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Electrochemical methods for the determination of group B vitamins reported in the last 25 years and the most important chemical and analytical parameters of potentiometry and voltammetry methods for these vitamins in pharmaceutical items, foods, and biological objects are reviewed. Sensor systems, first of all biosensors, seem to be the most effici...
Citations
... In order to facilitate the latter, the electrode was modified with riboflavin. There is an extensive literature base dedicated to the detection of riboflavin [30,31] but it has also been employed as a versatile redox probe for various analytes and biomarkers [32][33][34][35][36]. It can be directly tethered to an electrode via entrapment [37], covalent coupling [38] or electrodeposited [39,40] to yield a reagentless sensor. ...
The development of a 3D printed sensor for direct incorporation within stoma pouches is described. Laser induced graphene scribed on either side of polyimide film served as the basis of a 2 electrode configuration that could be integrated within a disposable pouch sensor for the periodic monitoring of ileostomy fluid pH. The graphene sensors were characterised using electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, DekTak profilometry with the electrochemical properties investigated using both cyclic and square wave voltammetry. Adsorbed riboflavin was employed as a biocompatible redox probe for the voltammetric measurement of pH. The variation in peak position with pH was found to be linear over pH 3–8 with a sub Nernstian response (43 mV/pH). The adsorbed probe was found to be reversible and exhibited minimal leaching through repeated scanning. The performance of the system was assessed in a heterogeneous bacterial fermentation mixture simulating ileostomy fluid with the pH recorded before and after 96 h incubation. The peak profile in the bacterial medium provided an unambiguous signal free from interference with the calculated pH before and after incubation (pH 5.3 to 3.66) in good agreement with that obtained with commercial pH probes.
Graphical abstract
... The data revealed that the contents of vitamins B 2 , B 5 , B 6 , and B 12 in the HD samples were maintained at high levels. B-group vitamins are the most important bioactive substances due to their involvement in the biosynthesis of proteins and their functional role in the central cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and nervous systems [44,45]. However, they cannot be synthesized in the human body and must be obtained from additional supplements. ...
The effect of solar drying (SD), room-temperature shaded drying (RSD), hot-air drying (HD), vacuum freeze drying (VFD), and microwave drying (MD) was compared on the sensory quality, nutrient substances, bioactive constituents, and antioxidant activities of dried Stropharia rugosoannulata. The results revealed that, in comparison with SD, RSD, HD, and MD, VFD mushrooms exhibited a better appearance with less shrinkage and an ideal colour with lower a colour difference. Meanwhile, a significantly higher content ( p < 0.05 ) of protein, carbohydrate, total sugar, and vitamin C was retained in VFD samples. The HD and VFD samples both had abundant total free amino acids and best met the ideal protein standard. Furthermore, VFD had advantages in terms of better preserving bioactive constituents and stronger antioxidant activities compared to other treatments. Therefore, the VFD-dried S. rugosoannulata obtained a better overall quality compared to the other four drying methods.
... Several analytical techniques are commonly utilized in the determination of water soluble vitamins in various matrices as micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography [15], hydrophilic-interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) [16], HPLC in the reversed-phase mode (RP-HPLC) [12], Liquid chromatography with isotope-dilution mass spectrometry [17], electrochemical methods [18], liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) [19,20], nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopic methods [21], supercritical fluid chromatography and liquid chromatography [22]. Yet, limited number of the available analytical methods offer simultaneous determination of B-group and C-vitamins in food and natural sources. ...
