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A novel, efficient and simple approach for soy phosphatidylcholine analysis according to its fatty acid composition was studied with reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. The reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography analysis was performed isocratically using UV detector and simple mobile phase solvents consisting of isop...
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... In the research field of lipidomics, a number of analytical technologies have been built to separate and analyze phospholipids, among them, MS is the most widely used method, and MS based lipidomics analysis has been achieved by using electrospray and MALDI techniques coupled to triple quadrupole, time-of-flight, and orbit trap mass analyzers (Dyńska-Kukulska, Ciesielski, & Zakrzewski, 2013;Garcia et al., 2012;Jangle, Galge, Patil, & Thorat, 2013;Shen et al., 2012;Shen, Yang, & Cheung, 2015). However, these methods are usually tedious, labor intensive and time-consuming. ...
The functional food ingredient of krill phospholipids are easily adulterated with soybean phospholipids due to their similar appearance and physical behavior. In this study, a novel in-situ method was developed for real-time detection of authenticity and adulteration of krill phospholipids with soybean phospholipids using an electric heating probe based rapid evaporative ionization mass spectrometry (REIMS). The commercial samples could be directly analyzed without preparation. The REIMS conditions were optimized such that the cauterizing duration was 3 s, the temperature of the heating probe was 450 °C and the flow rate of auxiliary solvent was 100 μL min⁻¹. The compositions of krill and soybean phospholipids were analyzed by mass spectrometry, and the obtained data was used to establish the multivariate statistical models. The results indicated that the krill phospholipids could be successfully distinguished from soybean phospholipids with accuracy ≥96.58% on the basis of the characteristic ions of m/z 279.23, 301.22, 629.45, 807.43, 831.43 and 833.44. The effectiveness of these marker ions was proved by blind sample tests. This method provides a reference for evaluating the adulteration of krill phospholipids in the market and expands the application field of REIMS technology.
... Phospholipids were quantitated with a HPLC (high performance liquid chromatography) system (LC-6AD liquid chromatograph, SPD-20A UV detector, SIL-10AF autosampler, Shimadzu) equipped with ODS C18 column (5 µm, 4.6 × 150 mm). The SPC in empty liposomes was isolated from PLANs or PEG-PLANs by centrifugation at 5000× g for 10 min at 4 • C and was quantified by HPLC method according to a previous report but with a little modification [20]. The UV detection wavelength was 205 nm and a mobile phase of methanol-isopropanol-water-trifluoroacetic acid (95:5:100:0.05, ...
Subunit vaccines have advantages of good safety, minimal reactogenicity, and high specificity. However, subunit vaccines also show a crucial disadvantage of poor immunogenicity and, therefore, are often formulated with an adjuvant carrier to form a vaccine adjuvant-delivery system (VADS) to enhance their efficacies. Alums, the coarse aggregates of the insoluble aluminum salts, are the conventional adjuvants and have been widely used in clinical vaccines for a long time. Unfortunately, alums also show two main drawbacks of low potency in eliciting cellular immunity, and high reactogenicity to cause unwanted inflammations. Therefore, herein the phospholipid bilayer-coated aluminum oxide nanoparticles (PLANs) and the PEGylated PLANs (PEG-PLANs) were engineered as a VADS to overcome the drawbacks of both subunit vaccines and coarse alums, while synergizing their functions. In vitro experiments demonstrated that, unlike the micron-sized alums, the nanosized PLANs and PEG-PLANs loaded with model antigen of ovalbumin (OVA) showed a high safety profile and were able to promote APC (antigen-presenting cell) uptake and engender lysosome escape for enhancing the MHC (major histocompatibility complex)-I-antigen display. Subcutaneously administered to mice, PLANs and, especially, PEG-PLANs smoothly trafficked into the draining lymph nodes, wherein the densely clustered immune cells were activated in substantial numbers, leading to robust immunoresponses and efficient production of the anti-antigen antibodies and CD8+ T cells. Thus, the aluminum-based nanocarriers, especially the PEG-PLANs, are a promising VADS possessing the potential of eliciting strong and comprehensive immunity against pathogens.
... A few studies have only reported the determination of VPA in plasma alone. [7][8][9][10] Moreover, the approaches used to measure VPA frequently exhibit poor sensitivity or inadequate resolution due to its negative ionization and low mass-to-charge ratio. 11 After oral administration of its prodrug DP-VPA, the VPA levels in plasma showed a remarkable decrease as compared to that observed after intake of an active drug; this indicates the need to develop a more sensitive and selective methodology. ...
