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The genus Fritillaria (Liliaceae) embraces up to 165 species, including taxa of both medicinal and ornamental importance. In this study, 44 specimens of the genus representing 9 species were collected from their natural habitats located in 10 provinces of Iran. For the purpose of finding phytochemical diversity and a possible discriminant method am...
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... design effec- tive conservation and sustainable utilization strategies; this is of vital importance because several aspects of Fritillaria conservation practices, such as evaluation of genetic diversity, performing breed- ing programs and restoration of threatened species can only be addressed by detailed population studies ( Cruz et al., 2010) (Fig. ...
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Plants adapt to high altitudes by adjusting the characteristics of their above and underground organs. Identifying the species-specific plant traits changed in response to altitude is essential for understanding ecophysiological processes at the ecosystem level. Multiple studies analyzed the effects of altitude on above and underground organ traits...
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... The Fritillaria spp. have been studied for their morphological (Khaniki 2003, Teksen andAytac 2011), karyological (Basak 1991, Kocyigit et al. 2016, palynological (Ozler and Pehlivan, 2007, Teksen et al. 2010, Shahla 2018), phylogenetic (Celebi et al. 2008, Advay andSharifi-Tehrani 2016), phytochemical (Hao et al. 2013, Kiani et al. 2015 and molecular (Turktas et al. 2012) characteristics. In recent years, in vitro propagation and in situ and ex situ conservation research on rare, endemic, and economically important Fritillaria species has increased (Ulug et al. 2010, Kulkhanova et al. 2015, Muraseva et al. 2015, Shafi et al. 2018. ...
Fritillaria stribrnyi Velen. (Liliaceae) grows naturally only in northwest Turkey (Turkish Thrace)
and southern Bulgaria, and is threatened with extinction in the wild due to human pressure. In this paper, the
megasporogenesis, megagametogenesis, and embryo sac development of F. stribrnyi were investigated using
light microscopy. Buds and blooming flowers were collected from the plantʼs natural habitats in the Ipsala district
(Edirne, Turkey) from February to April of 2015 and fixed in ethanol: glacial acetic acid solution. Conventional
paraffin embedding techniques were followed. Serial sections of the ovaries cut at 10–12 µm thickness were
stained with alcian blue and nuclear fast red double staining. The ovary of F. stribrnyi is trilocular. The mature
ovule is anatropous, tenuinucellate, and bitegmic. The archesporial cell differentiates directly into the megaspore
mother cell. The megaspore mother cell undergoes regular meiotic division and a typical diagonal megaspore
tetrad eventually form. The embryo sac of the species is eight-nucleated, a tetrasporic type, and followed the
Fritillaria-type development. The egg cell and synergid cells are covered by a complete cellulosic wall in the
mature embryo sac. Two of the antipodal cells degenerate before fertilization and the third cell shows a flattened
structure. A haploid polar nucleus at the micropyle side comes with the second male nucleus toward the triploid
one at the chalazal side after fertilization and triple fusion occurs.
... Gas chromatography (GC) and its combination approach with mass spectrometry is a powerful tool for phytochemical analysis because of their high separation efficiency and short analysis time. The isosteroidal alkaloids in bulbs of Fritillaria were identified and determined by GC [81,139] and GC-MS with pre-column derivatization [140]. However, given the polarity of isosteroidal alkaloids, they cannot be eluted from conventional GC columns, and derivatization processes are required prior to GC analysis. ...
Fritillaria naturally grows in the temperate region of Northern Hemisphere and mainly distributes in Central Asia, Mediterranean region, and North America. The dried bulbs from a dozen species of this genus have been usually used as herbal medicine, named Beimu in China. Beimu had rich sources of phytochemicals and have extensively applied to respiratory diseases including coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Fritillaria species have alkaloids that act as the main active components that contribute multiple biological activities, including anti-tussive, expectorant, and anti-asthmatic effects, especially against certain respiratory diseases. Other compounds (terpenoids, steroidal saponins, and phenylpropanoids) have also been identified in species of Fritillaria . In this review, readers will discover a brief summary of traditional uses and a comprehensive description of the chemical profiles, biological properties, and analytical techniques used for quality control. In general, the detailed summary reveals 293 specialized metabolites that have been isolated and analyzed in Fritillaria species. This review may provide a scientific basis for the chemical ecology and metabolomics in which compound identification of certain species remains a limiting step.
