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Structures of the genitalia in the genus Gnophopsodos, on the sample of G. sabine spec. nov. a)-male, b)female. aae: appendix aedeagi; an: antrum; ant.ju: anterior juxta appendices; ap: apex of costa; cae: corpus aedeagi; cb: corpus bursae; co: costa; gn: gnathos; gn.p: gnathos peak; ju: juxta; os: ostium; pa: papillae anales; sa: saccus; un: uncus; un.p: uncus peak; va: valvula.
Source publication
In a comprehensive morphological study besides results of DNA barcoding the genus Gnophopsodos Wehrli, 1945 is taxonomically revised. The taxon comprises nine species. Diagnostic characters are depicted and a key to the species based on the morphology of male genitalia is provided. Males and females (if available) of each species and their genitali...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... of male and female genitalia are explained in Fig. 1. Following genitalia characters were measured (see Fig. 2): in the male genitalia-total length (distance from the most caudal part of the uncus to the end of the saccus); valvae span (line between apexes of valvae spread out on the slide); valvulae span (distance between the apexes of valvulae); valvae width (distance between base of ...
Context 2
... genitalia (Pl. 3, Fig. 1c). Total length: 1.57 mm; valvae span: 1.43 mm; valvulae span: 1.34 mm; valvae width: 0.56 mm. Costa with about 6-8 short and thick costal thorns, apex covered with strong setae; uncus strongly sclerotized, slenderly triangular-shaped with blunt peak; gnathos strongly sclerotized, slender, laterally not compressed, evenly tapered, ...
Context 3
... genitalia (Pl. 5, Fig. 1d). Total length: 3.03 mm; antrum length: 0.25 mm; antrum width: 0.27 mm; antrum ...
Citations
... Our phylogenetic analysis (Figure 2) demonstrates that the genus Gnophos is polyphyletic, and earlier studies have indicated the need for taxonomic revisions (Murillo-Ramos et al., 2019). Although some genera and species have been revised (e.g., Erlacher & Erlacher, 2016), many remain poorly defined or have not been revisited since their original description. ...
Many unique high-altitude mountain ecosystems have been declining due to climate change, posing a threat to flora and fauna that have adapted to these ecosystems. This study explores the evolution of high-altitude adaptations, focusing on female flightless-ness and diel activity, in geometrid moths (Lepidoptera: Ennominae, Gnophini) within the European Alps. We constructed a phylogeny of Gnophini moths using a dataset of 157 taxa, with up to seven genetic markers and traced the evolutionary history of diel activity and wing length reduction in females. Analysis of divergence times suggested that female flightlessness has evolved at least three times independently between the early and late Miocene. The evolution of wing length reduction is likely correlated with elevation, indicating adaptations to cold and windy conditions in high altitude. The evolutionary events leading to shifts in adult diel activity, from ancestral nocturnality to diurnality, have occurred independently at least three times and may also be a consequence of adaptations at high elevations. Strikingly, among diurnal Sciadia, two species have evolved further to become nocturnal like their ancestors. Our findings highlight how phylogenies can provide new insights into evolutionary patterns in moths. We provided a robust basis for resolving taxonomic ambiguities in Alpine Gnophini, leading us to propose 10 changes to the current classification: Scrupodes Lee & Sihvonen gen. n., Elophos Boisduval (type species Geometra operaria Hübner) is considered a junior synonym of Sciadia Hübner syn. n., Yezognophos dilucidaria (Denis & Schiffermüller) and Y. sproengertsi (Püngeler) are transferred to Parietaria Leraut comb. n., Yezognophos sero-tinaria (Denis & Schiffermüller) is transferred to Scrupeus Lee & Sihvonen comb. n., Elo-phos caelibaria (Heydenreich), E. zirbitzensis (Pieszcek), E. operaria (Hübner) and E. andereggaria (De La Harpe) are transferred to Sciadia Hübner comb. n. and Dichrogno-phos Wehrli (type species Gnophos orthogonia Wehrli) is transferred from Ennominae: Cassymini to Ennominae: Gnophini.
... These dimensions were also comparable to those pointed out by Figen et al. (2012) on B. venosana that the adult length and wingspan were 5-6 mm and 13-14 mm while those of the female were 6.0-7.0 mm and 14-16 mm. Wing size has been recorded as a size indicator of many species in the order Lepidoptera (Erlacher and Erlacher 2016;Gentile et al. 2021). ...
