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Dyes used in the coloration of textiles, paper, and other products are highly visible, sometimes toxic, and sometimes resistant to biological breakdown; thus it is important to minimize their release into aqueous environments. This review article considers how biosorption of dyes onto cellulose-related materials has the potential to address such co...
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... anionic dispersing agent, and some acetic acid. Discharge from continuous operations will contain disperse dyes, anionic dispersing agents, and antimigrants that are washed off the fabric after dyeing. Disperse Yellow 42, Disperse Red 60, and Disperse Blue 79 are examples of nitrophenylamine, anthraquinoid, and azo disperse dyes, respectively (Fig. ...
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Biosorption is an innovative technology aimed at the removal of toxic metals from effluent utilizing abundantly available agricultural waste biomaterials. Among several agricultural wastes studied as biosorbents for effluent treatment, coir pith has been of great importance for the removal of diverse type of pollutants from effluent water. As an ag...
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... Dyeing phase: Here dyes and other chemicals additives such as surfactants, promoting agents, carriers, emulsifying oils, alkalis, acids, softening, and leveling agents are applied to the fiber to obtain certain color/color blends with suitable fastness properties and color uniformity [12,13]. The transfer of dyes to the fiber is achieved through a series of diffusion and adsorption steps. ...
The generation of large volumes of efluents containing water-soluble dyes used in con- ventional dyeing processes has motivated the adoption of scCO2 dyeing as a suitable alternative. scCO2 dyeing has some important advantages over conventional dyeing pro- cesses such as environmental friendliness and ease of handling. Dye solubility is an impor- tant factor that must be given ample consideration during scCO2 dyeing. Although most of the works in the literature have focused on the dyeing of synthetic fibers, scCO2 dye- ing can also be applied to natural fibers albeit with some difficulties. These difficulties could be overcome by the use of impregnating agents, cosolvents, solubilization of the conventionally used polar dyes in scCO2 using water/CO2 microemulsions, or the synthesis of entirely new dyes with desirable properties.
... To reduce pollution, it is necessary to not only decrease the amount of pollutants in the air, water, and soil but also explore options for recovering waste from industrial activities. The literature suggests various alternatives, including the use of low-cost materials such as cellulosic and lignin biomass fractions for different purposes, as adsorbent materials for the retention of pollutant species [14][15][16][17][18][19][20], in gasification processes; as precursors in organic syntheses [21]; or as biocyde substances for the preservation of natural composite structures [22]. ...
Heavy metals are pollutants that pose a risk to living systems due to their high toxicity and ability to accumulate and contaminate. This study proposes an alternative approach to the static adsorption of Ni(II) from aqueous media using Sarkanda grass lignin crystals, the non-cellulosic aromatic component of biomass, as an adsorbent substrate. To determine the best experimental conditions , we conducted tests on several parameters, including the initial and adsorbent solution pH, the concentration of Ni(II) in the aqueous solution, the amount of adsorbent used, and the contact time at the interface. The lignin's adsorption capacity was evaluated using the Freundlich and Lang-muir models to establish equilibrium conditions. The Lagergren I and Ho-McKay II kinetic models were used to determine the adsorption mechanism based on surface analyses and biological parameters such as the number of germinated seeds, energy, and germination capacity in wheat caryopses (variety Glosa) incorporated in the contaminated lignin and in the filtrates resulting from phase separation. The results suggest that Sarkanda grass lignin is effective in adsorbing Ni(II) from aqueous media, particularly in terms of adsorbent/adsorbate dosage and interfacial contact time.
... Within this context, biopolymers emerge as a promising alternative. They primarily comprise nontoxic, biodegradable compounds with sustainable and renewable characteristics, offering cost-effective materials with remarkable potential for capturing organic contaminants [6,7]. It is important to highlight that although there are currently several cost-effective alternatives in the treatment of vinasse, such as clays or aluminum sulfate, the projection of the use of biopolymers as potential decontamination systems is based mainly on their origin source. ...