DP‐VPA is a phospholipid prodrug of valproic acid (VPA) that is developed as a potential treatment for epilepsy. To characterize the pharmacokinetics and excretion of DP‐VPA, four reliable ultra‐performance liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC–MS/MS) methods were validated for quantitation of DP‐VPA and its metabolite, VPA, in human plasma, urine, and feces. Protein precipitation and solid‐phase extraction (SPE) were used for extraction of C16, C18 homologues of DP‐VPA and VPA, respectively, from plasma. Urine and fecal homogenate involving the three analytes were efficiently prepared by methanol precipitation. The determinations of C16 DP‐VPA, C18 DP‐VPA, and VPA were performed using the positive multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode and the negative single ion monitoring (SIM) mode, respectively. The analytes were separated using gradient elution on C8 or phenyl column. Satisfactory results pertaining to selectivity, linearity, matrix effect, accuracy and precision, recovery, stability, dilution integrity, carryover, and incurred sample analysis (ISR) were obtained. The calibration ranges in human plasma were as follows: 0.00200–1.00 μg/mL for C16 DP‐VPA, 0.0100–5.00 μg/mL for C18 DP‐VPA, and 0.0500–20.0 μg/mL for VPA. The linear ranges in urine and fecal homogenate were 0.00500–2.00 μg/mL and 0.00200–0.800 μg/mL for C16 DP‐VPA, 0.00500–2.00 μg/mL and 0.0100–4.00 μg/mL for C18 DP‐VPA, and 0.200–80.0 μg/mL for VPA, respectively. The intra‐ and inter‐batch coefficients of variation in three matrices ranged from 1.7% to 12.4% while the accuracy values ranged from 85.4% to 111.7%. The developed methods were successfully applied to determine pharmacokinetics of DP‐VPA tablet after a single oral dose of 1200 mg in 12 healthy Chinese subjects under fed condition.
... Fosfolipid kedelai berkurang sebanyak 45% dalam 6 bulan penyimpanan, sedangkan lesitin sendiri menurun dari 45% menjadi 33% (Nakayama et al, 1981). Lesitin dapat dianalisis dengan metode spektrofotometri UV-Vis pada daerah panjang gelombang ultraviolet (Wang et al., 2013, Latif et al., 2014, Jangle et al., 2013). ...
... Sepuluh miligram lesitin pro analisa ditimbang dengan seksama dan dimasukkan ke dalam labu ukur 100 mL lalu dicukupkan dengan metanol sehingga diperoleh larutan dengan kadar 100 μg/mL (Jangle et al., 2013). ...
... Larutan ditambah dengan metanol pro analisa sampai tanda hingga diperoleh larutan dengan konsentrasi 10, 20, 40, 60, 80 dan 100 μg/mL c. Masing-masing larutan dianalisa dengan spektrofotometri UV-Vis pada panjang gelombang maksimal yang diperoleh (Jangle et al., 2013). ...
Susu kedelai dan soyghurt mengandung lesitin yang bermanfaat bagi kesehatan namun tidak stabil bila terpapar udara dan suhu tinggi. Susu kedelai dan soyghurt lebih stabil disimpan pada suhu dingin dibanding bila disimpan pada suhu kamar. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan adanya pengaruh suhu dan lama penyimpanan terhadap kadar lesitin dalam susu kedelai dan soyghurt secara Spektrofotometri UV-Vis.Susu kedelai dan soyghurt disimpan pada suhu dingin, sejuk dan kamar dengan lama penyimpanan 0, 1, 2, 5 dan 7 hari untuk susu kedelai sedangkan soyghurt selama 0, 7, 10 dan 14 hari. Lesitin diekstraksi secara ekstraksi cair-cair dengan pelarut kloroform dan metanol (2:1). Uji kadar lesitin secara spektrofotometri UV-Vis dengan panjang gelombang 204 nm. Data yang diperoleh dianalisis secara statistik menggunakan regresi linear kemudian dilanjutkan dengan uji normalitas, homogenitas dan ANOVA dua jalan pada taraf kepercayaan 95%.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan suhu dan lama penyimpanan berpengaruh nyata terhadap kadar lesitin. Peningkatan suhu dan lama penyimpanan menyebabkan penurunan kadar lesitin dalam susu kedelai dan soyghurt. Kadar lesitin pada susu kedelai suhu dingin (8oC), sejuk (15oC) dan kamar (25oC) berturut-turut sebesar 95,67; 85,88 dan 50,45 ppm. Kadar lesitin pada lama penyimpanan 0, 1, 2, 5 dan 7 hari berturut-turut sebesar 131,99; 105,67; 87,77; 75,53 dan 40,37 ppm. Sedangkan pada soyghurt Kadar lesitin untuk suhu dingin (8oC) 314,530, sejuk (15oC) 176,070 dan kamar (25oC) 74,861 ppm. Kadar lesitin untuk lama penyimpanan hari ke-7 adalah 255,553 ppm, hari ke-10 adalah 152,700 ppm dan hari ke-14 adalah 96,405 ppm. Pengaruh yang terbesar terdapat pada kadar lesitin susu kedelai dan soyghurt yang disimpan pada suhu kamar.
