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Structure of the caprine kappa casein gene. Exons are depicted schematically as boxes, white (5' and 3'untranslated regions), dashed (part of exon encoding the signal peptide), and black (part of exons encoding the mature protein). Exon numbers and sizes are indicated above and below the boxes, respectively.
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... are encoded by four tightly linked and clustered genes, covering an area of approximately 250 Kb genomic DNA fragment (Figure 4). The structure and organization of the casein gene locus have been described in human, mouse, and bovine ( Fujiwara et al., 1997;Rijnkels et al., 1997a,b) and mapped on chromosome 6 in bovine and caprine species (Threadgill and Womack, 1990;. ...
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We proposed that greater stearoyl coenzyme A (CoA) desaturase enzyme activity caused the elevated monounsaturated fatty acids observed in American Wagyu adipose tissue. Stearoyl CoA desaturase mRNA concentrations and enzyme activities were measured in subcutaneous adipose samples from Angus (n = 5) and American Wagyu (n = 5), fed to the Japanese ma...
Stearoyl CoA desaturase (SCD) is responsible for converting SFA into MUFA and plays an important role in regulating the fatty acid composition of tissues. Although the number of SCD isoforms differs among species, SCD-1 is the predominant isoform expressed in the major lipogenic tissues of all species studied. The SCD-1 gene promoter region has bee...
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... The SCD gene has been mapped on goat chromosome 26. The mRNA has been sequenced (Bernard et al., 2001;Yahyaoui et al., 2002). Two SNP have been reported in exon 5 (Yahyaoui, 2003;Yahyaoui et al., 2003) and a deletion of a nucleotide triplet has been detected in the 3 UTR (Bernard et al., 2001). ...
Milk yield and composition are of great economic importance for the dairy goat industry. The identification of genes associated with phenotypic differences for these traits could allow for the implementation of gene-assisted selection programs in goats. Associations between polymorphisms at 3 candidate genes and milk production traits in Alpine goats farmed in Italy were investigated in the present research. Considered genes were acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase α (ACACA), the major regulatory enzyme of fatty acid biosynthesis; stearoyl-coenzyme A desaturase (SCD), involved in the biosynthesis of monounsaturated fatty acids in the mammary gland; and lipoprotein lipase (LPL), which plays a central role in plasma triglyceride metabolism. An approach somewhat similar to the granddaughter design for detecting quantitative trait loci in dairy cattle was followed. Effects of genotypes of a sample of 59 Alpine bucks on phenotypes of their 946 daughters raised in 75 flocks were investigated. Data comprised 13,331 daily records for milk yields (L/d), fat and protein yields (kg/d), and fat and protein contents (%) of 2,200 lactations. Population genetics parameters were calculated and associations between milk production traits and 10 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) at the 3 genes were tested. Two markers at the ACACA, 1 for the SCD and 1 at the LPL locus, deviated significantly from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, with an observed heterozygosity lower than expected. Flock, age of the goat, kidding season, and stage of lactation affected all traits considered, except fat percentage. Three SNP were found to be significantly associated with milk production traits. The SNP located on the ACACA gene showed an effect on milk yield, with daughters of TT bucks having an average test-day milk yield of about 0.3 to 0.25 L/d lower than the other 2 genotypes. The marker on the LPL locus was highly associated with milk yield, with the largest values for CC daughters (about 0.50 L more than GG). The TGT deletion located on the untranslated region of the SCD gene showed significant effects on average milk and protein yields. The homozygote-deleted genotype had values about 0.5 L/d and 16 g/d lower for milk and protein daily yield, respectively, compared with the TGT/TGT genotype. Differences between genotypes were quite constant across most of the lactation. Associations found in the present study, which should be tested in a larger sample, especially for those markers that show rare genotypes, may offer useful indications for the genetic improvement of dairy traits in goats.