Nguyen HU, Phan QN, Dang HT, Son TTN, Nguyen HN, Nguyen THT. 2021. Morphology, biology, and damage behaviors of nutsedge borer (Bactra venosana Zeller) in Tra Vinh Province, Vietnam. Biodiversitas 23: 733-741. Nutsedge borer, Bactra venosana Zeller (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), is a common pest of sedge in Tra Vinh Province. To control this species, its morphology, biology, and behaviors were investigated in Tra Vinh Province. The study was conducted with the aim of determining the information related to the Bactra venosana, as a basis for developing a strategy to manage this species by means of safety solutions. The study was carried out by surveying the behavior of nutsedge borer in sedge fields and determining their morphological and biological characteristics under laboratory conditions. The results showed that the eggs were 1.06 ± 0.17 mm (in length), 0.84 ± 0.16 (in width), oval, and white after turning pale yellow. Larvae progressed through 5 instars with body length and width of 1.20 ± 0.18 mm to 11.3 ± 1.23 mm and from 0.25 ± 0.05 to 1.05 ± 0.25 mm, respectively. Newly hatched larvae were dark yellow, and pupae were pale green. The male pupa was 7.75 ± 0.68 mm long, while the female was 8.46 ± 0.93 mm long, light green, and dark brown about to mature. The male adult of B. venosana was usually gray-brown and 7.70 ± 0.60 mm in body length, whereas the female adult was silver-gray, 8.41 ± 0.86 mm. The life cycle passed 35.9 ± 2.55 days in laboratory conditions. Under field conditions, eggs were laid scattered on the surface of the host plants. Larvae bored inside the stems of sedge. Newly damaged sedge plants had no symptoms at first whose bodies got soft, turned from light green to pale yellow, and gradually wilted and died.
... Изучение видового состава пядениц Таджикистана продолжается уже более 150 лет. По последним данным на этой территории было обнаружено около 250 видов геометрид [Viidalepp, 1996;Weisert, 2002;Viidalepp, 2003;Viidalepp, Kostjuk, 2005;Mironov, Ratzel, 2012;Rajaei et al., 2012;Mironov, Galsworthy, 2013;Erlacher, Erlacher, 2016]. Несмотря на проведённые исследования изучение видового богатства пядениц этого региона ещё не закончено. ...
... Mitochondrial genes are reliable genetic markers for studying insect phylogeny and biogeography (Simon et al. 1994;Caterino et al. 2000;Simmons and Weller 2001) as they are estimated to evolve faster than nuclear protein-coding genes (Monteiro and Pierce 2001). Most importantly, DNA barcoding is widely used in taxonomic revisions (Erlacher and Erlacher 2016;Gibson and Fusu 2016;Belokobylskij et al. 2017;Zupolini et al. 2017;Corley and Ferreira 2019;Ferrari 2020;Levesque-Beaudin and Mlynarek 2020). ...
Dung beetles are diverse, cosmopolitan, and endemic to different biogeographic zones. But, their taxonomy and phylogeny is currently not well understood in the old-world tropics. Within the subfamily Scarabaeinae, Onthophagus is the most species rich and complex genus with 2189 species worldwide. India has approximately 400 species of dung beetles belonging to 30 genera. Based on morphology, the dung beetles of certain genera in Oriental and Afrotropical regions have been classified into Species Groups. Presently the genetic information of dung beetles of India is poorly represented in the databases, thus limiting knowledge on the phylogenetic relationships of the Indian fauna. In this study, we aimed to provide barcodes of 27 species belonging to Onthophagus and one species of Onitis and to examine whether the resulting phylogenetic tree complies with the Species Groups. Kimura 2
parameter model was used to measure genetic distance and Neighbour Joining method was used for the tree construction. The tree topology did not fully support the Species Groups of Onthophagus as other studies from the African region have noted. The DNA barcodes generated from this study can serve as a reference for future phylogenetic studies.
... Mironov and Glasworthy [52] reported 57 species with two species (Eupithecia ankini, Eupithecia munguata) new to science and 12 species new to the fauna of Mongolia. Erlacher et al., studied six geometrid species from Mongolia and described one new species Charissa beljaevi [53][54][55]. In 2019, Makhov and Beljaev [56] studied the geometrid moths of the Baikal Region and recorded 14 species from Mongolia. ...