Honey is one of the most commonly used natural products for nutritional and therapeutic purposes. Besides sugars, honey is characterized by complex chemical composition of minerals, polyphenols, water soluble vitamins, carotenoids and organic acids. In the present study, nine water soluble vitamins; C (L-ascorbic acid), B1 (thiamine), B2 (Riboflavin), B3H (nicotinic acid), B5 (D-pantothenic acid), B6 (pyridoxine), B7 (Biotin), B9 (Folic acid) and B12 (Cyanocobalamin) are determined simultaneously for the first time using an ultra-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization multiple reaction monitoring/mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-MRM/MS) method coupled with a single simple sample preparation step. The simplicity and sensitivity of the proposed method permit the simultaneous determination of all nine water soluble vitamins including vitamins B7 and B12 that are present in trace amounts in various real honey samples. Complete chromatographic separation is achieved in 3 mins on a C18 column with a green mobile phase composed of a mixture of aqueous formic acid (0.1%, v/v) and methanol in gradient elution mode at a flow rate of 0.4 mLmin⁻¹. The method is fully validated according to ICH guidelines. The greenness of our proposed method is assessed by comparing it to other proposed methods in terms of sample preparation, instrument energy consumption, consuming hazardous reagents and waste generation using Analytical Eco-scale and GAPI (Green Analytical Procedure Index). Results proved the superior greenness of our proposed method over the other reported ones. The proposed method is applied to twelve samples from six different monofloral honey types. Quantitation of the water-soluble vitamins content revealed concentrations ranging from 0.63 to 936.98 mgKg⁻¹ in the analyzed honey samples with the successful determination of vitamins B7 and B12 in trace amounts. The highest vitamin content detected was for vitamin B3 in Jujube-tree honey while the lowest vitamin content was for vitamin B12 in Orange-tree honey. A marked relation was observed between the botanical origin and the vitamins’ concentrations of the studied honey samples. In addition, factors such as temperature, moisture, light and pH during storage greatly affect the vitamins content of honey. The developed method is intended to serve as a reliable, accurate, fast and green tool for the routine analysis of water-soluble vitamins in honey samples for quality control and research purposes.
... A lot of electrochemical sensors for individual vitamin detection have been proposed, which can be found in various comprehensive reviews. [9][10][11][12] Nevertheless, the simultaneous detection of several vitamins in different matrices is a challenge due to the similar electrochemical properties of some of them. Two of the B vitamins that can be electrochemically detected simultaneously due to the large peak separation are riboflavin and pyridoxine. ...
Riboflavin (VB2) and pyridoxine (VB6) are two of the eight water-soluble B vitamins that play an essential role and are correlated in normal function of the body. In the present study, cyclic voltammetry demonstrated that in Britton-Robinson buffer (pH 5.00) VB2 undergoes a quasi-reversible electron transfer reaction and the oxidation of VB6 is irreversible, both electrochemical systems being diffusion controlled at the pencil graphite electrode (PGE) surface. Also, a sensitive and selective voltammetric procedure has been developed for the simultaneous determination of the two compounds using PGE and square wave voltammetry (SWV). Two well-defined oxidation peaks with a voltammetric separation of more than 1.10 V were obtained in Britton-Robinson buffer (pH 5.00). The SWV curves exhibited linear responses with riboflavin and pyridoxine concentrations. Thus, for VB2 two linear concentration ranges of 1.00·10-7 – 5.00·10-5 M and 5.00·10-5 – 7.50·10-4 M were obtained and in the case of VB6 the linear response was between 2.50·10-5 M and 2.50·10-3 M. The detection limits for VB2 and VB6 were 7.38·10-8 M and 1.10·10-5 M, respectively. The applicability of PGE was successfully proved for simultaneous determination of VB2 and VB6 in pharmaceutical tablets with good accuracy and precision.
... e contents of vitamins B 2 , B 5 , B 6 , folic acid, and nicotinic acid were significantly different between BFSR and GHSR except B 12 . Vitamins of group B belong to the most important biologically active substances, as they ensure the normal performance of a human body through participation in the biosynthesis of proteins and functioning of the central nervous, cardiovascular, and gastrointestinal systems [36,37]. But the human body cannot synthesize by itself and needs additional supplements. ...