... However, morphological characteristics are often limited in number and are easily influenced by the environment (Tang et al. 2013) and/or developmental factors during plant growth (Kiani et al. 2017). Although application of biochemical markers in taxonomy (chemotaxonomy) has been shown to be effective for identification of closely related taxa, these markers are dependent on the developmental stage of plant tissues (Tang et al. 2013;Kiani et al. 2015). The advance of molecular techniques has offered a solution to many problems that were for a long time out of reach of classical taxonomic systems. ...
Here, we used data generated from amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis to address the biodiversity status and taxonomic relationships among 47 wild accessions representing 9 species of the genus Tulipa in Iran. A high level of genetic diversity within the genus was observed; the most distant taxa were T. humilis and T. schrenkii, while the highest degree of similarity was found between T. montana and T. biflora. Twelve AFLP primer sets amplified 342 fragments, of which 304 were polymorphic (88.1%). The average number of polymorphic bands per AFLP primer pair was 28.5. A hierarchical cluster analysis was carried out on the genetic profile of the taxa, and the results mostly reconfirmed the recognized taxonomy of the genus. However, we found evidence for recognition of a new subgenus for T. biebersteiniana.
... These phytochemicals exert their biological roles, as plastic adaptive drivers in response to the surrounding environment. Such chemical interactions often include variations in the production of plant metabolites, which could possibly be one of the main explanations behind plants metabolic diversity [32]. Therefore, the study of these variations is very useful in the chemical characterization of plants of the same species which are collected from different geographical areas, especially when they have genetic homogeneity [33]. ...
Polyphenol content and antioxidant activity of flowers and herbage of three species of the genus Alcea were determined. Flowers showed high total phenolic content and yielded values ranging from 26.83 (Alcea aucheri var. lobata) to 82.59 (A. aucheri var. aucheri) mg GAE/g DW. Total anthocyanin content was highest (934.98 mg/ml) in the flowers of A. auchrei var. aucheri (A12), whereas the content was minimal (1.34 mg/ml) in the herbage of Alcea koelzii (A2). The highest total flavonoid content was recorded in A. koelzii (16.15 mg Q/g DW), while the lowest value was achieved in A. aucheri var. lobata (8.06 mg Q/g DW). The highest concentration of mucilage was recorded in the flowers from Alcea arbelensis (32%), whereas those of A. aucheri var. lobata yielded the lowest value (1.05%). Principal component analysis scatter plot, derived from all data for flowers in 13 Alcea specimens revealed a different quantitative phytochemical profile. The strongest radical scavenging activity, measured by DPPH method, was recorded in A. aucheri var. aucheri with an IC50 of 34.06 μg/ml.
... hakkarensis is scattered in Turkey and northeastern Iraq. In addition to this typical species, a) F. reuteri, b) F. straussii (Kiani et al., 2015a), and c) F. poluninii (Wallis and Wallis, 2009) are three morphologically distinct species of this group which occur in Iran. They all have usually broadly campanulate flowers pendant at maturity, and rather large linear nectaries, 5e10 Â 1.5e2 mm (half or more as long as the perianth segments, placed 3e5 mm above the base), which are usually black-purplish at the base. ...
Iran supports a great share of exotic and/or endemic plant genera and species. The genus Fritillaria (Liliaceae) is a precious part of this botanical richness with 19 species, of which 10 are endemic to the country. However, signs are mounting that the country is truly at a crossroads when it comes to preservation of this national wealth. In this regard, an effective conservation strategy should thoroughly consider the classification of Fritillaria, as conservation practices are compromised by knowledge gaps in systematics and taxonomy. As published studies on Fritillaria in Iran have been sporadic and limited in scope, the aim of this review is to provide information necessary to help bridge these information gaps. Our objective is to facilitate increased understanding of the geographic, taxonomic, cytogenetic and phylogenetic status of Iranian Fritillaria, which is vital to meeting the goal of sustainable conservation of the genus in Iran and neighboring areas.
