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A selective, precise, and accurate method was developed for the determination of cimetidine (C), famotidine (F), and ranitidine hydrochloride (R x HCl) in the presence of their sulfoxide derivatives. The method involves quantitative densitometric evaluation of mixtures of the drugs and their derivatives after separation by high-performance thin-lay...
Citations
... A technique for identifying cimetidine, famotidine, and ranitidine hydrochloride was developed that is distinguished by its selectivity, precision, and accuracy. This method, which combines scanning densitometry with high-performance thinlayer chromatography (HPTLC), can be used for both pure and dose forms [15,16]. The detection of famotidine plasma concentrations has been made possible by the development of a fast and accurate high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) technology that uses a monolithic column. ...
This study involved the development of a novel, cost-effective, fast, and highly sensitive analytical technique for quantifying minimal amounts of the drug famotidine through chemiluminescence. The method is centred around the measurement of energy emitted as a result of the interaction between the drug and Luminol in an alkaline solution; this interaction generates an electronically excited intermediate state, releasing a portion of the system’s energy as photons. The method was sensitive for the analysis of famotidine. The linear calibration curve (LR) is obtained in the range 2-12 mg mL-1, with a high correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.9929. The molecular absorption coefficient (ε) was calculated at 2621×104 L mol-1 cm-1. The method displayed excellent sensitivity with a Sandell’s sensitivity of 1.287×10-5 mg cm-2, the detection limit (LOD) was found to be 0.0314 mg mL-1, and the limit of quantification (LOQ) was 0.0952 mg mL-1. This study found that recovery was obtained at 104 - 96.5 %, and the relative standard deviation (RSD%) was below 1.981%. The results showed that the proposed technique has efficient recovery for measuring famotidine in pharmaceutical preparations.
... A literature survey retrieved a large number of references reporting analytical methods for the determination of these com- pounds. Mainly separation techniques such as Gas Chromatogra- phy (GC) [2], High Performance Thin Layer Chromatog- raphy (HPTLC) [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10], Capillary Electrophoresis (CE) [11][12][13][14][15][16][17] and High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) [18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34] have been used, with the latter being the predominant technique for the determination of these compounds in a variety of matrices, utilizing different methods of sample pretreatment and detection modes. HPLC with ultra-violet (UV) detection, employing re- versed phase particle packed columns, is most frequently used for the analysis of these drugs in pharmaceutical preparations and biological fluids. ...
A simple and selective HPLC method, using a monolithic column, was developed for the simultaneous determination of the histamine H2-receptor antagonists: famotidine, cimetidine and nizatidine, in the presence of sulfadimethoxine as internal standard. The separation was performed on a Chromolith Performance RP-18 column (100 mm x 4.6 mm i.d.) with an isocratic mobile phase consisting of 0.05 mol/L acetate buffer (adjusted to pH 6.5 with triethylamine)/methanol/acetonitrile (85:10:5, v/v/v). The wavelength was set at 230 nm. Linearity was obtained for concentrations between 0.2 to 50 μg/mL and limits of detection were in the range 0.07-0.17 μg/mL. Full validation with respect to linearity, selectivity, detection and quantification limits, accuracy, precision and robustness, the latter using the Youden’s test, was carried out. The method was successfully applied to the determination of the drugs in human serum and urine following solid phase extraction. Average recoveries between 88.0 to 104.4% and 88.0 to 108.0% in serum and urine samples, respectively, were obtained.
... FMT is a histamine H 2 -antagonist, usually administred for gastric, duodenal ulceration and gastro-esophageal reflux disease [2]. Different methods were used for the quantification of FMT in its dosage forms and biological fluids like: spectrophotometry [3][4][5][6][7][8][9] spectrofluorimetry [10,11], voltammetry [12,13], TLC [14,15], HPLC [16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25] and capillary electrophoresis [16,[26][27][28]. U.S.P. recommended a potentiometric non aqueous titrimetric method for the determination of FMT in its bulk form and chromatographic method for its determination in tablets [29] FMT has been derivatized previously by sodium nitroprusside by a spectrophotometric method but this method lacks the application of the method of for the determination of famotidine in ampoules and even in presence of co-formulated drugs of ibuprofen and domperidone [30]. ...