Evaluations of the nutritional ingredients, biologically active materials, and pharmacological activities (antibacterial and antioxidant) of two types of Stropharia rugosoannulata, grown under the bamboo forest and in the greenhouse, respectively, were carried out in this study. The nutritional ingredient tests included moisture, ash, crude protein, crude fat, crude fiber, total carbohydrates, total sugar, mineral elements, vitamins, and amino acids. The biologically active material assays included total flavonoids, total polysaccharides, total triterpenoids, and reducing sugars. In addition, a broth microdilution susceptibility test was performed to evaluate antibacterial activity. The antioxidant activity was measured by ABTS⁺ radical scavenging, ferric-reducing power, and β-carotene bleaching assays. Results showed that two types of S. rugosoannulata were rich in protein, carbohydrate, fiber, mineral, B-group vitamins, polysaccharides, triterpenoids, and reducing sugars, with low content of fat and low Na/K ratio. Besides, they were effective in antibacterial and antioxidant activities, while S. Rugosoannulata grown under the bamboo forest was better than the greenhouse one in some respects such as higher content of protein, calcium, selenium, nicotinic acid, folic acid, polysaccharides and triterpenoids, and stronger antibacterial and antioxidant activities. They were appropriate for functional food and nutritional supplements, especially bamboo forest.
... Cobalamin has rich redox properties (Jaselskis and Diehl 1954;Tackett and Ide 1971;Swetik and Brown 1974;Hernandez, Ribero, and Goicoechea 2003;Antal, Bazel, and Kormosh 2013). Its electrochemical properties in the literature focus upon the cobalt atom, where Co 3þ is reduced to Co 2þ and may be further reduced to Co þ . ...
Here is described the fabrication and the electrochemical characterization of a newly modified carbon paste electrode with a manganese complex film possessing thiophene-2-carboxylic acid and triethanolamine as ligands. This electrode was used for the electrochemical determination of cyanocobalamin (vitamin B12). A selective, low cost and low detection limit assay of vitamin B12 was developed using square wave voltammetry. Potential interferents were determined and the results showed that they did not affect the analysis, indicating the selectivity of the proposed assay. This methodology was also applied to the determination of cyanocobalamin in tablets and dietary supplements, showing that the proposed electrochemical sensor was promising for routine analysis.
... As it is well known, electrochemical methods are usually described by inexpensiveness, possess better sensitivity and selectivity and fast analysis. 5,17 Carbon paste electrodes (CPEs) and chemically modified carbon paste electrodes (CMCPEs) are extensively utilized in different fields of electrochemistry because of their low background current and noise, simplicity to fabricate, wide potential window, rapid surface renewability by simple polishing, stability, robustness in aqueous media and inexpensiveness. Furthermore, CMCPEs commonly prepared by introducing various modifying substances to the bulk of CPEs so as to enhance sensitivity, selectivity, and rapidity of detection. ...
... Therefore, the influence of the pH of supporting electrolyte on the 1,4-BQCPE redox current was tested in the range from 1.5 to 6.0, and shown in With rise in pH value, the peak current of VB 2 declines because VB 2 undergoes deprotonation process which hinders the redox process and hereafter leads to the decline in the redox current. 17,[26][27] . Since the peak Indirect electrochemical determination of Riboflavin (VB 2 ) using 1,4-benzaquinone… 7 current is decreasing with increase in pH, pH of 1.5 was used for further study. ...
Herein,simple voltammetric sensor based on 1,4-benzaquinone modified carbon paste electrode (1,4-BQCPE) is demonstrated for detection of riboflavin (VB2). The detection method is established on the decline of 1,4-benzoquinone redox peak current on adding VB2. Cyclic voltammetric (CV) and linear sweep voltammetric (LSV) methods were used for the study. The 1,4-BQCPE displayed a distinct peak with consistent peak current values for repeated determinations; and exhibited a decrease in redox peak current value with rise in VB2 concentration. Two linear range ranges were observed between 0.5 μM - 10 μM and 20 μM - 200 μM, with a limit of detection (LOD) of about 0.087 μM and 14.51 μM, respectively. As compared to bare carbon paste electrode, 1,4-BQCPE showed superb sensitivity. Moreover, good reproducibility, stability and recovery for the detection of VB2 was obtained with the proposed votammetric sensor and successfully applied for detection of VB2 in pharmaceutical tablet.
... A survey of literature revealed that some analytical methods, including UV and visible spectrophotometric and multivariate analysis [9][10][11], fluorimetric [12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24], capillary zone electrophoresis [25], by simultaneous HPLC methods [26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36] and UHPLC/MSMS [37], turbidimetric and nephelometric [38], amperometric [39], voltammetric [40][41][42][43][44][45][46] methods have been reported for thiamine and its esters in API, pharmaceutical formulations, food material and in biological fluids. Some reports were also available on the kinetic and thermal behaviour of thiamine [47,48]. ...
