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Structures of different carboxylic acid containing monomers that take part in the formation of GIC polyacid (redrawn from Culbertson 27 ).
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Glass-ionomer dental cements (GICs) have proven to be useful in several areas of dentistry such as restorative dentistry. Glass-ionomers are aqueous cements formed by the reaction of an acidic polymer and a basic glass in the presence of water. The oral environment presents many challenges to the longevity of restorative materials. Glass-ionomer ce...
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... 29,30,32 These acids tend to increase the reactivity of the polyacid, reduce the tendency of the solution to gel and decrease the solution viscosity. For instance, the addition of an itaconic acid como- nomer disrupts chain regularity of polyacrylic acid producing solutions that are stable over time and do not gel. [38][39][40][41][42][43] In Fig. 2, the chemical structures of the acid monomers commonly used in GICs are ...
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Bioactive glasses are surface-active and able to induce remineralization of dentin. Two resin-modified glass-ionomer cements (RMGICs) doped with bioactive glass (Biosilicate®) were used as restorative materials in dentin. Experimental powders were made by incorporating 2, 5, and 10 wt% of Biosilicate® in Vitremer® (VT) and Fuji II LC® (FL) powders....
A series of composite materials based on dicalcium phosphate dihydrate and bioactive glass 50S25N5P with physiologically safe pH and compression strength from 4 to 22 MPa has been developed. The composites obtained are resorbable and can be used in trauma treatment and bone tissue disease.
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... Also, HA did not dissolve in distilled water. The main weakness was in the interface between ZrO2 and the glass particles, where the propagation of cracks around the glass appeared [23,24]. Recent studies showed that adding nanozirconia-silica-hydroxyapatite (nanoZrO2-SiO2-HA) to GIC powder improved mechanical and esthetical performance [25,26]. ...
... Recent studies showed that adding nanozirconia-silica-hydroxyapatite (nanoZrO2-SiO2-HA) to GIC powder improved mechanical and esthetical performance [25,26]. Other types of modifications were yttria-stabilized zirconia-modified GICs [27], fiber-reinforced GICs [28][29][30], zinc-reinforced GICs [31,32], GICs containing YbF3 and BaSO4 [23], niobium pentoxide-modified GICs [33,34], casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP)-modified GICs [35,36], silicareinforced GICs [23,37,38], SrO-reinforced GICs [23,38], fluorinated graphene-modified GICs [39], cellulose nano-crystal (CnCs)-modified GICs [40,41], cellulose nano-crystal (CnCs) and titanium oxide-modified GICs [42], montmorillonite clay-modified GICs [43,44], and forsterite-modified GICs [38]. ...
... Recent studies showed that adding nanozirconia-silica-hydroxyapatite (nanoZrO2-SiO2-HA) to GIC powder improved mechanical and esthetical performance [25,26]. Other types of modifications were yttria-stabilized zirconia-modified GICs [27], fiber-reinforced GICs [28][29][30], zinc-reinforced GICs [31,32], GICs containing YbF3 and BaSO4 [23], niobium pentoxide-modified GICs [33,34], casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP)-modified GICs [35,36], silicareinforced GICs [23,37,38], SrO-reinforced GICs [23,38], fluorinated graphene-modified GICs [39], cellulose nano-crystal (CnCs)-modified GICs [40,41], cellulose nano-crystal (CnCs) and titanium oxide-modified GICs [42], montmorillonite clay-modified GICs [43,44], and forsterite-modified GICs [38]. ...
The aim of this umbrella review was to evaluate the longevity of glass ionomer cement (GIC) as a restorative material for primary and permanent teeth. Research in the literature was conducted in three databases (MedLine/PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus). The inclusion criteria were: (1) to be a systematic review of clinical trials that (2) evaluated the clinical longevity of GICs as a restorative material in primary and/or permanent teeth; the exclusion criteria were: (1) not being a systematic review of clinical trials; (2) not evaluating longevity/clinical performance of GICs as a restorative material; and (3) studies of dental restorative materials in teeth with enamel alterations, root caries, and non-carious cervical lesions. Twenty-four eligible articles were identified, and 13 were included. The follow-up periods ranged from 6 months to 6 years. Different types of GICs were evaluated in the included studies: resin-modified glass ionomer cement (RMGIC), compomers, and low-and high-viscosity glass ionomer cement. Some studies compared amalgam and composite resins to GICs regarding longevity/clinical performance. Analyzing the AMSTAR-2 results, none of the articles had positive criteria in all the evaluated requisites, and none of the articles had an a priori design. The criteria considered for the analysis of the risk of bias of the included studies were evaluated through the ROBIS tool, and the results of this analysis showed that seven studies had a low risk of bias; three studies had positive results in all criteria except for one criterion of unclear risk; and two studies showed a high risk of bias. GRADE tool was used to determine the quality of evidence; for the degree of recommendations, all studies were classified as Class II, meaning there was still conflicting evidence on the clinical performance/longevity of GICs and their recommendations compared to other materials. The level of evidence was classified as Level B, meaning that the data were obtained from less robust meta-analyses and single randomized clinical trials. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first umbrella review approaching GIC in permanent teeth. GICs are a good choice in both dentitions, but primary dentition presents more evidence, especially regarding the atraumatic restorative treatment (ART) technique. Within the limitation of this study, it is still questionable if GIC is a good restorative material in the medium/long term for permanent and primary dentition. Many of the included studies presented a high risk of bias and low quality. The techniques, type of GIC, type of cavity, and operator experience highly influence clinical performance. Thus, clinical decision-making should be based on the dental practitioner's ability, each case analysis, and the patient's wishes. More evidence is needed to determine which is the best material for definitive restorations in permanent and primary dentition.