Vinasse, a waste from the bioethanol industry, presents a crucial environmental challenge due to its high organic matter content, which is difficult to biodegrade. Currently, no sustainable alternatives are available for treating the amount of vinasse generated. Conversely, biopolymers such as cellulose, carboxymethylcellulose, and chitosan are emerging as an interesting alternative for vinasse control due to their flocculating capacity against several organic compounds. This study seeks to determine the thermodynamic behavior of in silico interactions among three biopolymers (cellulose, carboxymethylcellulose, and chitosan) regarding 15 organic compounds found in vinasse. For this, the Particle Mesh Ewald (PME) method was used in association with the Verlet cutoff scheme, wherein the Gibbs free energy (∆G) was calculated over a 50 ns simulation period. The findings revealed that cellulose showed a strong affinity for flavonoids like cyanidin, with a maximum free energy of −84 kJ/mol and a minimum of −55 kJ/mol observed with phenolic acids and other flavonoids. In contrast, chitosan displayed the highest interactions with phenolic acids, such as gallic acid, reaching −590 kJ/mol. However, with 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl glycol (MHPG), it reached an energy of −70 kJ/mol. The interaction energy for flavonoid ranged from −105 to −96 kJ/mol. Finally, carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) demonstrated an interaction energy with isoquercetin of −238 kJ/mol, while interactions with other flavonoids were almost negligible. Alternatively, CMC exhibited an interaction energy of −124 kJ/mol with MHPG, while it was less favorable with other phenolic acids with minimal interactions. These results suggest that there are favorable interactions for the interfacial sorption of vinasse contaminants onto biopolymers, indicating their potential for use in the removal of contaminants from the effluents of the bioethanol industry.
... 3.3.3.1 Flame Photometry Test for TAP Water before and after adding A.C The table show that the amount of potassium and sodium which are present in the well water cannot removed or reduced when we tested with the activated carbons which are activated by NaCl, CaCl 2 and ZnCl 2 , except when the water are tested with the activated carbon which is activate by NaCl 25%, the amount of the sodium which present in well water reduced by small amount. On the other hand, the amount of calcium which present in well water was removed when we tested with all three sample of activated carbon separately [7,8]. ...
Activated carbon is produced mainly from coconut shell, which is highly available in the region of Dhofar, Sultanate of Oman. The material is activated using a chemical activation process that comprises the following activation agents: calcium chloride, sodium chloride, and zinc chloride. The product forms into a powder with a specified particle size of 250 microns. The shell-based activated carbon is used for the purification of three water samples: fog water, ground water and potable water. Activated carbon prepared from coconut shell has been found to be effective for the removal of salts in various water samples. Also, the effectiveness varies depending on the type of activating agent. The activated carbon prepared from zinc chloride has the highest capacity for salt removal, and the activated carbon prepared from calcium chloride has the lowest capacity for salt removal. The study also confirmed that the activated carbon prepared could also be used for the decolorization of liquids.
... Thus, wastewater is typically coloured, and one of the difficult tasks of any conventional WWTP is to remove colour. Although biological WWTP for the textile industry is typically suggested by various brands, along with heavy metals, colour cannot be removed from wastewater [52], which results in aesthetically unpleasant effluent that blocks sunlight, reduces the level of oxygen, and causes overgrowth of algae [38,43,53]. In a study, the half-life of the hydrolyzed Reactive Blue 19 dye is about 46 years at pH 7 and 25˚C [54]. ...
The textile wet processing industry is considered a notorious polluter due to its widespread use of natural resources without proper replenishment. Bangladesh is one of the largest producers of textile products in the World, and therefore, it is vulnerable to environmental degradation. Bangladesh is predominantly a cotton processing country; therefore, reactive dyes are commonly used, and the dye combination is very water and chemical-intensive. There is a scarcity of information on the consumption of water, textile dyes and the generation of wastewater in the textile sector. Thus, this study aimed to estimate the amount of water use, wastewater generation, and chemical use in textile wet processing units. Therefore, a face-to-face in-depth questionnaire-based survey was conducted in 18 textile wet processing factories, including knit composite, knit dyeing, yarn dyeing, denim dyeing, and knit and yarn dyeing. The average specific groundwater consumption to process 1 Kg of textile materials was 164 L/Kg (SD ~ 81.8); dyehouse water was136 L/Kg (SD ~ 70.6), while corresponding wastewater was 119 L/Kg (SD ~ 73.0). This high consumption of groundwater is directly linked to the depletion of groundwater in the region, where textile industries are situated and also, causes water pollution through wastewater generation. The water used in the dyehouse water was usually soft water and found to be in a range of 68% to 100% that of groundwater extracted. For chemical use, a factory used 449 g of chemicals to process 1 Kg of textile materials, in which the most widely used chemicals were inorganic and basic chemical in nature. However, the chemical use varied from 152 g/Kg to 705 g/Kg of textile production. The total chemical consumption ranged from 954 tons to 4,525 tons a year. More than 50% of the wastewater treatment plants were biological, a quarter of combination and physico-chemical and biological, and the rest were chemical treatment plants in this study. Even though this study may not represent the whole textile wet processing industry of Bangladesh, however, This study provides baseline information on water and chemical consumption and wastewater generation. Our findings would be helpful for policy makers and researchers to identify transformative challenges required at the national level.