Objective: To propose a comprehensive, simple, and affordable RP-HPLC method for impurity profiling and characterization of unknown degradation products of thiamine hydrochloride injectable formulation. Methods: The chromatographic separation employs gradient mode using the octadecyl silane column using a mobile phase consisting of phosphate buffer with ion pair reagent, acetonitrile, and methanol delivered flow rate at 1.2 ml/min. The detection was carried out at 248 nm using empower software. LC-MS/MS/QTOF hyphenated technique was used for isolation and characterization of unknown degradation impurity. The performance of the method was systematically validated as per ICH Q2 (R1) guidelines. Results: Degradation product observed in accelerated stability was characterized by LC-MS/MS/QTOF hyphenated technique and found m/z value 351.1604 and postulated as an oxidative degradation product of thiamine due to excipient interaction. The validated method was sensitive, selective, and specific data proves the method is precise and accurate from LOQ to 150% level and results are within 95-108% and less than 4.5% RSD. The developed method is linear from 0.03-58.83 µg/ml with a correlation coefficient of more than 0.990 and LOD and LOQ value ranged from 0.03 to1.51 μg/ml. Conclusion: An efficient RP-HPLC method for impurity profiling of thiamine injectable formulation was successfully developed and unknown degradation product observed instability condition samples characterized by LC-MS/MS/QTOF technique. The validated method can be successfully employed for the impurity profiling of thiamine injectable in the quality control department.
... RF is found in different concentrations in various human body fluids and organs (Table 1). Recent analytical procedures developed for detection of RF in biological samples were described in several reviews [4][5][6]. ...
Riboflavin (RF) is a water-soluble member of the B-vitamin family. Sufficient dietary and supplemental RF intake appears to have a protective effect on various medical conditions such as sepsis, ischemia etc., while it also contributes to the reduction in the risk of some forms of cancer in humans. These biological effects of RF have been widely studied for their anti-oxidant, anti-aging, anti-inflammatory, anti-nociceptive and anti-cancer properties. Moreover, the combination of RF and other compounds or drugs can have a wide variety of effects and protective properties, and diminish the toxic effect of drugs in several treatments. Research has been done in order to review the latest findings about the link between RF and different clinical aberrations. Since further studies have been published in this field, it is appropriate to consider a re-evaluation of the importance of RF in terms of its beneficial properties.
... It is extensively used as a component of single vitamin B complex and multivitamin preparations [2][3][4]. Several analytical methods, including UV and visible spectrophotometric and multivariate analysis [5][6][7], fluorimetric [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21], high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) [22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35], UHPLC/MS-MS [36], turbidimetric and nephelometric [37], amperometric [38], and voltammetric methods [39][40][41][42][43][44][45], have been used for the assay of thiamine and its salts in pharmaceutical preparations, food materials and biological fluids. Some of these methods have previously been reviewed [46][47][48][49]. ...
A stability-indicating photochemical method has been developed for the assay of thiamine (TH) salts in aqueous solution and in fresh and aged vitamin preparations. It is based on the photooxidation of TH by UV irradiation to form thiochrome (TC) in alkaline solution. The TC : TH ratio under controlled conditions of light intensity, temperature, pH, exposure time, and irradiation distance is constant and can be used to determine the concentration of UV irradiated TH solutions. TC, on extraction with isobutanol from the photodegraded solution of TH, has been determined by the UV spectrophotometric method at 370 nm. It exhibits a high intensity of absorption in the UV region that can be used for the assay of even low concentrations of TH. Under optimum conditions, Beer’s law is obeyed in the concentration range of 0.20–2.00 mg/100 ml ( R² = 09998). The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) are 0.0076 and 0.0231 mg/100 ml, respectively. The method has been validated and applied to aqueous solutions and vitamin preparations. The results have statistically been compared with the United States Pharmacopeia liquid chromatography method. It has been found that there is no significant difference between the two methods at 95% confidence level.