... The setting reaction of the GPCs is determined by several factors, including the chemistry of the glass composition (base), the type of acid, and the powder to liquid ratio in the formulation [61]. However, the setting reaction between glass and PAA is predominantly influenced by the chemistry of the glass regarding the degradation rate and release of multivalent cations to cross-link with the polymeric acid [62]. The setting reaction of the adhesives is an in situ reaction between the glass powder and the PAA solution which takes place immediately upon mixing the different components [63]. ...
Several concerns exist with the use of traditional polymer-based bone cements. As an alternative to PMMA-based materials, a novel glass-based orthopaedic cement was formulated for this research. This was achieved by modifying the glass component of Glass Polyalkenoate Cements (GPCs) to include copper (Cu2+) as it has numerous therapeutic benefits. The present work outlines the formation of flexible organic–inorganic polyacrylic acid (PAA)–glass hybrids, that differ significantly from the commercial GPCs used in dentistry, and PMMA-based bone cements. The initial stages of this research describes characterization of the Cu glass developed and used for GPC synthesis. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of the annealed Cu2+ glasses indicate the presence of partial crystallization in the glass. Structural analysis of the glass indicates the formation of CuO nanocrystals on the glass particle surface. X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) further confirmed the formation of crystalline CuO phases on the surface of the annealed Cu glass. The resulting GPCs setting reaction was analysed using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) and the mechanical properties of the Cu-GPCs exhibited viscoelastic behaviour and self-repairing mechanical properties when compared to the control composition. Compression testing data indicated the Cu-GPCs were highly efficient at energy dissipation due to the reversible interactions between CuO nanoparticles and PAA polymer chains.
... Bioactive glasses with a high sodium content may release Na + during acid-base reactions, which can negatively affect cement setting reactions, prolong setting time, and compromise mechanical properties [4,49]. In addition, the Al:Si ratio of approximately 1:2 in glass is essential for a satisfactory setting reaction rate, hydrolytic stability, and the ability of glass to form cements [52][53][54]. This study did not directly measure the Al:Si ratio after incorporating Biosilicate ® by %wt; thus, an imbalance in the Al:Si ratio should not be discarded in this case. ...
This study investigated the influence of incorporating Biosilicate® on the physico-mechanical and biological properties of glass ionomer cement (GIC). This bioactive glass ceramic (23.75% Na2O, 23.75% CaO, 48.5% SiO2, and 4% P2O5) was incorporated by weight (5%, 10%, or 15%) into commercially available GICs (Maxxion R and Fuji IX GP). Surface characterization was made by SEM (n = 3), EDS (n = 3), and FTIR (n = 1). The setting and working (S/W time) times (n = 3) and compressive strength (CS) were analyzed (n = 10) according to ISO 9917-1:2007. The ion release (n = 6) was determined and quantified by ICP OES and by UV-Vis for Ca, Na, Al, Si, P, and F. To verify cell cytotoxicity, stem cells from the apical papilla (SCAP) were exposed to eluates (n = 3, at a ratio of 1.8 cm2/mL) and analyzed 24 h post-exposure. Antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus mutans (ATCC 25175, NCTC 10449) was analyzed by direct contact for 2 h (n = 5). The data were submitted for normality and lognormality testing. One-way ANOVA and Tukey's test were applied for the working and setting time, compressive strength, and ion release data. Data from cytotoxicity and antimicrobial activity were submitted for Kruskal-Wallis' testing and Dunn's post hoc test (α = 0.05). Among all experimental groups, only those with 5% (wt) of Biosilicate® showed better surface quality. Only M5% showed a comparable W/S time to the original material (p = 0.7254 and p = 0.5912). CS was maintained for all Maxxion R groups (p > 0.0001) and declined for Fuji IX experimental groups (p < 0.0001). The Na, Si, P, and F ions released were significantly increased for all Maxxion R and Fuji IX groups (p < 0.0001). Cytotoxicity was increased only for Maxxion R with 5% and 10% of Biosilicate®. A higher inhibition of S. mutans growth was observed for Maxxion R with 5% of Biosilicate® (less than 100 CFU/mL), followed by Maxxion R with 10% of Biosilicate® (p = 0.0053) and Maxxion R without the glass ceramic (p = 0.0093). Maxxion R and Fuji IX presented different behaviors regarding Biosilicate® incorporation. The impacts on physico-mechanical and biological properties were different depending on the GIC, but therapeutic ion release was increased for both materials.
