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Pure and Fe doped ZnO nanoparticles were prepared by a facile and cost-effective co-precipitation method. The X-ray diffractograms (XRD) reveal that the grown nanoparticles are hexagonal in structure and the crystallite sizes are in the range of 27–28 nm. The transmission electron microscope (TEM) micrographs confirmed the spherical nature of the g...
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Undoped and Mg doped ZnO nanostructures were successfully elaborated using polyol process. The final particles produced were characterized by X-ray diffractometer (XRD), X-ray photo-electron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and by Energy Dispersive X rays spectroscopy (EDX). The optical properties was evaluated using the diffu...
Citations
... This is consistent with previous studies that have shown that introducing dopants into ZnO can create defects in the crystal structure, which can affect the electronic and optical properties of the material [35,36]. The decrease in bandgap energy, as corroborated by similar findings in references [14,37], could have significant implications for practical applications of doped ZnO thin films. A lower bandgap energy means that the material can absorb a wider range of photons, which could enhance its photocatalytic activity and improve its electrical conductivity [38]. ...
This investigation focuses on the elaboration of undoped zinc oxide (ZnO) thin films and ZnO thin films doped with 6% of nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co), and iron (Fe). The fabrication process employed the Successive Ionic Layer Adsorption and Reaction (SILAR) method, involving 30 SILAR cycles, and annealing at 400 °C in an oxygen-rich environment. Structural analysis via X-ray diffraction (XRD) revealed a hexagonal wurtzite structure characteristic of ZnO. No secondary phases associated with Ni, Fe, or Co were identified. The incorporation of dopants led to decreased crystallinity, indicated by a reduction in XRD peak intensities and a change in preferred orientation. Optical characterization unveiled a red shift in the transmittance spectra of doped ZnO thin films, signifying a reduction in the bandgap energy when compared to undoped ZnO. This reduction holds promise for augmenting photocatalytic performance and enhancing electrical conductivity in practical applications. Morphological investigations showed modifications in grain size and distribution within the doped samples, aligning with the structural observations. Energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis confirmed the successful integration of dopant atoms into the ZnO lattice. Electrical measurements confirmed that all doped ZnO samples exhibited n-type semiconductor behavior, characterized by lowered resistivity, increased mobility, and carrier concentration relative to undoped ZnO. These enhancements can be attributed to the introduction of additional electrons by the dopants. This comprehensive examination offers valuable insights into the structural, optical, and electrical characteristics of doped ZnO thin films, providing a promising route for their integration into optoelectronic and energy conversion devices.
... This interaction reduces the band of ZnO NPs, resulting in a narrow band gap and increasing interfacial charge transfer rates [10]. Moreover, the incorporation of iron in ZnO enhances both biological activity and photocatalytic activity [11]. ...
... Upon introducing iron doping into ZnO, the XRD peaks exhibited high intensity. This observation strongly indicates a rise in the crystallinity of Fe-doped ZnO NPs [11]. The XRD analysis reveals that both fabricated samples exhibit a well-defined crystal structure, predominantly orientated along the (101) plane. ...
In the current investigation, zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles and Fe-doped ZnO nanoparticles were sustainably synthesized utilizing an extract derived from the Rumex dentatus plant through a green synthesis approach. The Scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX), Ultra-violet visible spectroscopy (UV–vis) spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) techniques were used to examine the compositional, morphological, optical, and thermal properties of both samples. The doping of iron into ZnO NPs has significantly influenced their properties. The analysis firmly established that both ZnO NPs and Fe-doped ZnO NPs have hexagonal wurtzite structures and spherical shapes by XRD and SEM. The EDX analysis suggests that iron atoms have been successfully integrated into the ZnO lattice. The change in color observed during the reaction indicated the formation of nanoparticles. The UV–vis peaks at 364 nm and 314 nm confirmed the presence of ZnO NPs and Fe-doped ZnO NPs, respectively. The band gap of ZnO NPs by Fe dopant displayed a narrowing effect. This indicates that adding iron ions to ZnO NPs offers a control band gap. The thermal study TGA revealed that Fe-doped ZnO NPs remain stable when heated up to 600 °C. The antibacterial efficacy of ZnO NPs and Fe-doped ZnO NPs was evaluated against several bacterial strains. The evaluation is based on the zone of inhibition (ZOI). Both samples exhibited excellent antibacterial properties as compared to conventional pharmaceutical agents. These results suggest that synthesizing nanoparticles through plant-based methods is a promising approach to creating versatile and environmentally friendly biomedical products.
... The purification of white precipitate followed by air-drying at 100 • C for 6 h and annealing at 300 • C for 3 h in a muffle furnace resulted in the final product [42]. In another instance, the co-precipitation method synthesised iron-doped ZnO nanoparticles [43]. Here, zinc acetate dihydrate, the precursor of ZnO nanoparticles, and ferric chloride, the precursor of iron, was dissolved in water, followed by the addition of NaOH solution to maintain an alkaline pH. ...
