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Structure of alpha, beta, gamma, delta and epsilon HCH isomers (Source: Buser and Muller, 1995).
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Organochloride compounds are known to be highly toxic and persistent, causing serious water and soil
pollution. Hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) is the term which collectively identifies the eight isomers of
the hexachlorocyclohexane and they are denoted by the greek letters α, β, γ, δ, etc. Among the eight
isomers, gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane (γ-HCH or...
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... +91-9743665772. ring ( Figure 1). The five principal isomers are present in the mixture in the following proportions: alpha- hexachlorocyclohexane (53 to 70%) in two enantiomeric forms [(+) alpha-HCH and (-) alpha-HCH], beta- hexachlorocyclohexane (3 to 14%), gamma- hexachlorocyclohexane (11 to 18%), delta- hexachlorocyclohexane (6 to 10%) and epsilon- hexachlorocyclohexane (3 to 5%). ...
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Rapid industrial development has led to the recognition and increasing understanding of the
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... Clostridium sp. degrade toxic organochloride compounds, gammahexachlorocyclohexane (γ-HCH or lindane), and roxarsone, which are persistent pollutants in agricultural, livestock and forestry soils (Girish & Kunhi, 2013;Stolz et al., 2007;Suhadolnik et al., 2017). ...
Spore-forming bacteria known as sporobiota are widespread in diverse environments from terrestrial and aquatic habitats to industrial and healthcare systems. Studies on sporobiota have been mainly focused on food processing and clinical fields, while a large amount of sporobiota exist in natural environments. Due to their persistence and capabilities of transmitting virulence factors and antibiotic resistant genes, environmental sporobiota could pose significant health risks to humans. These risks could increase as global warming and environmental pollution has altered the life cycle of sporobiota. This review summarizes the current knowledge of environmental sporobiota, including their occurrence, characteristics, and functions. An interaction network among clinical-, food-related, and environment-related sporobiota is constructed. Recent and effective methods for detecting and disinfecting environmental sporobiota are also discussed. Key problems and future research needs for better understanding and reducing the risks of environmental sporobiota and sporobiome are proposed.
... Common for most is that they involve collection of samples, retrieval of the samples to a central laboratory and labor-intensive sample clean-up and pretreatment steps followed by quantification [6]. In addition to the lengthy and uneconomical steps involved, degradation of lindane may occur during transportation of the samples from the field causing inaccurate analytical results [7]. Thus, it is desirable to develop techniques that enable rapid in situ measurements in the environment. ...
Lindane is documented by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) as one of the most toxic registered pesticides. Conventional detection of lindane in the environment requires manual field sampling and complex, time-consuming analytical sample handling relying on skilled labor. In this study, an electrochemical sensing system based on a modified electrode is reported. The system is capable of detecting lindane in aqueous medium in only 20 s. The surface of a conventional carbon electrode is modified with a film of conductive polymer that enables detection of lindane down to 30 nanomolar. The electrode modification procedure is simple and results in a robust sensor that can withstand intensive use. The sensitivity of the sensor is 7.18 µA/µM and the performance was demonstrated in the determination of lindane in spiked ground water. This suggests that the sensor is potentially capable of providing useful readings for decision makers. The rapid and sensitive quantification of lindane in aqueous medium is one step forward to new opportunities for direct, autonomous control of the pesticide level in the environment.
... Lindane is a chlorinated pesticide employed in medicine and agriculture for many decades, due to its wide action spectrum (Girish and Mohammad Kunhi, 2013;Zhou et al., 2018). Although it has enhanced crop yields and control insect-borne diseases, its physicochemical characteristics make it a recalcitrant and toxic compound for human and animal health (Domínguez et al., 2018). ...
The scaling-up of lindane-contaminated soils bioremediation from microcosms to mesocosms bioaugmentated with an actinobacteria quadruple culture and biostimulated with sugarcane filter cake (SCFC) was surveyed. Mesocosms of silty loam soil, clayey soil, and sandy soil were polluted with the pesticide, bioaugmented with the mixed culture, biostimulated with adequate amounts of 0.5 mm SCFC particles, and assessed during 63 days maintaining environmental parameters with minimal intervention. Samples were taken to determine residual lindane, heterotrophic microorganisms, enzymatic activities, and bioremediation effectiveness using ecotoxicity tests with Raphanus sativus, Lactuca sativa, and Lycopersicon esculentum. The bioaugmentation and biostimulation of the three soils improved lindane removal, microbial counts, and enzymatic activities, and reduced pesticide T1/2, regarding the values obtained in non-bioremediated controls. The removal process was significantly affected by the soil type, and the highest pesticide dissipation (82.6%) was detected in bioremediated sandy soil. Ecotoxicity tests confirmed the bioremediation success through a rise in the vigor index of seedlings compared to non-treated soils (R. sativus: 12–22%; L. sativa: 12–20%; L. esculentum: 30–45%). Finally, scanning electron microscopy corroborated soil colonization by actinobacteria. Successful scaling-up of the combined application of an actinobacteria quadruple culture and SCFC as an appropriate strategy for restoring lindane-polluted soils at mesocosms-scale was confirmed.