... Evidently, most of the published work investigates TiO 2 , chitosan, cellulose fibers, hydroxyapatite, and glass fibers as reinforcement materials for GICs to enhance the mechanical properties of GICs [9][10][11][12]. In contrast, the use of natural reinforcement for the GICs has generally been overlooked. ...
Glass ionomer cements (GICs) are clinically appealing dental materials with unique characteristics that make them suitable as restorative and luting materials. However, the application of GIC under mechanical loading has been limited by its poor mechanical performance. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of date seed (DS) microparticles as a reinforcement material for conventional glass ionomer cement. Date seed powder was incorporated into the powder component of GIC at 1, 3, and 5 wt%. Glass powder without date seed powder was used as a control sample. Glass ionomer cement reinforced with DS was analyzed using various mechanical properties such as compressive strength (CS), Vickers microhardness (VH), and impact strength (IS). The surface inspection was investigated using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The nature of DS and GIC-DS powder was determined using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR). The results showed that the incorporation of 5 wt% of DS reinforcement into GIC significantly improved the microhardness, impact strength, and compressive strength compared to the control sample of GIC. On the other hand, the results revealed that the weight percentage of DS plays a noteworthy role in deciding the properties of glass ionomer cement. The FTIR results revealed that a physiochemical interaction occurred between the GIC and the DS. The results indicated that the use of date seed powder as reinforcement can enhance the mechanical properties of glass ionomer cement in artificial saliva.
... This is because of the localisation of casein phosphopeptide to amorphous calcium phosphate at the tooth surface, which results in a prolonged state of supersaturation of the tooth mineral [38,84]. CPP-ACP as GIC additives has shown to increase the release of calcium, phosphate, and fluoride ions from the cement, and this leads to increased protection of the adjacent dentine from acid demineralisation [85]. In addition, CPP-ACP interacts with fluoride ions released from GIC to form a stabilised amorphous calcium fluoride phosphate complex, and this further augments its anticariogenic potential [38,84,85]. ...
... CPP-ACP as GIC additives has shown to increase the release of calcium, phosphate, and fluoride ions from the cement, and this leads to increased protection of the adjacent dentine from acid demineralisation [85]. In addition, CPP-ACP interacts with fluoride ions released from GIC to form a stabilised amorphous calcium fluoride phosphate complex, and this further augments its anticariogenic potential [38,84,85]. The various strategies that have been used so far in promoting the remineralisation of GICs are summarised in Table 1 [5,15,16,[35][36][37][38][55][56][57][58][59][62][63][64][65]68,76,86]. ...
The prospect of repair, regeneration, and remineralisation of the tooth tissue is currently transitioning from the exploratory stages to successful clinical applications with materials such as dentine substitutes that offer bioactive stimulation. Glass-ionomer or polyalkenoate cements are widely used in oral healthcare, especially due to their ability to adhere to the tooth structure and fluoride-releasing capacity. Since glass-ionomer cements exhibit an inherent ability to adhere to tooth tissue, they have been the subject of modifications to enhance bioactivity, biomineralisation, and their physical properties. The scope of this review is to assess systematically the modifications of glass-ionomer cements towards bioactive stimulation such as remineralisation, integration with tissues, and enhancement of antibacterial properties.
... Some restorative materials, like sliver-reinforced glass ionomer and nano resin-modified glass ionomer, exhibited better mechanical properties than the conventional types of GIs, as they have higher bonding strengths, tensile strengths, hardness, and appropriate clinical handling. [3,4] In addition, the nano resin-modified glass ionomer has improved properties such as enhanced wear resistance, super polishing ability, and excellent esthetics. [5] Recently, Guler et al. reported that the prolonged use of multivitamin syrups and effervescent tablets might have negative effects on the physical properties of restorative GIs. ...
Introduction: We aimed to examine the effect of amoxicillin and azithromycin suspensions on the microhardness of sliver-reinforced glass ionomer and nano-resin modified glass ionomer (GI). Method: Thirty discs (2 mm height x 4 mm diameter) of each type of GI were prepared, which were randomly assigned to amoxicillin, azithromycin, and artificial saliva groups. Microhardness was evaluated by Vickers hardness test before and after three immersion cycles. Results: The overall model (P < 0.001), before/after intervention (P < 0.001), intervention group (type of antibiotic) (P = 0.013), and type of glass ionomer (P
... The addition of SiC whiskers improved the transverse strength and fatigue resistance of GIC. Additionally, a sustained bonding with enamel without preventing the GIC's release of fluoride was observed [49]. SiC whiskers, on the other hand, have dimensions that are comparable to those of asbestos, raising concerns about possible health effects for workers exposed to work environments [48]. ...
