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Since the era of plant tissue culture bloomed, we have started approaching from a biotechnological perspective to overcome the massive challenges like inducing embryogenesis and organogenesis, initiating rooting, increasing the number of plantlets, establishing a callus from various organs of plants and also enhancing the metabolite content which w...
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... Spermidine and Spermine. Cadaverine is found in low amounts in leguminous plants. In prokaryotes, Put is present in high quantities, Spd in low amounts and Spm is generally absent. But in eukaryotes, Put is present in very low traces, Spd and Spm are present in high quantities ( . The chemical structure of some common polyamines are shown in Fig. ...Similar publications
Objective: The distribution, growth, development and productivity of wheat plants are greatly affected by various abiotic stresses such as lead (Pb) stress which become one of the most abundant toxic metal in the earth crust. Under the three applied polyamine (PAs) applications, the efficiency of wheat plants to tolerate Pb 2 + stress in terms of g...
Objective: The distribution, growth, development and productivity of wheat plants are greatly affected by various abiotic stresses such as lead (Pb) stress which become one of the most abundant toxic metal in the earth crust. Under the three applied polyamine (PAs) applications, the efficiency of wheat plants to tolerate Pb2+ stress in terms of gro...
Citations
... Compared with the MS medium, ½ MS, DCR, and WPM are all low inorganic salt media [52,53], containing significantly lower total nitrogen contents. Studies have shown that nitrogen plays an important role in the growth, development, and physiological metabolism of histocultures [54,55], and nitrogen deficiency in plants can lead to dwarf plants, leaf yellowing, and poor growth [56,57], which was observed in the present study. This suggests that T. arguta successional proliferative cultures should typically have a high N content. ...
Turpinia arguta is an excellent medicinal plant mainly used for the treatment of pharyngitis, tonsillitis, and tonsillar abscesses. However, an efficient regeneration protocol using tissue cultures for T. arguta does not exist. Its main medicinal constituents are flavonoids, particularly ligustroflavone and rhoifolin. Here, we aimed to establish a tissue culture system for T. arguta for the first time using annual stem segments with axillary buds harvested from the field of the Jiangxi Academy of Forestry as explants by dynamically determining the accumulation of effective functional components in the tissue culture plantlets. Orthogonal tests were conducted to compare the effects of different explant disinfection times, media, and exogenous hormone ratios on the induction of the axillary bud growth, successional proliferation, and rooting of T. arguta stem segments. The best explant disinfection effect was achieved by disinfecting the T. arguta explant with 75% ethanol for 50 s, followed by 0.1% mercuric chloride (HgCl2) for 6 min, and the optimal media for successional proliferation and rooting were Murashige and Skoog (MS) + 0.2 mg/L of 6-benzyladenine (6-BA), + 0.03 mg/L of naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), and ½ MS + 2.5 mg/L of indole-3-butyric acid + 0.5 mg/L of NAA, respectively. The detection of ligustroflavone and rhoifolin in tissue culture plantlets 0, 3, and 5 months after transplanting showed a significant increasing trend and eventually exceeded the content requirements of the 2020 Edition ofChinese Pharmacopoeia for T. arguta. Our findings provide, for the first time, an effective tissue culture system for T. arguta, thereby providing important information to support the germplasm preservation, innovation, and application of T. arguta in the future.
... In general, it has been seen that stimulating PA biosynthesis leads to plant growth (Rakesh et al. 2021) and changes in plant metabolism (Zhao et al. 2004;Cai et al. 2006). PAs have a speci c distribution in tissues and organs and different localization patterns within cells, which are related to their unique functions. ...
