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An ultra performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-qTOF-MS/MS) method was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of glycyrrhizin and glycyrrhetic acid. These analytes were separated on a reverse phase C18 column using a mobile phase of acetonitrile: 2% acetic acid in water (75:25, v/v) w...
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... in view the importance of plants in Ayurvedic and herbal formulations, it was decided to undertake a compara- tive study of various extraction procedures of this plant and find out an efficient method for the extraction of glycyrrhizin and glycyrrhetic acid. Moreover, method development and validation for the determination of glycyrrhizin ( Fig. 1) and glycyrrhetic acid (Fig. 2) in extract obtained from different extraction procedures by ultra-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-qTOF-MS/MS) have not been reported, prior to this ...
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Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) is one of the oldest and most frequently used botanical treatments in many countries. The present study investigated the protective effect of licorice water extract against metiram fungicide induced liver toxicity in albino mice (Mus musculus). Metiram is an ethylenebisdithiocarbamate fungicide used against a wide rang...
Several components isolated from Glycyrrhizae radix rhizome (GR), including glycyrrhizin, liquiritin, and liquiritigenin, have been shown to induce cancer cell death and inhibit cancer metastasis. Isoliquiritin apioside (ISLA), a component isolated from GR, has been effective for treating tetanic contraction and genotoxicity. However, the effects o...
We investigated the haemodynamic effects of two-week liquorice exposure (glycyrrhizin dose 290–370 mg/day) in 22 healthy volunteers during orthostatic challenge. Haemodynamics were recorded during passive 10-minute head-up tilt using radial pulse wave analysis, whole-body impedance cardiography, and spectral analysis of heart rate variability. Thir...
ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE ABSTRACT ARTICLE INFORMATION Background: Background: The present study is an attempt to evaluate and standardize three samples of Glycyrrhiza glabra roots from different geographical areas. Materials and methods: The preliminary physico-chemical, qualitative, quantitative phytochemical investigation of the roots of G. glab...
Citations
... Several articles report quantitative methods for determination of GA in licorice. These methods include capillary zone electrophoresis (Sabbioni et al., 2005), HPLC-UV (Bi et al., 2010;Giahi, Jahadi, & Khosravi-Darani, 2021), HPLC-PAD (Sabbioni et al., 2006), and more advanced methods such as UPLC-qTOF MS/MS (Gupta, Verma, Anand, & Khajuria, 2013). This paper describes a simple and fast UPLC-UV method that measured the content of GA and its aglucone GE in confectionery, ice cream, and brewed tea. ...
Glycyrrhizinic acid (GA) is a natural compound found in licorice root and its extract, and is used in a large number of food products. It has been documented that excess consumption of licorice can cause adverse health effects, due to their content of GA. Mandatory labelling rules are therefore in place in the EU to inform consumers of the possible adverse health effects. In this study, 219 samples of confectionery, ice cream, and tea with licorice were sampled in Denmark and analyzed for their GA content. The content of GA was measured with a UPLC-UV method. The results showed that 10% of the samples were inadequately labelled. The samples in each category reaching the highest GA content were confectionery made of pure licorice extract at 23,154 mg/kg, brewed tea at 1203 mg/L, and ice cream at 1690 mg/kg. An intake of 4.3 g of confectionery, 59 g of ice cream, or 83 ml of tea, would surpass the provisionary limit of 100 mg GA/day for regular ingestion. In addition to this health risk scenario from high content products, a larger consumption of licorice products with a lower GA content could also pose a health risk. We suggest campaigns to increase public awareness of the potential adverse health effects of excessive licorice consumption. In addition, it was investigated if 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid (GE) was liberated during the processing steps of licorice production. GE is the pharmacologically active aglucone of GA. 18β-Glycyrrhetinic acid was not identified in any product.
... It contains glycyrrhetinic acid and two molecules of glucuronic acid at the C-3 position. Glycyrrhizin has been confirmed to be effective in the treatment of several types of liver inflammation [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11], lung [12], kidney, intestine, and spinal cord [13]. Currently, It has been proven to be effective in considerably lowering steatosis and necrosis of liver cells [14], inhibition of lung cancer and fibro sarcomas [12], treatment of Hepatitis C [15], potent inhibitor of bile acid-induced apoptosis and necrosis [16]. ...