... SiC whiskers, on the other hand, have dimensions that are comparable to those of asbestos, raising concerns about possible health effects for workers exposed to work environments [48]. According to research, SiC particles migrate to critical body organs and do not adhere to the GIC matrix, potentially harming the person's health [49]. ...
Glass-ionomer dental cements (GICs) are aesthetic direct restorative materials with anticariogenic activity. Glass-ionomers are composed of alumino-silicate glass powder and poly acrylic acid liquid. The significant characteristics of GICs among restorative materials are their ability to bond to moist tooth structure without any pre-treatment and to provide a prolonged period of fluoride release, which prevents subsequent tooth decay (caries). These characteristics, along with the materials' acceptable aesthetics and biocompatibility, make them popular and desirable for use in medical and dental applications. However, GICs exhibit poor mechanical qualities and moisture sensitivity. To improve their mechanical and physical qualities, the GIC powders have undergone extensive formulation and modification. This paper provides an overview of various fillers used to enhance the mechanical and physical properties of GICs.
... These tooth colored materials are not only used for the restoration of decayed areas but are also used for cosmetic improvement of smile by changing the color of teeth and reshaping disfigured teeth. 12,13 GIC's have been plagued by certain disadvantages due to its low resistance to wear, high sensitivity to moisture and dryness as well as poor aesthetics due to high opacity and surface roughness. In order to overcome these disadvantages modifications have been made with regards to increasing the amount of powder in proportion to liquid and reducing the mean particle size. ...
Background: New restorative materials and techniques continue to appear in the market, the knowledge of which is required, to make an informed decision on the most suitable successful and cost effective treatment strategy. Aim: To compare and evaluate the Shear bond strength of different glass ionomer cements used in Pediatric dentistry. Materials and Methods: 60 Premolars were taken which were extracted due to orthodontic reasons. The extracted teeth were cleaned with a disinfectant and stored in distilled water at room temperature until further use. The teeth were divided into five groups: Group A: Anhydrous GIC, Group B: Giomer. All the samples were then subjected to shear bond strength test using universal testing machine. The data collected was tabulated and statistically analyzed using Anova one way test followed by tukey post Hoc HSD test using SPSS 16.0 software. Results: The Mean Shear bond strength was found to be maximum for Group B (Giomer) i.e. 2.90±0.55. Conclusion: Research and technology has revolutionized dental procedures. This revolution has occurred at such a rapid pace that it has become almost over whelming to the clinician who must take decision based on combination of experience and current trends.
... Conventional glass ionomer cements consist of two different components: a powdered part containing glass particles and a liquid part, which is an aqueous solution of polymer acids (Moshaverinia, Roohpour, Chee, & Schricker, 2011). In the powder composition, there are fluoroalminosilicate glass particles, and in the liquid part, there are acids such as tartaric, itaconic and polyacrylic acid (Lohbauer, 2010). ...
... The addition of monomers, which enable a polymerization reaction of the material initiated by light activation, also limits the acid-base reaction and reduces biocompatibility compared to conventional GICs [20]. Numerous attempts have been made in the past to improve the properties of conventional GICs [21,22]. For example, they have been reinforced with inorganic nanoparticles such as alumina or hydroxyapatite crystals to improve their mechanical properties and to avoid the downsides of adding a resin, which would compromise the benefits of a biocompatible restorative material [23][24][25]. ...
The aim of this study was the development of a test regime to determine the wear resistance and predict the clinical performance of conventional glass ionomer cement (GIC) restorations in Class I tooth cavities. Cavities were prepared in excised human teeth and restored using three conventional glass ionomer restorative materials: DeltaFil, Fuji IX GP and Ketac Universal. The restored teeth were mechanically and thermally stressed using a chewing simulator with a maximum number of 1,200,000 load cycles. Besides determining the number of cycles achieved, the abrasion volume after termination of the chewing simulation was calculated using µCT images. All teeth restored with DeltaFil reached 1,200,000 cycles without any restoration failure. Only 37.5% of the restorations each with Ketac Universal and Fuji IX GP were able to achieve the maximum cycle number. A significant lower abrasion volume for restorations with DeltaFil compared to Ketac Universal (p = 0.0099) and Fuji IX GP (p = 0.0005) was found. Laboratory chewing simulations are a useful tool to study basic wear mechanisms in a controlled setting with in-vivo related parameters. DeltaFil shows an improved wear resistance compared to other conventional GICs, indicating the high potential of this material for long-lasting Class I restorations.