... L'elevata conservazione del gene tra le varie specie fanno supporre che il gene sia comunque costituito da 6 esoni e 5 introni. La lunghezza del cDNA è molto simile a quello bovino e ovino con una similarità del 95% e 98% rispettivamente (Bernard et al., 2001;Yahyaoui et al., 2002). Il gene SCD è stato mappato a livello del cromosoma 26 tramite ibridazione in situ; non sono stati notati altri segnali, indice che è presente un solo gene e nessun pseudogene (Bernard et al., 2001). ...
The subject of this paper deals in the description of Italian zootechny with regard to animal food production and their quality. The last is well documented by the presence of a large number of certificated origin marks (53 POD e 11 PGI). Firstly, nutritional quality of food has been described, with particular emphasis for Glucides, Proteins, Lipids, Vitamins and Mineral elements contents and their metabolic role, in the most important food of animal origin: milk, meat, fish and eggs. After, the presence of nutraceutical substances in the same foods has been discussed. In particular the attention has been focused on the metabolic role of ω-3 fatty acids (EPA and DHA) and Rumenic Acid (C 18:2 cis 9 trans 11), the most important isomer of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA). In conclusion has been underlined the importance of nutraceutical substances of animal origin in human balanced diet. Furthermore the fundamental role of Italian zootechny to assure animal food safety and quality has been confirmed.
... The myostatin gene (MSTN) is considered as important candidate gene for growth and development of domestic animals because of its key roles in muscle growth (Di Stasio, 2005;Li et al., 2006). The stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) gene plays a key role in lipid metabolism (Yahyaoui et al., 2003) and controls the expression of leptin gene. Therefore, this gene indirectly affects the growth traits. ...
... The PCR protocol comprised of an initial denaturation for 3 min at 94°C, followed by 34 cycles of denaturation for 45 s at 94°C, annealing for 1 min at temperatures specific for the marker and extension at 72°C for 45 min and a final extension at 72°C for 10 min. The sequences of the primers and the annealing temperatures used were as reported previously (Lagonigro et al., 2003;Liefers et al., 2002;Buchanan et al., 2005;Chung et al., 2000;Di Stasio, 2005;Yahyaoui et al., 2003;Lan, et al., 2007 a, b,). The PCR product for each sample was digested overnight with 10 U of the restriction enzyme at 37°C and the digested products were electro-phoresed in 2% agarose gel for 85 min at 65 V. ...
... Higher frequency of T allele at POUF1 has been reported for Boer (0.68), Xuhuai (0.97) and Haimen goats (0.88) in china. There are no reports on the favourable alleles at MSTN, SCD and IGFBP3 genes, although these have been identified as candidate genes for growth and meat quality (Di Stasio, 2005;Yahyaoui et al., 2003;Lan et al., 2007a, b). The monomorphic IGFBP3 (1) and IGFBP3 (2) were also monomorphic for same alleles in the Guizho, Leizho and Shaannan goat populations. ...
In the recent years, the Boer goat has gained popularity due to its rapid growth, excellent meat quality, good adaptation and kidding percentage and non-seasonal fertility. Boer goats have been imported in large numbers into Malaysia to enhance the local goat industry. Marker assisted selection (MAS) offers the potential of improving the efficiency of selection programs and a number of candidate genes have been identified for growth and meat quality traits. The objective of the present study was to analyze the alleles at six candidate genes for growth and meat quality traits in 40 purebred Boer goats using restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). The results indicated polymorphisms in leptin1, leptin2, leptin3, calpastatin, myostatin, pituitary-specific transcription factor (POUF1) and stearoyl-coA desaturase (SCD) genes (PIC = 0.18 -0.37). The monomorphic IGFBP3 (1) and IGFBP3 (2) showed the presence of only the alleles H 1 and X 1 respectively. The Boer goats showed high frequencies of allele B for calpastatin (0.54), allele T for Leptin3 (0.64) and allele T for POUF1 (0.68). These three alleles have been previously demonstrated as favourable alleles for growth and meat quality traits in cattle and goats. However, there are no reports on the favourable alleles at myostatin (MSTN), SCD and IGFBP3 genes, although these have been identified as candidate genes for growth and meat quality. Evaluation of phenotypic records for growth and meat quality and test of the association between alleles/genotypes and the traits have to be carried out before any allele at these loci may be considered for use in selection programs for Boer goats.