Glycyrrhizin is a triterpene glycoside derived from Glycyrrhiza glabra and related species which is a renowned phytochemical used to cure a variety of ailments such as inflammation, sore throat, hepatitis etc. It is in huge demand owing to its various valuable properties. With the ever-increasing demand of glycyrrhizin, the search for alternative sources for glycyrrhizin is on rise. One such species with a scientific basis and good concentration of glycyrrhizin is Taverniera cuneifolia. A thin-layer chromatography (TLC) method was established to determine the presence of glycyrrhizin in T. cuneifolia. Further, standardisation and validation, a High performance liquid chromatography (model NEXERA-X2) with LCMS system (Model LCMS-8040) from Shimadzu were used. The analysis was performed by using shim-pack XR-ODS, C18 (75 mm × 3.0 mm) 2.2 μm. In this analysis, the mobile phase used was a combination of acetonitrile and a 20 mM ammonium acetate buffer that was subjected to gradient time programming and monitored by Multiple Reaction Monitoring (MRM) in positive ion mode. The method was validated for linearity, accuracy, precision, recovery, detection, and quantitation limit. The technique was confirmed to be linear within the concentration range of 5 ng/mL to 500 ng/mL with R² > 0.991. The LOD and the LOQ were 2 ng/mL and 5 ng/mL respectively. The suggested approach satisfied the acceptance criteria for linearity, accuracy, precision, specificity, robustness, LOD, LOQ, and system adaptability.
... The detection limit of GA and GL was 1.0 ng/mL and 1.7 ng/mL, respectively. This method showed better selectivity and all the analytes achieved baseline separation within 5 min under simple isocratic elution [72]. ...
... As shown in Table 2, the modifiers added in aqueous phase eluent were all acid modifiers, such as formic acid and acetic acid. The most common mode was the positive ion mode, in which the main ions observed were in sodium or formic acid adduct forms [72]. The combined application of LC coupled with MS technology made it possible to detect substances with low content, or difficult to be separated or lack of UV absorption, which were difficult to be detected in the past. ...
Gan-Cao, or licorice, the dried roots and rhizomes of Glycyrrhiza uralensis, G.glabra, and G.inflata, has received considerable interest due to its extensive application in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) prescriptions (60% approximately), clinical therapy, and as food additives world-wide. Chemical analysis is an important approach to understand the active pharmaceutical components in licorice and its prescriptions, as well as to develop novel methodologies for their quality assessment and control. This comprehensive review describes the advances in the chemical analysis, including sample preparation methods, qualitative and quantitative analysis and biological specimen analysis, based on 113 references for the recent years. Newly established methods are summarized, such as high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC), high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS), capillary electrophoresis (CE) and near infrared spectroscopy (NIR), which allows the identification, authentication, and simultaneous detection of multiple compounds in licorice with higher throughput and sensitivity. It is anticipated that this review could provide imperative information for improving the existing quality evaluation methods of licorice and afford scientific basis for further researches on the pharmacodynamic substances of licorice.
... An ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) coupled with the high resolution MS/MS method is the advanced method for the identification and quantification of phenol compounds from plants and food [18]. The full scan analysis reveals the molecular weight (MW) of the unknown compounds, while tandem MS reveals aspects of the chemical structure of the precursor ion via fragmentation. ...
In this study, an in vitro tyrosinase inhibition assay in combination with ultra performance liquid chromatography-orbitrap mass spectrometry (UPLC-orbitrap-MS) was developed for the rapid screening and identification of tyrosinase modulators from roots of Angelica keiskei. Of the 15 candidates considered, nine chalcones, xanthoangelols (1), B (2), D (3), E (4), G (5), H (6), 4-hydroxyderricin (7), xanthokeismin B (8) and (2E)-1-[4-hydroxy-2-(2-hydroxy-2-propanyl)-2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-7-yl]-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-propen-1-one (9), five coumarins, umbelliferone (10), selinidin (11), isopimpinellin (12), phellopterin (13) and xanthyletin (14), and one other compound, ashitabaol A (15), were distinguished between the test samples and the controls with statistical significance, and the structure of each compound was determined by comparing with in-house standards and the literature. Among these, six compounds, xanthoangelol (1), xanthoangelol D (3), xanthoangelol H (6), 4-hydroxyderricin (7), laserpitin (16) and isolaserpitin (17), were isolated from roots of A. keiskei. Of the compounds isolated, compounds 1, 7 and 16 were subjected to tyrosinase inhibitory assay, and the IC50 values were 15.87 ± 1.21, 60.14 ± 2.29 and >100 μM, respectively. The present study indicated that the combination of in vitro tyrosinase inhibition assay coupled with UPLC-MS/MS could be widely applied to the rapid screening of active substances from various natural resources.