Spectrophotometric and HPLC methods for estimation of famotidine in pharmaceutical formulations through derivatization with sodium nitroprusside were developed. The spectrophotometric method is based on measuring the red color formed after the reaction with sodium nitroprusside at 498 nm. The formed product was further determined by HPLC method using C18 column, mobile phase composed of methanol and 0.05 M phosphate buffer (30:70, v/v) with apparent pH 4, The UV detection was at 498 nm. Both methods were linear covering concentrations of 20-500 μg/mL. The selectivity and the simplicity of the methods allow the successful estimation of famotidine in its pharmaceuticals and in its combined tablets with ibuprofen, domperidone, paracetamol and diclofenac without interferance.
... Spectrophotometric, spectrofluorimetric methods [18][19][20][21][22][23][24] and electrochemical method [25] used for determination of DP. While; methods used for determination of RT include liquid chromatography coupled with ultraviolet (UV) [26][27][28] or fluorescence [29] detection, and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS) [30,31], thin layer chromatography [32], spectrophotometric, spectrofluorimetric methods [33][34][35][36], capillary electrophoresis [37,38] and electrochemical method [39,40]. ...
Four simple, specific, accurate and precise spectrophotometric methods were developed and validated for simultaneous determination of Domperidone (DP) and Ranitidine Hydrochloride (RT) in bulk powder and pharmaceutical formulation. The first method was simultaneous ratio subtraction (SRS), the second was ratio subtraction (RS) coupled with zero order spectrophotometry (D(0)), the third was first derivative of the ratio spectra ((1)DD) and the fourth method was mean centering of ratio spectra (MCR). The calibration curve is linear over the concentration range of 0.5-5 and 1-45μgmL(-1) for DP and RT, respectively. The proposed spectrophotometric methods can analyze both drugs without any prior separation steps. The selectivity of the adopted methods was tested by analyzing synthetic mixtures of the investigated drugs, also in their pharmaceutical formulation. The suggested methods were validated according to International Conference of Harmonization (ICH) guidelines and the results revealed that; they were precise and reproducible. All the obtained results were statistically compared with those of the reported method, where there was no significant difference.
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... Several methods have been reported for determination of cimetidine in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage forms, these methods include titrimetry [5], high performance thin layer chromatography [6], high performance liquid chromatography [7][8][9], liquid-liquid extraction [10] and Potentiometry [11,12]. Spectrophotometry [13][14][15][16][17][18] are most convenient techniques because of their inherent simplicity, adequate sensitivity, low cost and wide availability in all quality control laboratories. ...
Charge transfer complex formation method has been applied for the spectrophotometric determination of cimetidine, in bulk sample and dosage form. The method was accurate, simple, rapid, inexpensive and sensitive depending on the formed charge-transfer complex between cited drug and, 2,3-Dichloro-5,6-dicyano-p-benzoquinone (DDQ) as a chromogenic reagent. The formed complex shows absorbance maxima at 587 nm against reagent blank. The calibration graph is linear in the ranges of (5.0-50.0) µg.mL-1 with detection limit of 0.268µg.mL-1. The results show the absence of interferences from the excipients on the determination of the drug. Therefore the proposed method has been successfully applied for the determination of cimetidine in pharmaceutical preparations.
... Several approaches are reported for the determination of ranitidine in bulk, pharmaceutical dosage forms, and/or biological fluids. These methods include kinetic spectrophotometry [6,7], HPLC [8][9][10][11][12], coulometry [13], capillary electrophoresis [14,15], fluorimetry [16], HPTLC [17], voltammetry [18], potentiometry [19] and polarography [20]. Titrimetric methods with potentiometric [21] and coulometric [13] end-point detection are applied for ranitidine respectively. ...