... The creation of a cis double bond between carbons 9 and 10 of a saturated fatty acid having between 10 to 18 carbons is an important step in the synthesis of unsaturated fatty acids (Ntambi, 1995. The ferric ion, coordinated with SCD, NADPH, cytochrome b 5 reductase, cytochrome b 5 and oxygen, catalyzes the dehydrogenation o f TVA ( Figure 3) (Ntambi, 1995;Yahyaoui et al., 2002). The bovine gene that codifies for SCD has 5,331 base pairs and is located on chromosome 26 (Taniguchi et al., 2004). ...
Interesting health benefits have been attributed to the intake of conjugated linoleic acid, CLA (C18:2 cis- 9, trans-11), which is the main isomer of linoleic acid, and is present in bovine milk. Among those benefits are: cancer prevention, diminished risk for the onset of type II diabetes and cardiovascular disease, modulation of the immune response, and reduction of preeclampsia risk in primigravid women. Although an adequate nutrition of cows has permitted to increase the amount of CLA in their milk, there is variation in CLA concentrations among cows consuming the same diet. It has been suggested that this variation is due either to changes in the activity of stearoyl CoA desaturase (SCD), changes in the gene expression, or to alterations in the ruminal process of biohydrogenation. Research conducted in semimembranosus muscle and subcutaneous adipose tissue of cattle suggests there are two isoforms of SCD.
... This enzyme also plays an essential role in the synthesis of milk CLA in ruminants (Khanal and Dhiman, 2004). In goats, the sequence and chromosomal location of the SCD1 gene have been reported and a single TGT indel polymorphism has been identified in the 3′ untranslated region (UTR; Bernard et al., 2001;Yahyaoui et al., 2002). The main goal of the current work was to investigate if genetic variability at the goat SCD1 gene is associated with milk FA content and other milk traits. ...
Genetic variability of the caprine stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1) gene has been investigated by sequencing a 4.7-kb cDNA in 6 goats from the Murciano-Granadina and Malagueña breeds. Sequence alignment revealed the existence of one synonymous polymorphism at exon 5 (c.732C>T) and one nucleotide substitution (c.*3504G>A) at exon 6 that encodes the 3' untranslated region (UTR). Moreover, the existence of a previously reported 3'UTR polymorphism involving a 3-bp indel (c.*1902_1904delTGT) was confirmed. Single nucleotide polymorphism and haplotype-based association analyses revealed suggestive associations between genetic variability of the SCD1 locus and lactose, stearic, polyunsaturated, and conjugated linoleic fatty acid contents. Associations with milk fatty acid composition might be explained by the global effects that SCD1 exerts on mammary gland lipid metabolism through the down-modulation of key transcription factors. Interestingly, the performance of an in silico analysis revealed that the c.*1902_1904delTGT polymorphism involves a considerable change in the secondary structure of the SCD1 mRNA. Gene reporter assays and quantitative PCR analysis would be needed to assess if this mutation has a causal effect on milk polyunsaturated and conjugated linoleic fatty acid levels by altering the amount of SCD1 transcripts in mammary epithelial cells.