Geometrids are a species-rich group of moths that serve as reliable indicators for environmental changes. Little is known about the Mongolian moth fauna, and there is no comprehensive review of species richness, diversity, and distribution patterns of geometrid moths in the country. Our study aims to review the existing knowledge on geometrid moths in Mongolia. We compiled geometrid moth records from published scientific papers, our own research, and from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) to produce a checklist of geometrid moths of Mongolia. Additionally, we analyzed spatial patterns, species richness, and diversity of geometrid moths within 14 ecoregions of Mongolia and evaluated environmental variables for their distribution. In total, we compiled 1973-point records of 388 geometrid species. The most species-rich ecoregion in Mongolia was Daurian Forest Steppe with 142 species. Annual precipitation and maximum temperature of the warmest month were the most important environmental variables that correlated with NMDS axes in an analysis of geometrid assemblages of different ecoregions in Mongolia.
... Mironov and Glasworthy [52] reported 57 species with two species (Eupithecia ankini, Eupithecia munguata) new to science and 12 species new to the fauna of Mongolia. Erlacher et al., studied six geometrid species from Mongolia and described one new species Charissa beljaevi [53][54][55]. In 2019, Makhov and Beljaev [56] studied the geometrid moths of the Baikal Region and recorded 14 species from Mongolia. ...
Geometrids are a species-rich group of moths that serve as reliable indicators for environmental changes. Little is known about the Mongolian moth fauna, and there is no comprehensive review of species richness, diversity, and distribution patterns of geometrid moths in the country. Our study aims to review the existing knowledge on geometrid moths in Mongolia. We compiled geometrid moth records from published scientific papers, our own research, and from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) to produce a checklist of geometrid moths of Mongolia. Additionally, we analyzed spatial patterns, species richness, and diversity of geometrid moths within 14 ecoregions of Mongolia and evaluated environmental variables for their distribution. In total, we compiled 1973-point records of 388 geometrid species. The most species-rich ecoregion in Mongolia was Daurian Forest Steppe with 142 species. Annual precipitation and maximum temperature of the warmest month were the most important environmental variables that correlated with NMDS axes in an analysis of geometrid assemblages of different ecoregions in Mongolia.
... Material examined. Holotypes of both G. ravistriolaria ravistriolaria and G. ravistriolaria pantherinus, and 15 paratypes of G. r. pantherinus (details in Erlacher & Erlacher, 2016). The following material of G. ravistriolaria ravistriolaria has recently been received: Russia: 2♂, West Buryatia, 24 km N Sagan Shuluta, River Irkuta, 51°(53-56)'36''N / 100°(43-46)'41' 'E, 1850-1950m, 14.-18.vii.2015 ...
... Diagnosis. In the female genitalia, G. ravistriolaria resembles G. puengeleri (Bohatsch, 1910) and G. sabine Erlacher & Erlacher, 2016 (detailed description of the two latter species in Erlacher & Erlacher (2016)). However, in G. puengeleri the antrum is smaller than in G. ravistriolaria, and in G. sabine the antrum is more pear-shaped and the internal portion is totally sclerotized. ...
... 2,Fig. 3): for a detailed description seeErlacher & Erlacher (2016).PLATE 1. Adults of Gnophopsodos ravistriolaria. 1: male; 2: female. ...
The genus Gnophopsodos Wehrli, 1945 has recently been under revision (Erlacher & Erlacher 2016). For three out of nine species belonging to the taxon, the females have hitherto been unknown, one of them being G. ravistriolaria. Material collected in the Sayan Mountains in 2015, about 25 km away from the locus typicus of G. ravistriolaria, and recently received, contained two males of that species and a single unknown female. The latter could clearly be assigned to the genus Gnophopsodos by their genitalia. We conclude that the female belongs to G. ravistriolaria based on the following: (1) it belongs to a small series further comprising two males that proved to be G. ravistriolaria based on genitalia characters; (2) all of the three specimens have been collected close to the locus typicus of G. ravistriolaria, where no sympatric Gnophopsodos species are known from; (3) the new female clearly differs from females of other Gnophopsodos species concerning its genitalia characters and (4) its habitus matches that of the known males, including the holotype. The female of G. ravistriolaria is now illustrated for the first time.