... Chromatographic separation was accomplished by adopting the method from Jangle et al. (2013) using a Zorbax Eclipse Plus C-18 column (3.0 × 150 mm, 3.5 µm; Agilent Technologies) and pre-column (4.6 × 12.5 mm, 5 µm). Further details of the chromatographic method are given in the Results section. ...
Complex raw materials are widely used as supplements in biopharmaceutical production processes due to their positive effect on biomass growth and productivity at low cost. However, their use negatively impacts process reproducibility due to high lot-to-lot variability which contradicts current regulatory guidelines. In this study we investigated crude soy bean oil (SBO) which is a common complex raw material for filamentous fungi. We demonstrated that lecithin, which we define as phosphatidylcholines, is in fact the key material attribute in crude SBO positively affecting fungal growth and consequently productivity. The methodological toolbox we present here allows the straightforward isolation of lecithin from crude SBO, its semi-quantification by HPLC and the consequent supplementation thereof in defined amounts. Thus, over-dosage and potential resulting negative impacts on fungal growth and productivity can be omitted.
... In order to evaluate any residual effect of de-oiled sunflower lecithin phospholipids in drum dried products, lecithin analysis must be conducted in both: a.) the raw material used for drum drying; and, b.) the corresponding final product. With regards to lecithin analysis, several methods have historically been used by researchers in order to identify and quantify phospholipids in different sample matrices (Krüger, Bürmannm & Morlock, 2015;Carelli, Brevedan & Crapiste, 1997;Sparace & Moore, 1979;Block, Borne, Joyard & Douce, 1983;Dorne, Joyard, Block & Douce, 1985;Jangle, Galge, Patil & Thorat, 2013;Jungalwala, Evans & McCluer, 1984;McDonald, Robin & Siegel, 1981;Prabha, Raina & Patwardhan, 1988;Robins & Patton, 1986). Thin-layer chromatography, high performance liquid chromatography and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy have been used to analyze phospholipids (Helmerich & Koehler, 2003). ...
Sunflower lecithin is commonly used as a food processing agent. In this study, residues of sunflower lecithin phospholipids in drum-dried fruits and vegetables were investigated. The contents of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine were of interest due to their natural levels in fresh fruits and vegetables as well as their residues after the drum drying process. Identification of these compounds in freeze-dried and drum-dried fruits and vegetables was conducted by normal-phase and reverse-phase ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) coupled with Q Exactive Orbitrap electrospray mass spectrometry. Quantification of phosphatidylcholine in various fruits and vegetables was performed using normal-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with evaporative light scattering detector (ELSD). The quantification results from these various products demonstrate that use of de-oiled sunflower lecithin as a processing agent in the drum drying production process does not affect the quality of final drum-dried products.
... profile. Among them, thin layer chromatography (TLC), high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC), gas chromatography (GC) with headspace solid-phase micro-extraction [13,14], and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with evaporative light scattering (ELSD) or UV detection [15,16]. Moreover, the glycerophospholipid and protein patterns of different lecithin samples were investigated by high-performance thin-layer chromatography with fluorescence (HPTLC-FLD) or matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) detection [12,17] and by easy ambient sonic-spray ionization mass spectrometry (EASI-MS) [18]. ...
... The addition of soy species to sunflower lecithin can be inspected only in two regions, between 2.84 and 2.72 ppm and between 1.00 and 0.94 ppm (Fig. 2b, c). The emerging of new resonances in the blends are due to the CH 2 and CH 3 groups of linolenic acid (18:3) of the FAs and PLs, which is characteristic for FA profiles of soy oils and lecithin [1,16,18]. On the other hand, linolenic acid is present at non-detectable levels in sunflower oil [28]. ...