... The introduction of a cis double bond between carbon 9 and 10 of saturated FA with a chain length of 10 to 18 carbons is an important step in the synthesis of unsaturated FA (Ntambi, 1995;Bauman et al., 1999;Thomson et al., 2003;Ntambi and Miyazaki, 2004). The iron attached to the 9-desaturase enzyme, also named stearoyl-coenzyme A desaturase (SCD), catalyzes this desaturation together with NADPH, cytochrome b5 reductase, cytochrome b5, and oxygen (Ntambi, 1995;Yahyaoui et al., 2002). The 9-desaturase activity regulates the production of the major isomer of CLA by converting C18:1 trans-11 into C18:2 cis-9, cis-12 (Kinsella, 1972;Bauman et al., 1999). ...
The endogenous production of unsaturated fatty acids (FA), particularly some monounsaturated FA (%MONO) and nearly all conjugated linoleic acids, is regulated by the Delta(9)-desaturase activity. The aims of this study were to assess the variation of this enzymatic activity within lactation, across dairy breeds, and to estimate its genetic parameters. The ratios of C14:1 cis-9 to C14:0, C16:1 cis-9 to C16:0, and C18:1 cis to C18:0 were calculated from FA contents predicted by mid-infrared spectrometry. Variance components and standard errors were estimated using average information REML. The multitrait mixed model included as fixed effects herd x test date x class of lactation number, class of days in milk x class of lactation number, class of age x class of lactation number, and regressions on breed composition. Four random effects were also included: animal genetic effect, 2 permanent environments (within and across lactations), and residual effect. Under the assumption that the calculated ratios are an approximate measurement of Delta(9)-desaturase activity, this study showed different sources of variation for this enzymatic activity. A slight difference was observed within lactation. The ratios of C14:1 cis-9 to C14:0 and C16:1 cis-9 to C16:0 increased as a function of days in milk. Differences across 7 dairy breeds were observed. The values of Delta(9)-desaturase indices observed for Jersey and Brown-Swiss cows were lower compared with Holstein. The opposite was observed for dual-purpose Belgian Blue cows. Values of heritability for the ratios of C14:1 cis-9 to C14:0, C16:1 cis-9 to C16:0, and C18:1 cis to C18:0 were 20, 20, and 3%, respectively. Negative genetic correlations observed between fat or protein contents and the 3 indices suggested that an increased activity of Delta(9)-desaturase could inhibit the synthesis of fat and protein in bovine milk. Negative correlations were also observed between fat or protein contents and the contents of 3 studied unsaturated FA in milk fat (C14:1 cis-9, C16:1 cis-9, and C18:1 cis). The positive genetic correlations observed between %MONO and the ratios of C14:1 cis-9 to C14:0 (0.72), C16:1 cis-9 to C16:0 (0.62), and C18:1 cis to C18:0 (0.97) showed that %MONO is linked to the Delta(9)-desaturase activity.
... By the introduction of a cis-double bond between carbons 9 and 10 in the carbon chain of fatty acids (Bauman et al., 1999), δ-9 desaturase is an important enzyme in the production of unsaturated fatty acids. The iron that composes the δ-9 desaturase enzyme, also named stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD), with the action of NADPH, cytochrome b5 reductase, cytochrome b5 and oxygen, catalyzes this desaturation (Ntambi, 1995; Yahyaoui et al., 2002). As its activity permits the conversion of C18:1 11-trans into C18:2 9-cis, 12-cis, this enzyme is responsible to the endogenous production of the major isomer of CLA in bovine milk, the rumenic acid (Kinsella, 1972; Bauman et al., 1999). ...
Fatty acids composition of bovine milk influences the technological properties of butterfat and also presents some potential benefits for human health. Impact of feeding on fat composition is well described in the literature; less information is available about the impact of genetics. Based on few studies, essentially conducted to isolate some feeding effect, the breed seemed to influence the fatty acids composition. The variation in the activity of δ-9 desaturase, key enzyme in the production of monounsaturated fatty acids and conjugated linoleic acids in milk, could explain these differences. Very few studies have been focussing on the estimation of genetic parameters of fatty acids composition. However, the moderate heritability estimates observed by these studies for the major fatty acids could suggest a potential genetic effect.