... In addition, time of-flight mass spectrometry (Q-TOF-MS) allows the generation of mass information with higher accuracy and precision. UPLC is specially designed to resist higher back-pressures, with the advantages of fast injection cycles, low injection volumes, negligible carryover and temperature control (4-40 ºC), which collectively contributes to speedy and sensitive analysis UPLC-MS/MS technique produces significant improvements in method sensitivity, speed, and resolution (Churchwell et al., 2005;Pedraglio et al., 2005;Mazzarino et al., 2008;Thöngren et al., 2008;Wilson et al., 2005;Abdelbary et al., 2013;Du et al., 2013;Gupta et al., 2013;Nzoughet et al., 2013). Therefore, in this study, we developed a rapid, sensitive and selective UPLC-MS/MS method to quantify CRT in small volumes of aqueous humour and also do stresses study the samples as per ICH guidelines (ICH. ...
Carteolol (CRT) is currently under development as a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of open angle glaucoma. The purpose of the present work is to develop and validate a stability indicating assay method and its application to estimate CRT in aqueous humour and study the pharmacokinetics parameters. An ultra performance liquid chromatographic tandem mass spectroscopy (UPLC–MS/MS) method was developed and validated for the quantitative determination of CRT in rabbit aqueous humour, using propranolol as the internal standard (I.S.). Aqueous humour samples were prepared by a simple liquid- liquid extraction technique (LLE). The analyte and internal standard were separated by an Acquity UPLC BEH C18 (100.0 ×2.1 mm; 1.7 μm) column with a mobile phase of acetonitrile–2 mM (milli mole) ammonium acetate (90/10, v/v) over 3 min of retention time. Detection was based on the multiple reactions monitoring with the precursor-to-product ion transitions m/z 293.2 → 237.12 for CRT and m/z 260.09 → 183.04 for I.S. The method was validated according to FDA guidelines on bio-analytical method validation. The method developed was linear (r2 = 0.999) over the concentration range of 1 - 1000 ng/mL The selectivity, sensitivity, linearity, accuracy, precision, extraction recovery, and stability were within the acceptable ranges. Forced degradation studies were performed on bulk sample of CRT as per ICH prescribed stress conditions applied, such as acid, base, oxidative and photolytic to show the stability indicating of the method. Significant degradation was observed during basic stress condition. The pharmacokinetics study of CRT solution and nanoparticles in aqueous humour of rabbit eye was performed and results showed that CRT nanoparticles enhances the ocular bioavailability by 5.61fold as compared to CRT-solution.
Sloanea is a plant genus, native to tropical regions, used in medicinal practices for its anti-inflammatory properties. This study aimed to determine the antioxidant activity, sun protective factor (SPF), and antifungal of extracts obtained from two species of Sloanea and to develop extract-based gels with antioxidants, photoprotective, and anti-Candida albicans effects. Ethanolic extracts from S. medusula and S. calva collected in Chocó, Colombia, were used for antioxidant activity and SPF determination using the DPPH assay and the Mansur equation, respectively. Extracts were characterized using HPLC-MS and used to prepare the gels. The viscosity of the extract-based gels was evaluated using an MCR92 rheometer. In addition, the anti-Candida activity of extracts against five yeasts and anti-C. albicans of gels were evaluated following the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute M27, 4th Edition. High DPPH radical scavenging activity (42.4% and 44.7%) and a high SPF value (32.5 and 35.4) were obtained for the extracts of S. medusula and S. calva, respectively. Similarly, extract-based gels showed significant DPPH radical scavenging activity of 54.5% and 53.0% and maximum SPF values of 60 and 57. Extract from S. medusula showed an important antifungal activity against C. albicans (minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 2 µg/mL). In contrast, S. calva extract was active against C. krusei, C. albicans (MIC of 2 µg/mL) and C. tropicalis (MIC of 4 µg/mL). Sloanea medusula gel (0.15%) exhibited an important C. albicans growth inhibition (98%), while with S. calva gel (0.3%) growth inhibition was slightly lower (76%). Polyphenolic and triterpenoid compounds were tentatively identified for S. medusula and S. calva, respectively. Both extracts can be considered promising sources for developing photoprotective gels to treat skin infections caused by C. albicans.
Ethnopharmacological relevance
Licorice, called Gan-Cao in China, is one of the most popular traditional herbal medicines. It is derived from the dried roots and rhizomes of Glycyrrhiza uralensis, G. glabra, and G. inflata. Licorice is recorded in the pharmacopoeias of China, Japan, US, and Europe.
Aim
This review updates research progress of licorice from the perspectives of chemical analysis, quality evaluation, drug metabolism, and pharmacokinetic studies from 2009 to April 2022.
Materials and methods
Both English and Chinese literatures were collected from databases including PubMed, Elsevier, Web of Science, and CNKI (Chinese). Licorice, extraction, structural characterization/identification, quality control, metabolism, and pharmacokinetics were used as keywords.
Results
Newly developed analytical methods, including LC/UV, 2DLC, LC/MS, GC/MS, and mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) for chemical analysis of licorice were summarized.
Conclusion
This review provides a comprehensive summary on chemical analysis of licorice.