NMR spectroscopy was used to distinguish pure sunflower lecithin from that blended with soy species, and to quantify the degree of such adulteration. Sample preparation included liquid extraction of lecithin blends and measurement of polar and non-polar fractions using 31P and 1H NMR spectrometry. Several phospholipid species, linolenic acid and stachyose were found to be characteristic for sunflower lecithin authentication. For quantitative analysis, partial least squares regression (PLS) was utilized for modeling NMR data of authentic lecithin samples and in-house prepared blends (n = 80). The models based on phospholipid, fatty acid and saccharide distributions were validated using independent test sets. PLS based on saccharide composition is able to estimate lecithin falsification regarding its vegetable origin with the sensitivity and root mean square error of validation below 1 % w/w and 3.5 % w/w, respectively. Prediction error was improved by modeling the whole lecithin profile (phospholipids, fatty acids, and saccharides). Repeatability and precision expressed in coefficients of variations was estimated to be below 8 %. The developed approach allowed the evaluation of the composition of lecithin blends of unknown soy and sunflower content on the basis of multiple chemical components.
A huge amount of phospholipids or lecithin is produced as a byproduct in the vegetable oil industry. However, most are just used as a feed additive. This study has focused on enzymatic valorization of lecithin. This was exploited by enzymatic transformation of soy lecithin into lysolecithin liposomes, including functional free fatty acids, hydroxy fatty acids, hydrocarbons, or secondary fatty alcohols. One of the representative examples was the preparation of lysolecithin liposomes containing secondary fatty alcohols [e.g., 9-Hydroxyheptadec-11-ene (9) and 9-heptadecanol (10)] by using a phospholipase A2 from Streptomyces violaceoruber, a fatty acid double-bond hydratase from Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, and a photoactivated decarboxylase from Chlorella variabilis NC64A. The engineered liposomes turned out to range ca. 144 nm in diameter by dynamic light scattering analysis. Thereby, this study will contribute to application of functional fatty acids and their derivatives as well as valorization of lecithin for the food and cosmetic industries.
Availability of fat-rich food is the critical factor for the migration of seabirds. Predator-prey interaction shapes the food web structure and affects environmental variability. Certain fatty acids are believed to be the significant determining factors for environmental health and act as energy reserves for long distant seabird migration. Three different seabirds species investigated quantitatively for fat content and Fatty Acid composition from Pakistani sea waters were Larus fuscus, Larus ridibundus and Hydroprogne caspia, found significantly different for most of the fatty acid. The average fat contents of L. fuscus, L. ridibundus and H. caspia were 23.57±1.82%, 19.71±2.75% and 33.58±0.08% respectively. This study suggests that monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) were predominantly higher than saturated (SFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) ranges from (43.49-48.07%), (32.88-39.89%) and (14.1-16.22%) respectively.. Palmitic acid and Stearic acid saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids constituted >75%. The dietary fatty acid Oleic acid (C18:1n9) was most abundant with 32-34%. The essential ꞷ-3 fatty acids were found to be lower, whereas ꞷ-6 was found in an appreciable amount with Linoleic acid (C18:2ώ6) as major fatty acid in L. fuscus (7.44%), H. caspia (9.81%) and L. ridibundus (8.99%). ꞷ-3/ꞷ-6 ratio was found less than 1 indicating these seabirds as a substantial source of omega 6 fatty acids. This study is the first report on seabirds’ diet constituents from Pakistan to the best of our knowledge. Further experimental studies may reveal the physiological impact of varying fatty acids from this region.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of L-ascorbyl palmitate (LAP) as an additive to liposome formulations by self-assembling with soy lecithin to form hybrid liposomes, in order to enhance the physical stability and bioactivator-loaded retention ratio of the LAP incorporated liposomes (LAP-LP). The addition of LAP significantly increased its surface negative charge and strong hydrophobic interactions occurred between the hydrophobic tails of LAP and phospholipids resulting in more compactly ordered, rigid and hydrophobic phospholipid bilayers as indicated by surface tension, fluorescence probes and DSC. These changes enhanced the stability of hydrophobic polyphenol loaded LAP-LP during storage. Particularly, after four weeks storage at 37 °C for naringenin loaded liposomes, the retention ratio of pure liposome decreased dramatically to 12.5%, while the LAP-LP remained above 74.5%. This study opens up the potential for the LAP-LP to be developed as a food-grade multifunctional formulation for encapsulating and delivering bioactivators.