Globally, ~8.7 million species are estimated to exist on Earth, and one million species are facing extinction due to human intervention. Biodiversity improves the environment's resilience to disturbances, plays a vital role in sustaining ecosystem functions, and provides ecosystem services to humanity. The significant drivers of biodiversity loss are habitat loss, human population and consumption growth, and climate change. Climate warming will cause cold-adapted species to migrate to higher elevations or latitudes, searching for suitable habitats. Another factor that affects species richness and community composition is an ecological disturbance. However, it is still unclear how species will respond and how many species will disappear in the near future. Species richness (alpha diversity) is used to measure biodiversity since it is practical and widely applicable; however, even for similar environments, the number of species differs; therefore, it is crucial to determine the underlying causes. Beta diversity considers the changes in species composition among areas and can be partitioned into two parts, according to the origin of differences: turnover and nestedness. Turnover reflects the process of environmental filtering, while nestedness reflects colonization, such as the effects of a lack of available resources. For observing potential environmental and climate change, indicator species are used to monitor the environmental condition and assess the ecological integrity. However, how species respond to environmental change depends on their functional traits. Environmental disturbances such as overgrazing eliminate specialist species, while generalists benefit, resulting in a more homogeneous, less resilient environment. It is predicted that there will be massive biodiversity losses if current human population growth continues and if people do not change the way they interact with nature. However, globally, the availability of biodiversity data is not equal: differences may occur spatially (most databases are covering Europe and North America), taxonomically (focus on large animals such as mammals and birds and charismatic organisms such as butterflies), historically (long-term data is missing), and analytically (general pattern is missing). Therefore, we do not know exactly which species are disappearing in many places of the world and where conservation management should focus. So, it is necessary to learn how many species exist, how disturbance affects their distribution, how they respond to disturbance depending on their ecological niches, etc. in order to conserve biodiversity. In this thesis, I integrated and analyzed published data on geometrid moths and interpreted their diversity pattern; moreover, I studied the diversity and distribution of macro moths in the field and further investigated the effects of livestock grazing on moth assemblages under different climatic conditions. The central part of the thesis was conducted at ten sites located along the latitudinal gradient in Mongolia, totaling a transect length of 860 km from the Gobi Desert into the steppe. I found a breakpoint at 46° N for both the beta diversity pattern of moth communities and precipitation and temperature. In the desert, beta diversity was due to species loss/gain, and in grassland, it was caused by species replacement. The low number of species and the relatedness of beta diversity to species loss in the desert reflect the lower productivity of this ecosystem. Based on the overlapping breakpoints of environment and community structure, I expect the grassland sites to become more similar to desert sites if global temperatures continue to rise, leading to a more nested pattern of moth diversity. The contrasting patterns of beta diversity in deserts and grasslands mean that different conservation approaches are necessary. My thesis demonstrates that moths in the two contrasting biomes responded differently to grazing and that moth families showed different responses. In the desert, climate variables overrode the effects of grazing, whereas, in the grassland, the effects of grazing were more pronounced. For the first time, I assessed indicator species for distinct grazing regimes in contrasting biomes in Mongolia and identified indicator species for sections of the latitudinal gradient. The results of the literature review and up-to-date field studies serve as baseline data for future research that will be useful in identifying changes. In addition, areas at the highest elevations in desert habitat that may serve as refuges for biodiversity, as reflected by moths, should be studied in more detail and over the long term. Future studies should aim to 1) Compile and integrate records for other moth families and create a species checklist. 2) Investigate and compile trait-related information. 3) Evaluate the population size of rare species of moths and update the conservation status. 4) Study the phylogenetic diversity of moths in Mongolia. 5) Predict the potential and projected distribution of moths in the Palearctic region.
The dichotomous keys to 106 species from 62 genera of Ennominae (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) of the Baikal region
(Irkutskaya Oblast and Buryatia, Russia) is given. The annotated catalogue including synonyms, the details of examined
specimens, data on distribution and hostplants with references is provided. Distribution of Macaria artesiaria ([Denis et
Schiffermüller], 1775) in the Baikal region is confirmed. One species is newly combined with genus Hypoxystis Prout,
1915: H. reticulata (Sterneck, 1928) comb. nov. The genus name Scardostrenia Sterneck, 1928 is established to be a
synonym of Hypoxystis Prout, 1915 syn. n. Some taxonomic aspects of Charissa turfosaria (Wehrli, 1922), Hypoxystis
reticulata (Sterneck, 1928), Synopsia strictaria Lederer, 1853 and Autotrichia heterogynoides (Wehrli, 1927) are discussed.
New westernmost boundary of the range of Abraxas karafutonis Matsumura, 1925 is established.
A checklist of the Geometridae of the Saur Mountains is presented with 109 species (Ennominae: 29; Geometrinae: 10; Sterrhinae: 23 and Larentiinae: 47).