A direct potentiometric titration method was applied for determination of Ranitidine Hydrochloride. The method is based on the treatment of the primary data with nonlinear regression procedure using commercial software. A general formula valid for every type of acid-base titration, derived before is used as a direct input. The acid-base constants of N, N dimethyl-5-[2-(1-methylamine-2-nitrovinyl)-ethylthiomethyl] furfurylamine hydrochloride were determined by this method in aqueous solutions (I=0.2 mol/l KCl) at t= 25 o C. The obtained pK-values were further used for development of potentiometric method for determination of Ranitidine Hydrochloride in tablets. The validation of the method showed very good accuracy and precision. The present approach can be successfully used in routine analysis of the drug in quality control laboratories.
... Several methods have been reported for the determination of ranitidine in bulk, pharmaceutical dosage forms, and/or biological fluids. These methods include kinetic spectrophotometry [2,3], HPLC [4][5][6][7][8], coulometry [9], capillary electrophoresis [10,11], fluorimetry [12], HPTLC [13], voltammetry [14], potentiometry [15] and polarography [16]. But, such techniques are time consuming because of extensive sample pretreatment, require expensive instrumentation and beyond the reach of small laboratories, particularly in under developed and developing countries. ...
A simple and sensitive spectrophotometric method is described for the determination of ranitidine hydrochloride (RNH) in pharmaceuticals. It is based on the formation of colored condensation product with p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde (PDAB) followed by measurement of absorbance at 503 nm. The absorbance was found to increase linearly with the concentration of the drug and formed the basis for quantification. The calibration graph was linear from 50.00 to 350.00 μg mL -1 . The apparent molar absorptivity is calculated to be 0.311×10 4 L mol -1 cm -1 and the calculated sandell's sensitivity is 0.1132 µg cm -2 . The limits of detection and quantification are found to be 0.00346 and 0.0105 µg mL -1 respectively. The procedure is used to determine ranitidine hydrochloride in pharmaceutical products. The associated pharmaceutical materials did not interfere.
... They are more potent in inhibition of gastric acid secretion than other H 2 -receptor antagonists and also they are devoid of their anti-androgenic and hepatic microsomal inhibiting side effects (Potter & Hollister, 2001; Martindale, 2002). The methods reported for determination of NIZ and RAN in pharmaceutical preparations and/or biological fluids include spectrophotometry (Walash, 2002; Amin, 2003; Al-Ghannam & Belal, 2002; Hassan, 2002; Walash, 2004; El-Yazbi, 2003 ), electrochemical-based methods (Norouzi, 2007), HPTLC (Kelani, 2002), HPLC (Yousef, 2006), capillary electrophoresis (Perez-Ruiz, 2002), and chemiluminometry (Tang, 2007). Spectrophotometry, because of its inherent simplicity, low cost, and wide availability of the technique in quality control laboratories, is considered the most convenient analytical technique for the analysis of ceuticals in their dosage forms. ...
Studies were carried out, for the first time, to investigate the formation and spectral characteristics of N-vinylamino-substituted haloquinone derivatives of nizatidine and ranitidine. The reactions involved the condensa-tion of N-alkylvinylamine formed from the interaction between the free secondary amino groups in the investi-gated drugs and acetaldehyde with each of chloranil, bromanil, and 2,3-dichloronaphthoquinone. The experimental conditions affecting the reactions were optimized and the characteristics of the absorption spectra of the formed colored derivatives were established. Under the optimum reaction conditions and at the max of the formed derivatives, linear relationships were found between the absorbances and the concentrations of the investigated drugs in a concentration range of 10–250 g ml1. The limits of assays detection were 2.61–7.77g ml1. The precisions of the methods were satisfactory; the relative standard deviations were 1.13–1.73%. The proposed methods were successfully applied to the analysis of the studied drugs in pure and pharmaceutical dosage forms with good accuracy; the recovery percentages were 98.1–101.8 0.58–1.57%. The results were compared favora-bly with those of the official methods.