Citation: Sen, P.; Bhattacharya, P.; Mukherjee, G.; Ganguly, J.; Marik, B.; Thapliyal, D.; Verma, S.; Verros, G.D.; Chauhan, M.S.; Arya, R.K.
... The purification of white precipitate followed by air-drying at 100 • C for 6 h and annealing at 300 • C for 3 h in a muffle furnace resulted in the final product [42]. In another instance, the co-precipitation method synthesised iron-doped ZnO nanoparticles [43]. Here, zinc acetate dihydrate, the precursor of ZnO nanoparticles, and ferric chloride, the precursor of iron, was dissolved in water, followed by the addition of NaOH solution to maintain an alkaline pH. ...
Environmental pollution poses a pressing global challenge, demanding innovative solutions for effective pollutant removal.. Photocatalysts, particularly titanium dioxide (TiO2), are renowned for their catalytic prowess; however, they often require ultraviolet light for activation. Researchers had turned to doping with metals and non-metals to extend their utility into the visible spectrum. While this approach shows promise, it also presents challenges such as material stability and dopant leaching. Co-doping, involving both metals and non-metals, has emerged as a viable strategy to mitigate these limitations. Inthe fieldof adsorbents, carbon-based materials doped with nitrogen are gaining attention for their improved adsorption capabilities and CO2/N2 selectivity. Nitrogen doping enhances surface area and fosters interactions between acidic CO2 molecules and basic nitrogen functionalities. The optimal combination of an ultramicroporous surface area and specific nitrogen functional groups is key to achievehigh CO2 uptake values and selectivity. The integration of photocatalysis and adsorption processes in doped materials has shown synergistic pollutant removal efficiency. Various synthesis methods, including sol–gel, co-precipitation, and hydrothermal approaches had been employed to create hybrid units of doped photocatalysts and adsorbents. While progress has been made in enhancing the performance of doped materials at the laboratory scale, challenges persist in transitioning these technologies to large-scale industrial applications. Rigorous studies are needed to investigate the impact of doping on material structure and stability, optimize process parameters, and assess performance in real-world industrial reactors. These advancements are promising foraddressing environmental pollution challenges, promoting sustainability, and paving the way for a cleaner and healthier future. This manuscript provides a comprehensive overview of recent developments in doping strategies for photocatalysts and adsorbents, offering insights into the potential of these materials to revolutionize environmental remediation technologies.
Keywords: photocatalysts; adsorbents; doping; environmental remediation; pollution; co-doping; metal doping; non-metal doping; carbon-based adsorbents; nitrogen doping; visible light photocatalysis; pollutant removal; sustainability; industrial applications
... However, photocatalysts with similar bandgap energies may exhibit different behaviors, and the photocatalytic behavior is influenced by the positions of the conduction band (CB) and valence band (VB) of the material on the redox potential scale. The band edge positions were calculated using the Mott-Schottky technique, based on the following relations [50]: ...
In this study, the structural, electrical, and optical characteristics of the Stannite Cu2CoGeS4 (CCGS) are investigated using first-principle calculations. Band gap energy is determined using both the mBJ + U and HSE potentials. Both methods yield to similar results (1.73 eV and 1.78 eV for the first and second, respectively and 1.78 eV for the first and second, respectively). Based on our numerical simulations, CCGS is a viable absorber material for solar systems due to its exceptionally high absorption coefficient (on the order of 10 4 cm − 1). This work also determines other optical parameters such as the refraction index and the dielectric function. In addition, the SCAPS program was used to conduct a simulation of solar cells based on CCGS. Based on the computed values of the short-circuit current density J sc , open-circuit voltage V oc , Fill factor FF, and power conversion efficiency, CCGS is presented as a good choice for solar cells. We also explored the potential of CCGS for photocatalytic water splitting.
... In addition, ZnO is the most abundant nanostructured material, such as nanowires, nanofibers, nanorods, pyramids, spheres, flowers, etc., so ZnO nanomaterials (ZnO NMs) are being studied the most to improve the properties of the applied materials [18]- [26]. Currently, the using of ZnO nanomaterials doped with transition metal ions on an industrial scale is continuously encouraging researchers to change and improve physical, chemical, and electrical properties, etc., so that it becomes a better material for many applications [27]- [35]. [35]. ...
... In the literature, ZnO nanostructures with different dopants are documented. Due to its highly interacting 3D orbitals, Fe is one of the most ideal candidates for the ZnO lattice doping [11]. ...
