is covered from the orchards at the beginning of the millenium [5]. ...
... Moreover, apophysis traits as ApL, ApW, ApT showed bigger variation among the grafts than among the clones. CoV varied among clones from 6.57 to 18.83 cm 3 Table 1). The coefficients of variation among grafts (CV) were mostly bigger than among clones, indicates high variation within the population (Table 1). ...
A multi-directional relationship may be conceivable between elements and melatonin in sessile organisms. Melatonin is an important hormone that helps regulate metabolism. This study investigated how different doses (0 μM/control, 250 μM, 500 μM, 1000 μM, and 1500 μM) of exogenous melatonin supplementations (EMS) affected the elemental contents in Anatolian black pine (Pinus nigra Arnold. ssp. pallasiana (Lamb.) Holmboe) seedling tissues (root, stem, and needle). Two different application forms (root-dipping and needle-spraying) were selected in the study. In the samples of seedling tissues, sodium (Na), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), iron (Fe), aluminum (Al), magnesium (Mg)/ppm; chrome (Cr), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), phosphorus (P), selenium (Se), silicium (Si), silver (Ag), sulfur (S), zinc (Zn), and molybdenum (Mo)/ppb were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). Of the 18 elements examined, there was a statistically significant difference (p<0.05) between all seedling tissues and different doses of EMS. The results show that EMS may have the regulatory effect on seedling tissue element metabolism.
This review provides information and opinions about irrigation practices in pine nurseries. Even when nurseries receive more than 15 mm of rainfall week-1, managers irrigate seedbeds to increase germination, increase seed efficiency, and increase root growth. In the southern United States, a 7-month old pine seedling in an outdoor nursery typically receives 2 to 6 kg of water supplied from either sprinklers (39 nurseries) or center-pivot irrigation (12 nurseries). Most nursery managers do not intentionally subject the crop to moisture stress, since most reforestation sites receive adequate rainfall, and many studies show that reducing root mass does not increase seedling performance. In fact, nursery profits can be reduced by more than $13,000 ha-1 when deficit irrigation reduces average seedling diameter by 1 mm. Although some researchers believe that failure to properly drought stress pine seedlings might increase outplanting mortality by up to 75%, research over the past 40 years does not support that myth. When pine seedlings average 5 mm (at the root-collar), water stress is not a reliable method of increasing tolerance to an October freeze event. In several greenhouse trials, researchers grew and tested seedlings that nursery managers would classify as culls (i.e., dry root mass < 0.5 g). Unfortunately, it is common for researchers to make irrigation recommendations without first developing a water-production function curve.