The production of pre-sprouted seedlings using mini-setts brings advantages over the conventional method of planting, which uses larger sections of stalk. Sugarcane planting using propagules from different stalk sections can impair the sprouting rate and initial development of plants, which restricts yield. Thus, biofertilizers, by stimulating sprouting and regulating plant growth, can reduce losses from unsprouted propagules and boost their development. The hypothesis that the bioactivity of Asterarcys quadricellulare is related to its composition in polyamines and L-amino acids was investigated in the early development of sugarcane (RB036152). Sugarcane propagules were immersed in A. quadricellulare biomass solution to assess its effect on sprouting and growth promotion in propagules from different sections of the stalk, analyzing biometric and biochemical changes. The immersion of the propagules in a 2.5 g L ⁻¹ solution of the microalga biomass increased the sprouting rate and boosted plant growth, especially in apical and medial propagules. Metabolic changes were also promoted by the microalga biomass. The accumulation of total sugars in the propagules was higher in the sections treated with microalga, the same occurred on leaves from apical and basal propagules. The application of microalga also increased the levels of bioactive amines, such as spermidine in the propagules and spermine in the culms. The biofertilizer also increased the levels of tryptophan in the propagules and serotonin in the leaves, when compared to the control. This work demonstrated the bioactivity of A. quadricellulare biomass and its interaction with different physiologic ages of mini-setts of sugarcane.
... The conditions under which explants are subjected in vitro are highly stressful for the tissue, so the cells have several mechanisms to survive. While increased levels of proline, in response to stress, may hinder the biosynthesis of hydroxyproline, which in turn reduces the production of cell wall structural proteins and relevant compounds, increased levels of polyamines in plant cells are considered part of the mechanism for reversing this stress (Rakesh et al. 2021;Nandy et al. 2022). Different polyamines are activated during different stages of somatic embryogenesis. ...
... In the initial phase of high cell division, putrescine plays the fundamental role, and in the phase of rapid cell elongation, there is a synchronized role of spermine with spermidine. Polyamines also play a stimulatory role in the embryo conversion process, alone or together with precursor molecules or ethylene (Rakesh et al. 2021;Nandy et al. 2022). ...
... Polyamines also play a crucial modulatory role in growth and development, as well as in the response to stress caused by in vitro conditions (Nandy et al. 2022), justifying the higher percentages of polyamines in calli from younger explants (Fig. 7c-e), as well as proline. The activity of polyamines is also correlated with ethylene, for both putrescine and ethylene, S-adenosyl methionine (SAM) acts as a precursor molecule (Rakesh et al. 2021;Nandy et al. 2022), the competition between these two compounds by SAM may be the reason for the high concentration of ACC in the callus of 6-month-old seedlings, at the expense of the low concentration of putrescine (Fig. 7a, e). ...
Euterpe edulis Martius is an endangered palm tree native to the Atlantic Forest. As it propagates only with seeds and does not tiller, the tree dies after its highly appreciated palm heart is harvested. In this study, we analyzed the embryogenic response of E. edulis with respect to maturity of the explant and concentration of picloram, an auxin mimetic. Immature fruits were harvested, and their seeds were extracted and germinated in vitro. After 2, 4, 6, and 8 months, the aerial parts of normal seedlings were excised and stem segments were used to induce somatic embryogenesis in the presence of 100, 125, 150, 175, and 200 µM picloram. The number of proembryos, induction rate, explant mass, oxidation, global DNA methylation, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid, proline, polyamines, and ultrastructural analysis of cells were assessed. Six-month-old seedling explants achieved the highest number of proembryos and embryogenic induction rate at most picloram concentrations, as well as the highest 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid content, but lowest spermine and putrescine levels. Explants with somatic embryos exhibited lower DNA methylation levels than non-embryogenic calli. Proline content was highest in stem segments of younger seedlings (2-month-old). Despite being asynchronous, maturation with 5 µM abscisic acid was achieved. Therefore, 6-month-old E. edulis seedlings supplemented with 200 µM picloram could be used for ex situ conservation of this endangered species.