The nanoflowers and nanoblocks of Fe-doped ZnO (i.e. ZnO doped with 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5% Fe) were synthesised by co-precipitation technique. XRD analysis showed that the samples have wurtzite structure containing mostly Fe3+ in the samples with 1% Fe and a mixture of Fe3+ and Fe2+ in the samples with higher amount of dopant. Morphology transformations from nanoflowers to nanoblocks, then into a combination of nanoflowers and nanoblocks were observed. The UV analysis identified the presence of multi-absorption regions in the doped samples. Due to the elevated Fe2+ concentration, the band gap of the 5% doped nanoblocks expanded and behaved irregularly. The room temperature photoluminescence characteristics of the Fe-doped ZnO nanostructures were determined. It was found that, in addition to the detected peaks in the yellow and red regions, the sample doped with 1%Fe shows two peaks in the blue region which could be interesting for multifunctional applications in the field of optoelectronics.
... Remarkably, D 111 in this article was first found at 12.50 nm (Fe0) and then reached 22.50 nm (Fe3) after Fe doping ( Table 1). The variation in D 111 indicates that Fe has an insightful impact on the crystallite size during precipitation process by coalescence of adjacent crystallites [42,43]. ...
Objective
Doping of ZnS by the transition metal ions has perceived considerable attention in industrial applications in light-emitting displays and optical sensors. Herein, we have studied the effect of Fe doping on structural and optical properties of ZnS macro-spheres.
Methods
ZnS macro-sphere with and without Fe doping are synthesized by a simple and cost-effective co-precipitation method and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy to study the structural properties. Moreover, UV-Vis spectroscopy was performed to investigate the optical properties of un-doped and Fe-doped ZnS macro-spheres.
Results
XRD confirms the polycrystalline nature of single-phase cubic structure of as-grown and Fe-doped ZnS macro-spheres. Moreover, the Fe substitute in ZnS inter-layer space thickness decreased and the crystallite size increased. FESEM shows the morphology of semi-spherical macro-spheres with wide micrometer-size distribution (~ 7-8 µm), agglomerated from several closely embedded primary nano-grains. FTIR spectra found that the specific functional groups associated with the vibrational modes of samples present in the range of 400-800 cm⁻¹. UV-Vis spectroscopy shows that the absorption maximum is red-shifted in the case of Fe-doped ZnS. The band gap of as-grown ZnS macro-sphere was found to be 3.46 eV, which was significantly tuned to 3.22 eV by Fe dopant.
Conclusions
The synthesized Fe-doped ZnS macro-spheres show improved structural and optical properties and potential optoelectronic device applications.
... [5] Moreover, it was also showed that iron doping could improve the chemical stability of ZnO nanoparticles in aqueous media [6]. Also a bandgap shift to lower energy region was observed, which enhances the transfer of electrons from the valence band to the conduction band, and in turn, increases the photocatalytic efficiency [7]. ...
In the present work, a comparative analysis of the photocatalytic degradation of phenol, was done for two different types of immobilized photocatalytic nanoparticles immobilized on 5mm sodalime beads by a facile and cost-effective method: (1) Zinc oxide (ZnO) and (2) Iron doped Zinc Oxide (Fe-ZnO). Tests of phenol degradation by using the immobilized catalyst were conducted in batch photoreactors under UVA light of 22W and summertime sunlight. These tests allowed us to evaluate the phenol degradation rate and photocatalyst durability under controlled conditions.
... A custom-made vermin reactor setup using broken bricks, pebbles, sand and loamy soil for this study is given in supplementary file. Cow dung (4 kg) and leaf litters (4 kg) were filled in the reactor along with earthworms (Eudrilus eugeniae) numbering 200 [12,23]. Vermiwash--an aqueous extract--was obtained from the 15-day-old vermicompost produced by the composting of leaf litter along with cow dung using earthworms. ...
This study focuses on the preparation of enzyme-activated zinc oxide nanomaterial using vermiwash via a simple soft chemical method. This vermiwash––an aqueous extract obtained from vermin reactor––is produced using earthworm, Eudrilus eugeniae, cow dung and leaf litter. The prepared nanoproduct was used to decompose toxic dye molecules through photocatalysis. The enzymes present in the vermiwash (like amylase, phosphatase, urease and protease) are found to be inherited by the prepared nanoproduct as well as the photocatalytically treated water. The quantitative study of enzymes shows that the quantity of enzymes present in the nanoproduct as well as in the photocatalytically treated water increases as the proportion of vermiwash used in the starting solution increases. This increase in the quantity of enzymes causes an increase in the photocatalytic efficiency of the nanoproduct. The photocatalytically treated water which consists of enzymes can be used as a potential candidate for effective irrigation. Thus, the vermiwash-activated ZnO nanopowder prepared in this study shows a two linear cascading applications. The results of the studies on enzymes, photocatalysis, XRD, SEM and FTIR are appropriately correlated with one another to address the enhancement in the photocatalytic activity of the prepared nanomaterials and the underlying mechanism.