... Scheme 2: The chemical Structure of Erythromycin Ethy lsuccinate Several methods have been reported for the determination of Cimetidine and Erythromycin in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage forms, these methods include titrimetry [4], high performance liquid chromato graphy [5], high performance thin layer chromatography [6], liquid chromato graphy [7], capillary electrophoresis [8,9] and chemiluminesence [10].Some of these methods are time-consuming, tedious, and/or dedicated to sop histicated and expensive analytical instruments. ...
The ion-pair formation method has been applied for the sp ectrophotometric determination of Cimetidine and Erythromycin ethylsuccinate, in bulk samples and in dosage form. The methods are accurate, simple, rapid, inexpensive and sensitive depending on the extraction of the formed ion-pair with brompthymol blue (BTB) as a chromogenic reagent in chloroform, use phthalate buffer of pH 5.5 and 4.0 for Cimetidine and Erythromycin ethy lsuccinate respectively. The formed complexes show absorbance maxima at 427.5 nm and 414.5 nm for Cimetidine and Erythromycin ethylsuccinate respectively against reagent blank. The calibration graphs are linear in the ranges of 0.5-15 µg.mL-1 with detection limit of 0.222 µg.mL-1 for Cimetidine and 0.5-50 µg.mL-1 with detection limit of 0.286 µg.mL-1 for Erythromycin ethylsuccinate. The results show the absence of interferences from the excipients on the determination of these drugs. The proposed methods have been successfully applied for the determination of Cimetidine and Erythromycin ethylsuccinate (with two of its derivatives) in pharmaceutical preparations.
... These drugs are more potent than cimetidine in inhibition of gastric acid secretion induced by various stimuli and they lack cimetidine's anti-androgenic and hepatic microsomal enzyme inhibiting effects. Nizatidine has been determined in pharmaceutical preparations using spectrophotometry (Walash et al., 2002), potentiometric titration (Koricanac et al., 1995), HPTLC (Kelani et al., 2002) and HPLC (Mathew et al., 1993). For nizatidine and ranitidine, the authentic crude drug and the pharmaceutical preparations are determined in the USP XXV using an HPLC method (The United States Pharmacopoeia, The National Formulary USP XXVNFXX, United States Pharmacopoeial convention Inc. 2002). ...
Two Spectrophotometric procedures are presented for the determination of two commonly used H2-receptor antagonists, nizatidine (I) and ranitidine hydrochloride (II). The methods are based mainly on charge transfer complexation reaction of these drugs with either p-chloranilic acid (rho-CA) or 2, 3 dichloro-5, 6-dicyanoquinone (DDQ). The produced colored products are quantified spectrophotometrically at 515 and 467 nm in chloranilic acid and DDQ methods, respectively. The molar ratios for the reaction products and the optimum assay conditions were studied. The methods determine the cited drugs in concentration ranges of 20-200 and 20-160 microg/mL for nizatidine and ranges of 20-240 and 20-140 microg/mL for ranitidine with chloranilic acid and DDQ methods, respectively. A more detailed investigation of the complexes formed was made with respect to their composition, association constant, molar absorptivity and free energy change. The proposed procedures were successfully utilized in the determination of the drugs in pharmaceutical preparations. The standard addition method was applied by adding nizatidine and ranitidine to the previously analyzed tablets or capsules. The recovery of each drug was calculated by comparing the concentration obtained from the spiked mixtures with those of the pure drug. The results of analysis of commercial tablets and the recovery study (standard addition method) of the cited drugs suggested that there is no interference from any excipients, which are present in tablets or capsules. Statistical comparison of the results was performed with regard to accuracy and precision using student's t-test and F-ratio at 95% confidence level. There is no significant difference between the reported and proposed methods with regard to accuracy and precision.