... They can also be found in conjugated forms, such as, with phenolic acids and other cellular components (Jangra et al. 2023). Several studies have shown-Pas taking part in various developmental processes, such as regulating callus induction (Rakesh et al. 2021;Jangra et al. 2023), zygotic embryogenesis (Santa-Catarina et al. (Santa-Catarina et al. 2007), organogenesis (Aragão et al. 2017), rhizogenesis (Martínez-Pastur et al. 2007), leaf senescence (Sood and Nagar 2003), seed germination, fruit development (Tyagi et al. 2023), responses to environmental stresses (Takahashi and Kakehi 2010;Chen et al. 2019), among others. The Spd stands out exceptionally for its role in the process of hypusination, a unique post-translational modification of the eukaryotic translation factor 5A (eIF5A) (Tiburcio et al. 2014), which is essential for cell proliferation in eukaryotes (Wolff and Park 2015) and associated with stress responses in plants (Pálfi et al. 2021). ...
In plant tissue culture, differences in endogenous levels of species-specific plant growth regulators (PGRs) may explain differences in regenerative capacity. In the case of polyamines (PAs), their dynamics and distribution may vary between species, genotypes, tissues, and developmental pathways, such as sexual reproduction and apomixis. In this study, for the first time, we aimed to assess the impact of varying endogenous PAs levels in seeds from distinct reproductive modes in Miconia spp. (Melastomataceae), on their in vitro regenerative capacity. We quantified the free PAs endogenous content in seeds of Miconia australis (obligate apomictic), Miconia hyemalis (facultative apomictic), and Miconia sellowiana (sexual) and evaluated their in vitro regenerative potential in WPM culture medium supplemented with a combination of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP). The morphogenic responses were characterized by light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy and discussed regarding the endogenous PAs profiles found. Seeds of M. sellowiana presented approximately eight times more putrescine than M. australis, which was associated with a higher percentage of regenerated calluses (76.67%) than M. australis (5.56%). On the other hand, spermine levels were significantly higher in M. australis. Spermine is indicated as an inhibitor of auxin-carrying gene expression, which may have contributed to its lower regenerative capacity under the tested conditions. These findings provide important insights into in vitro morphogenesis mechanisms in Miconia and highlight the significance of endogenous PA levels in plant regeneration. These discoveries can potentially optimize future regeneration protocols in Miconia, a plant group still underexplored in this area.
... PAs have been documented to exert a significant influence on various physiological processes in plants, promoting totipotency, cell differentiation, increasing cell division and molecular interaction. PAs can be important compounds that can be used in the field of plant tissue culture for callus formation and induction of secondary metabolites (Rakesh et al., 2021). The important thing here is to determine the appropriate type and amount of PA for the plant species. ...
... Also, capsaicin synthase activity affected positively. Since PAs augment the synthesis of secondary metabolites in plants with significant bioactive compounds, they can be introduced into the culture media as a chemical elicitor (Rakesh et al., 2021). Additionally, Dey et al. (2019) documented that PAs also augmented the production of bacosides. ...
This research investigates the impact of various concentrations and types of polyamines, as well as diverse
explant sources including flower buds and fruits, on callus formation, plant regeneration, and phenolic compound content of the medicinally significant caper plant. Different types, concentrations of polyamines were
used in MS culture medium. Experimental results showed that polyamine varieties and concentrations
increased callus induction and regeneration and affected the accumulation of quercetin and rutin. The highest callus formation was observed in 0.5 mg/l spermine cultures in flower bud explants and 1.0 mg/l putrescine cultures in fruit explants. Plant regeneration was highest at 1.0 mg/l putrescine application in flower
buds, 0.5 mg/l spermine and spermidine in fruits and was not seen in either of the control groups. Phytochemical analysis showed higher production of quercetin (flower buds; 1.3 mg/g and fruits; 0.6 mg/g) and
rutin (flower buds; 1.9 mg/g and fruits; 0.9 mg/g), in callus cultures in the presence of 0.5 mg/l spermidine,
1.0 mg/l putrescine, 0.5 mg/l putrescine, 0.5 mg/l spermidine, respectively. This study reveals that polyamines can be effectively used for the enhancement of callus formation, plant regeneration and secondary
metabolites in the callus culture of highly medicinal plant, caper. Hence, these discoveries have the potential
to be applied in the industrial-scale cultivation of caper plants and the production of pharmacologically
active metabolites.