... Though conventional wastewater treatment can effectively remove most of the solids and biological oxygen demand from wastewater, industrial dyes present in the water are inherently difficult to treat [172]. The use of cellulose-based adsorbent materials to remove such dyes from water has been reviewed [173]. There is a continuing need for more effective adsorbent materials that can be used to polish the partly-treated wastewater and remove the vestiges of the highly visible dyes before returning the treated water to streams and estuaries. ...
Metal organic frameworks (MOFs) have been widely used in various emerging fields due to their attractive characteristics, such as large specific surface area, highly porous structure, tunable porosity and pore size, versatile surface chemistry, diverse topological structure, and high chemical and thermal stability. However, nanoscale MOFs are prone to agglomeration, and their inherently crystalline structure leads to poor flexibility, processability and recyclability, which seriously limit the performance and application of MOFs. To address these deficiencies, MOFs have been composited with other materials through different strategies. One such attractive material is cellulose nanomaterials (CNMs), the most abundant and sustainable biomass on the earth. Herein, recent advances in the MOF/CNM composites in terms of preparation approaches, general properties, and emerging applications are overviewed, aiming to provide some useful guidance to researchers on the rational design of high-performance MOF/CNM composites in different forms for advanced applications in the future. Particularly, MOFs and CNMs are usually compounded in aqueous solutions through two main strategies, i.e., in-situ synthesis and ex-situ blending. Further processing of as-prepared MOF/CNM aqueous mixtures can generate MOF/CNM composites in four forms, i.e., hydrogel, powder, membrane and aerogel. Benefitted from advantages of both MOFs and CNMs, MOF/CNM composites hold exceptional high specific surface area, hierarchically porous structure, as well as superior electrochemical, mechanical and antibacterial properties, which can be further modulated and enhanced through optimizing type and composition of MOFs and CNMs, preparation method, and addition of other functional components. These exceptional properties offer huge potential in a wide range of application fields.
... Fluorescent-probe carbohydratebinding modules (CBMs), Congo red (CR), and Calcofluor white (CFW) have been employed as reagents for the qualitative and quantitative evaluation of surface characteristics in ACC-CNFs, focusing on their hydrophobic and hydrophilic planes . CBMs are included in cellulase as a binding domain that anchors selectively to the hydrophobic phase of cellulose (Linder and Teeri, 1996), CR adsorbs onto cellulose crystalline surfaces as a monolayer (Hubbe et al., 2012;Nge et al., 2013;Mazeau and Wyszomirski, 2012), and CFW has been used to detect plant hydrophilic cellulose structures (Hughes and McCully, 1975) and CNFs (Peretz et al., 2019). The three-dimensional structure of CBM, and chemical structures of direct dyes CR and CFW, are shown in Fig. 6. ...
Advances in nanotechnology have changed conventional concepts in materials science. This has aloso strongly influenced natural biomass products with hierarchically built-up structures. In general, hierarchical structures in bio-based materials are built up by molecular self-assembly, followed by nanoassembly to form higher-level structures. Key to each step is the formation of interactions at each individual scale. Nature usually achieves such fabrication through a bottom-up process. However, fabrication can also be achieved through a top-down process, with various such downsizing methods now in development. This review article aims to describe trends in nanofiber technology among downsizing processes applied to cellulose as a representative biomass, ranging from fundamentals to recent techniques. The advantages of our recently developed technique, nanopulverization by aqueous counter collision, are also discussed. This method successfully decomposes interactions selectively without damaging the molecular structure, finally liberating components of various sizes into water to provide a transparent and homogeneous component–water system. As nanocellulose research is a broad area involving various fields, the cited references are limited to the scope of the author’s knowledge.