... L'elevata conservazione del gene tra le varie specie fanno supporre che il gene sia comunque costituito da 6 esoni e 5 introni. La lunghezza del cDNA è molto simile a quello bovino e ovino con una similarità del 95% e 98% rispettivamente (Bernard et al., 2001;Yahyaoui et al., 2002). Il gene SCD è stato mappato a livello del cromosoma 26 tramite ibridazione in situ; non sono stati notati altri segnali, indice che è presente un solo gene e nessun pseudogene (Bernard et al., 2001). ...
The research of the cultural vocation is one of the most effective means for quality and typicality protection of production and, at the same time, to limit soil degradation. In particular, the study of "terroir", i.e. the relationships between environment and product quality, highlights a local positivity of the resources, strongly linked to the specificity of origin environments. That must be fairly protect. The valorisation of terroir is mostly considered one of the greatest prospects of success for the national agriculture within the global market, because very often the quality crops become also reference crops and driving imaging for a territory. Actually the term "total quality of territory" is very useful; it means the territory managed in function of crops quality, soil and ecosystem conservation, environment healthiness and landscape beauty. The reconnaissance of the territory vocation needs the research of its peculiarities, witch determine the uniqueness of that production area. Therefore the uniqueness of a terroir is a value added to the quality and it may be determining for the success of a cultivation. The "zoning" technique started from the introduction of terroir concept. It is the division of a territory in function of its ecopedological and geographic characteristics and checking the qualitative result of different species and varieties. In short, the climatic, pedological and crop information interact with productivity and quality of crops. Through the zoning, the constituents of terroir and the verification of bond between the factors so individuated and the typologies of product obtainable are studied and spread.
... The nucleotide sequence of SCD have been isolated and characterized from many organisms and species (Tocher et al., 1998;Zhang et al., 2001) including mouse Kaestener et al., 1989;Zheng et al., 2001), bovine (Chung et al., 2000), ovine , caprine Yahyaoui et al., 2002), and human (Zhang et al., 1999). At the levels of nucleotide and amino acid sequences, the SCD gene family shows a high level of identity of the open reading frame among the orthologous genes and presents a conserved amino acid residues (and their spacing) involved in the catalysis of the ∆9 desaturation reaction Zhang et al., 2001). ...
... The structural organization of the SCD genes has been described in rodents Kaestener et al., 1989, human (Zhang et al., 1999), and recently in goat Yahyaoui et al., 2002), and is conserved within these species. ...
... The nucleotide sequence of SCD have been isolated and characterized from many organisms and species (Tocher et al., 1998;Zhang et al., 2001) including mouse Kaestener et al., 1989;Zheng et al., 2001), bovine (Chung et al., 2000), ovine , caprine Yahyaoui et al., 2002), and human (Zhang et al., 1999). At the levels of nucleotide and amino acid sequences, the SCD gene family shows a high level of identity of the open reading frame among the orthologous genes and presents a conserved amino acid residues (and their spacing) involved in the catalysis of the ∆9 desaturation reaction Zhang et al., 2001). ...
... The structural organization of the SCD genes has been described in rodents Kaestener et al., 1989, human (Zhang et al., 1999), and recently in goat Yahyaoui et al., 2002), and is conserved within these species. ...
Polymorphism in the goat kappa casein gene was studied using the base excision sequence scanning (BESS) method and sequencing. Seven polymorphic sites, corresponding to single nucleotide transversions were detected. Three of these were silent mutations while the other four produced amino acid substitutions. The association between these polymorphic sites was investigated, which resulted in the identification of three goat kappa casein alleles, designated A, B, and C. Protocols for rapid genotyping of the C variant were developed by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism using Alw44I and BseNI restriction endonucleases. The occurrence of this allele was found to be very low in Spanish breeds but more frequent in the French Saanen goat. Further studies among different goat populations are necessary to establish the distribution of these alleles and their effects on the quality and functional properties of milk.