... For example, Flora Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae described 60 species belonging to Fritillaria, with 20 of these species and two variants distributed in China. Mahmoud Kiani (Kiani et al., 2015) and Dacheng Hao (Hao et al., 2014) mentioned 165 species that belong to Fritillaria. Moreover, the morphological characteristics of Fritillariae bulbus are so similar that they cannot be distinguished from one another. ...
Distinguishing the five types of Fritillariae bulbus (Fritillariae cirrhosae bulbus, Fritillariae ussuriensis bulbus, Fritillariae pallidiflorae bulbus, Fritillariae thunbergii bulbus and Fritillariae hupehensis bulbus) is difficult because of their similar morphological, physical, and chemical characteristics. These species, which are included in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia, exhibit different therapeutic effects. Therefore, we used internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) regions as DNA barcode to distinguish the five types of Fritillariae bulbus from each other and their adulterants. A total of 151 samples belonging to five types of Fritillariae bulbus (a total of 11 species of Fritillaria) and two adulterant species were collected. The phylogeny was constructed using the neighbor joining (NJ), maximum parsimony (MP), and maximum likelihood (ML) methods. Genomic DNAs were successfully extracted from all bulbus samples and obtaining high-quality ITS2 sequences via polymerase chain reaction optimization. The length of the ITS2 sequence of 12 Fritillaria species ranged from 235 bp to 241 bp, and the average GC content was over 68%. Adulterants Bolbostemma paniculatum and F. maximowiczii could be distinguished from all Fritillariae bulbus species by using the distance and tree methods. The ML tree showed better topology than the NJ and MP trees. Members of each type of Fritillariae bulbus formed one clade, which was strongly supported with bootstrap values, except for Fritillariae thunbergii bulbus and Fritillariae hupehensis bulbus in the ML tree. Therefore, DNA barcoding technology based on ITS2 regions can be used to distinguish the five types of Fritillariae bulbus from each other and their adulterants except for Fritillariae thunbergii bulbus and Fritillariae hupehensis bulbus.
Smyrnium is a rich source of isofuranodiene, a bioactive furanosesquiterpenoid. This study evaluated root samples from ten ecotypes of S. cordifolium from southwest Iran and found that their essential oils were predominantly composed of isofuranodiene and curzerene. The principal component analysis identified four chemotypes among the ecotypes, characterized by isofuranodiene, curzerene, thymol, and (E, E)-germacrone. Hierarchical clustering analysis separated the ecotypes into three clades, in which curzerene, isofuranodiene, and curzerenone played major roles. The data acquired highlights that the essential oil composition in S. cordifolium is primarily associated with the genetic makeup rather than the geographical origins of the samples. Insights into the chemical composition of the genus Smyrnium can favor the selection of better-suited genotypes for industrial purposes, as well as facilitate the development of conservation strategies and breeding programs.
Fritillaria roylei is an endangered medicinal herb of Himalayan region. The dried bulb of the plant species contains the active constituents which are used in the preparation of Astavarga, Chyavanprash, and numerous herbal preparations to cure health ailments. The phytochemicals possess various biological activities like anti-asthmatic effects, expectorant, anti-tussive, and especially against certain respiratory diseases. Currently, various biotic and abiotic pressures have lead F. roylei to become critically endangered in Western Himalayas. To check the decline in population of this medicinal herb, appropriate protection strategies along with control measures for sustainable exploitation should be kept in consideration. In the present review, the readers will discover a brief background, classification, distribution, and morphology of F. roylei. A general account of the phytochemistry, medicinal values, pharmacological activities, and analytical techniques used for metabolic profiling for the identification of phytochemicals has also been extensively described. This study explains different mode of conservation strategies for its mass propagation which will limit its utilization from natural habitat.Keywords
Fritillaria
Medicinal plantsTraditional usesPhytochemistryPharmacology