... In our study, multiplication cycles and, consequently, the obtaining of embryogenic lines were observed when putrescine was added together with 18.0 µM of picloram. Polyamines have been linked to the regulation of several physiological processes, including the differentiation of somatic embryos (Mustafavi et al. 2018;Rakesh et al. 2021). Putrescine supplementation apparently induces the accumulation of proteins that play important roles in protecting cells against an in vitro stress environment, conferring protection on the DNA molecule against damage caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS) (Ha et al. 1998) and in controlling DNA methylation (Brooks et al. 2010), which can contribute to the formation and maturation of somatic embryos (Reis et al. 2016). ...
Key message
A complete system of regeneration, via somatic embryogenesis, from the in vitro culture of leaflets explants of young A. aculeata donor-plants has been reported.
Abstract
In the present study, a complete regeneration protocol of Acrocomia aculeata (Jacq.) Lodd. ex Mart., via somatic embryogenesis is reported, and the influence of the genotype and its age on the induction of the embryogenic process determined. Leaflets explants of 4 genotypes, aged 2 and 5 years, were inoculated in the induction medium consisting of salts and vitamins Y3 supplemented with different concentrations of picloram (9.0, 18.0 and 36.0 µM). In the control, no plant growth regulators were added. Picloram concentrations of 18.0 and 36.0 µM induced greater formation of embryogenic calluses in all genotypes studied. However, 2-year-old genotypes had higher percentages of embryogenic calluses. In addition, at the highest concentration of picloram (36.0 µM), 5-year-old genotypes had the highest oxidation rates. Differentiation of somatic embryos was observed in medium supplemented with 9.0 and 18.0 µM picloram and 1 mM putrescine. However, at a concentration of 9.0 µM, the somatic embryos showed a high degree of fusion. Embryogenic lines were only obtained in medium supplemented with 18.0 µM picloram and 1 mM putrescine. Histochemical analysis showed the presence of pectins in embryogenic cultures and starch grains in peripheral regions of embryogenic calluses, which were not directly involved in regeneration. Somatic embryos were converted into plantlets after 90 days in germination medium containing 0.54 µM NAA, 1 mM putrescine and 3.0 g L⁻¹ activated charcoal, highlighting the potential of the propagation system proposed here for clonal propagation of A. aculeata.
... As reported in various studies, polyamines are responsible for different plant developmental processes [14][15][16]. Including embryogenesis, polyamines have been considered as a new category of plant growth regulators and hormonal second messengers of cell differentiation and proliferation in many biological processes [17][18][19][20][21]. Against classical phytohormones, polyamines play a role structural and regulatory, which may explain their high cellular content [22]. ...
... Treatments that modify polyamine levels, such as its exogenous application, are interesting ways for involved in many cellular processes, such as morphogenesis. It is generally known that exogenous polyamines can induce cell division and increase regeneration [18]. Various studies have revealed the positive impact of exogenous polyamines to improve in vitro processes, for instance somatic embryogenesis [14,30]. ...
... In our case, Spermidine at 0.4 mg/l showed a remarkable effect to both, the quality and quantity on the development and multiplication of secondary embryos, clusters, and embryo clusters. Our results seem consistent with those obtained for Citrus clementina, and Panax ginseng [18,28,41]. During the microsporogenesis of Actinidia chinensis, Biasi et al. [42] shown that Spermidine is present with significant concentration, and an exogenous supply of Spermidine induces an endogenous accumulation of this polyamine, which may explain the efficiency of the polyamines at low concentration. ...