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... The multilinearity of the plots indicated that adsorption of the dyes was controlled by more than one step. The first step corresponded to the diffusion of dye molecules from the bulk phase to the boundary layer surrounding the MC3 particles (film diffusion) (Ahmad et al., 2009;Hubbe et al., 2012). The second step corresponded to gradual adsorption, which was probably related to diffusion of the dye molecules through the surface of MC3, since MC3 was not a porous-structured adsorbent material like activated carbon (Ahmad et al., 2009). ...
... For both dyes, as the initial concentration of the dye solution was increased, the dye adsorption capacity (q e ) of MC3 also increased, while the dye removal efficiency of MC3 decreased. The first effect was due to the increased driving force (C i − C e ) for adsorption of the CV and OII molecules on the MC3 surface, while the second effect was due to saturation of the active adsorption sites on the MC3 surface at higher C i values (Hubbe et al., 2012). ...
This study describes the synthesis of a new bioadsorbent with zwitterionic characteristics and its successful aplication for removal of a cationic dye (crystal violet, CV) and an anionic dye (orange II, OII) from single component aqueous systems. The new bi-functionalized cellulose derivative (MC3) was produced by chemical modification of cellulose with succinic anhydride and choline chloride to introduce carboxylic and quaternary ammonium functional groups on the cellulose surface. MC3 was characterized by several wet chemical and spectroscopic methods. The effects of solution pH, contact time, and initial solute concentration on removal of CV and OII by MC3 were investigated. Studies of the desorption and re-adsorption of the dyes were also carried out. The isotherms for adsorption of CV and OII on MC3 were satisfactorily fitted using the Konda and Langmuir models. MC3 showed experimental maximum adsorption capacities of 2403 mg g⁻¹ for CV and 201 mg g⁻¹ for OII. The desorption and re-adsorption results showed that MC3 could be reused in successive adsorption cycles, which is essential for minimizing process costs and waste generation. The findings showed that MC3 is a versatile biosorbent capable of efficiently removing both cationic and anionic dyes.
... Moreover, cellulose and its modified forms were also described as efficient sorbents. For example, raw and cellulose-based sorbents were reviewed by Hubbe et al., [56] who provided a full compilation of previous review papers about pollutant removal. Also, a mathematical overview of the commonly discussed isotherm models was included in this work. ...
... This relationship is commonly referred to as adsorption isotherm and represents the equilibrium at a fixed temperature, which is extensively studied to assess the maximum adsorption capacity of any given sorbent. [56] For this purpose, many mathematical models have been proposed. These empirical models include two-parameters: the number of binding sites and the adsorbate concentration. ...
Over the last decades, adsorption has emerged as a potential separation process for the removal of heavy metals that are extensively released in effluents from different industries. Among heavy metals, Cr(VI) is relevant due to its high toxicity, and its required concentration limit between 50 and 100 µg/L in water for human consumption. Several adsorbents, including silica, zeolites, clays, and carbon, are expensive for this application. This literature review proposed the use of novel adsorbents based on polysaccharides, mainly chitosan and cellulose, generalizing the effect of pH, equilibrium, kinetics, thermodynamics, and mechanism on the adsorption efficiency. It is shown that chitosan and cellulose exhibit a competitive Cr(VI) adsorption capacity reaching up to 625 and 358 mg/g, respectively. Also, a general review of sorbent reusability and continuous-flow adsorption is provided as they are critical for the highly extensive operation where maximum continuous-flow removals of 350 and 93 mg/g are reported for chitosan and cellulose. The use of polysaccharides as sorbents in batch and semi-continuous systems is an area of great interest and an opportunity to direct the efforts to provide state-of-the-art sorbents and technology for the removal of hexavalent chromium from polluted water streams.
... The multilinearity of the plots indicated that adsorption of the dyes was controlled by more than one step. The first step corresponded to the diffusion of dye molecules from the bulk phase to the boundary layer surrounding the MC3 particles (film diffusion) (Ahmad et al., 2009;Hubbe et al., 2012). The second step corresponded to gradual adsorption, which was probably related to diffusion of the dye molecules through the surface of MC3, since MC3 was not a porous-structured adsorbent material like activated carbon (Ahmad et al., 2009). ...
... For both dyes, as the initial concentration of the dye solution was increased, the dye adsorption capacity (q e ) of MC3 also increased, while the dye removal efficiency of MC3 decreased. The first effect was due to the increased driving force (C i − C e ) for adsorption of the CV and OII molecules on the MC3 surface, while the second effect was due to saturation of the active adsorption sites on the MC3 surface at higher C i values (Hubbe et al., 2012). ...