Quercus suber L. is the main woody tree species in the Mediterranean basin. The in vitro regeneration from adult material, through primary somatic embryogenesis, is a well-known process, but the use of secondary somatic embryos for plant regeneration remains a very sparsely studied process. The main objective of this work is to explore the cork oak regeneration potential by using the secondary somatic embryogenesis process. Mainly, in this work, we report the polyamine effect. Explants used consisted on primary mature embryos, derived from leaves rejuvenated by epicormic shoot of the Moroccan Quercus suber. Three different polyamines were added to the basal medium, which was composed by macronutrients of N30K, 30 g/l glucose, and 7 g/l agar. Three polyamines, Putrescine, Spermine, and Spermidine, were added to the basal medium at 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, and 0.6 mg/l. Explants were tested after 8 weeks. Morphological analysis showed that the medium with 0.4 mg/l Spermidine provided the best result for secondary embryos, which corresponds to a very significant (p < 0.05) increase of 375%. The number of secondary embryos directly formed was 2.70 ± 0.51. Similarly, the optimum concentrations for high number of clusters (0.50 ± 0.11) and embryo clusters (1.43 ± 0.35) were increased by 145% and 158%. The addition of the polyamine also acted on the quality of embryos formed. A very significant (p < 0.05) increase in the size of secondary embryos was observed compared to the medium without polyamines. Spermidine showed the greatest increase (about 38%).
... The use of putrescine was able to increase the percentage of callus formation. This is supported by Rakesh et al. (2021) that reported spermine and putrescine have effect on embryogenic calli development and meristemoid formation. ...
Plant breeding programs need to be carried out in order to improve the genetics of wheat that is able to adapt to tropical environments through hybridization, mutation induction, tissue culture, and genetic transformation. In vitro culture through somatic embryogenesis pathways plays an important role in genetic improvement and its integration with other breeding programs can positively affect the improvement of wheat quality, quantity, and development in Indonesia. The purpose of this study was to obtain an embryogenic callus induction method from the Dewata variety using five different types of explants, namely mature Seeds, immature embryos, immature seeds, leaf, stem, and to obtain combination of plant growth regulators and putrescine on somatic embryogenesis of wheat. The experimental design was prepared based on a complete randomized design with a combination treatment of embryogenic callus induction media consisting of 9 levels, namely: 1 ppm 2.4- D, 1 ppm 2.4-D + 1 ppm Picloram, ppm 2.4-D + 1 mg / L Picloram, 1 ppm 2.4-D + 10-4 M Putrescine, 1 ppm 2.4-D + 1 ppm Picloram +10-4 M Putrescine, 2 ppm 2.4-D + 1 ppm Picloram + 10-4 M Putrescine, 1 ppm 2.4 D + 10-3 M Putrescine, 1 ppm 2.4 D + 1 ppm Picloram + 10-3 M Putrescine, 2 ppm 2.4 D + 1 ppm Picloram + 10-3 M Putrescine. The results showed that the media used was able to induce embryogenic callus using mature seed and immature embryo, but immature seed and leaf were not able to produce embryogenic callus. The best media that produced the highest percentage of embryogenic callus was 2 ppm 2.4-D + 1 ppm Picloram + 10-4 M Putrescine with as much as 85.9% in young embryo explants.
... Notably, Put emerges as the predominant polyamine subtype, succeeded by Spd and Spm [35]. These findings are fortified by antecedent research conducted by Martinez et al. [36], Dewi et al. [37], Tang et al. [38], Li et al. [39], Purwoko et al. [40], Paul et al. [41], Aydin et al. [5], Rakesh et al. [42], Xiong et al. [43], and Liu et al. [44]. The supplementation of the regeneration medium with polyamines, specifically spermidine and Put, during in vitro induction demonstrated improved gynogenetic embryo and haploid plantlet development [45]. ...
Numerous factors can impact the efficiency of callus formation and in vitro regeneration in wheat cultures through the introduction of exogenous polyamines (PAs). The present study aimed to investigate in vitro plant regeneration and DNA methylation patterns utilizing the inter-primer binding site (iPBS) retrotransposon and coupled restriction enzyme digestion–iPBS (CRED–iPBS) methods in wheat. This investigation involved the application of distinct types of PAs (Put: putrescine, Spd: spermidine, and Spm: spermine) at varying concentrations (0, 0.5, 1, and 1.5 mM). The subsequent outcomes were subjected to predictive modeling using diverse machine learning (ML) algorithms. Based on the specific polyamine type and concentration utilized, the results indicated that 1 mM Put and Spd were the most favorable PAs for supporting endosperm-associated mature embryos. Employing an epigenetic approach, Put at concentrations of 0.5 and 1.5 mM exhibited the highest levels of genomic template stability (GTS) (73.9%). Elevated Spd levels correlated with DNA hypermethylation while reduced Spm levels were linked to DNA hypomethylation. The in vitro and epigenetic characteristics were predicted using ML techniques such as the support vector machine (SVM), extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), and random forest (RF) models. These models were employed to establish relationships between input variables (PAs, concentration, GTS rates, Msp I polymorphism, and Hpa II polymorphism) and output parameters (in vitro measurements). This comparative analysis aimed to evaluate the performance of the models and interpret the generated data. The outcomes demonstrated that the XGBoost method exhibited the highest performance scores for callus induction (CI%), regeneration efficiency (RE), and the number of plantlets (NP), with R2 scores explaining 38.3%, 73.8%, and 85.3% of the variances, respectively. Additionally, the RF algorithm explained 41.5% of the total variance and showcased superior efficacy in terms of embryogenic callus induction (ECI%). Furthermore, the SVM model, which provided the most robust statistics for responding embryogenic calluses (RECs%), yielded an R2 value of 84.1%, signifying its ability to account for a substantial portion of the total variance present in the data. In summary, this study exemplifies the application of diverse ML models to the cultivation of mature wheat embryos in the presence of various exogenous PAs and concentrations. Additionally, it explores the impact of polymorphic variations in the CRED–iPBS profile and DNA methylation on epigenetic changes, thereby contributing to a comprehensive understanding of these regulatory mechanisms.
... However, adding different polyamines (PAs) to the culture medium increased the size of corms and the number of cormels produced per culture vessel [108]. Furthermore, during in vitro growth, PAs have been demonstrated to alter a number of physiological and morphological processes, including storage propagule induction and development [111]. Total PAs increased throughout the cormlet development stage and then decreased during the cormlet maturation stage [68]. ...
In the world's flower trade, gladiolus (Gladiolus spp.) is ranked first among bulbous flowers and eighth among cut flowers, with more than 30,000 different cultivars being grown. Mass multiplication and commercialization are restricted by the traditional propagation methods. However, the large-scale proliferation and improvement of the gladiolus have been accomplished with the aid of plant tissue culture and other biotechnological techniques. The current review includes a thorough examination of the growth and development parameters required for successful in vitro gladiolus development as well as cormel formation. Moreover, focus is being given to various techniques and methods such as in vitro cytogenetic stability and modification of chromosome number, in vitro mutagenesis and selection of pest resistance, in vitro identification and selection to develop virus-free germplasm, cryopreservation, synthetic seed technology, identifying virus diseases by RT-PCR, somaclonal variation, and protoplast and somatic hybridization. Molecular markers and their applications for genetic diversity analysis, relationships between different genotypes, and clonal stability analysis in Gladiolus species have been conducted by several research groups worldwide and are also being discussed. The article also covers efforts to enhance the functionality of plant phenotypes through genetic transformation. Future prospects for further improvement of ornamental gladiolus are also explored. Overall, the current review provides insight into the applications of basic and advanced biotechnological tools for gladiolus improvement.