... The earliest research on the degradation of lindane using white rot fungi was reported by Bumpus et al. (1985). Over the next three decades, a number of studies have been car- ried out on the degradation of lindane using white rot fungi Phillips et al., 2005;Girish and Kunhi, 2013). The complete degradation of lindane by all four cultures of Pleurotus species was observed irrespective of the concentration after 30 days (Mohapatra et al., 2012). ...
The widespread use of the organochlorine insecticide lindane in the world has caused serious environmental problems. The main purpose of this paper is to investigate the potency of several Phlebia species of white rot fungi to degrade, transform and mineralize lindane, and to provide the feasibility of using white rot fungi for bioremediation at contaminated sites. Based on tolerance experiment results, Phlebia brevispora and Phlebia lindtneri had the highest tolerance to lindane and were screened by degradation tests. After 25 days of incubation, P. brevispora and P. lindtneri degraded 87.2 and 73.3% of lindane in low nitrogen medium and 75.8 and 64.9% of lindane in high nitrogen medium, respectively. Several unreported hydroxylation metabolites, including monohydroxylated, dehydroxylated, and trihydroxylated products, were detected and identified by GC/MS as metabolites of lindane. More than 10% of [14C] lindane was mineralized to 14CO2 by two fungi after 60 days of incubation, and the mineralization was slightly promoted by the addition of glucose. Additionally, the degradation of lindane and the formation of metabolites were efficiently inhibited by piperonyl butoxide, demonstrating that cytochrome P450 enzymes are involved in the fungal transformation of lindane. The present study showed that P. brevispora and P. lindtneri were efficient degraders of lindane; hence, they can be applied in the bioremediation process of lindane-contaminated sites.
... If the use of pesticides exceeds the safe limit they pollute the environment, degrading its ecological aspects and hampering its natural processes to sustain life [1]. However, some pesticides itself are dangerous in their low limit, that are persistent in nature and are called persistent organic pollutants [2]. ...
... Some genes encoding for lindane degradation enzymes have already been cloned, sequenced and characterized. These genes, called lin genes, are highly conserved in diverse genera of bacteria, including Gram-positive groups, occurring in various environmental conditions (Girish and Kunhi 2013). ...
Lindane is a cyclic, saturated and highly chlorinated pesticide with a broad spectrum, which has been used worldwide for many decades to control a variety of pests, and also in human health and veterinary. Afterward, it has been demonstrated that lindane and its isomers may cause serious damage to health in the short and long term. Besides, lindane is known to be persistent in the environment and tends to bioaccumulate along the food chain. Thus, lindane residues remain in the environment for a long time and have been recently found in water, soil, sediments, plants, and animals all over the world, and even in human fluids and tissues. In this context, nowadays, scientists, working all over the world, are involved in developing lindane remediation technologies including physical, chemical, and biological techniques. This article provides updated information on the biologic degradation of lindane using different microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, and algae, under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions.
... This result is encouraging for the applicative relapses related to the bioremediation of lindane polluted seawater. In fact, most of the lindane-degrading bacteria known to date have been isolated from contaminated soils (Girish and Kunhi, 2013). As regards heterotrophic marine bacteria, little work has been performed on the pathways of lindane degradation (Rambo, 2013). ...
... The same finding was also found by Aislabie and Lloyd-Jones [24] and Pino et al. [25] who reported that the effectiveness of biodegradation in the natural environment was largely determined by availability, but the degree of recalcitrance was also influenced by the chemical structure of the organic compound. [26,27] and Lindane [28,29]. Availability of essential nutrients for microbial growth such as carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and oxygen may also limit the rate at which microorganisms degrade pesticides. ...
Isolation and selection of potent degradative microorganisms against naturally persistent compounds considered as a powerful means for environmental detoxification. In the present study, the natural biotic capacity of water to degrade a mixture of four chlorinated hydrocarbons; DDT (1,1,1,-trichloro-2,2-bis (p-chlorophenyl) ethane); DDE (1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis (p-chlorophenyl) ethane); Lindane (1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachlorocyclohexane (γ-HCH); Endrin (1,2,3,4,10,10,hexachloro-6,7-epoxy-1, 4,4a,5,6,7,8a-octahydro-1,4-endo-5,8-dimethanophethalene) at two elevated levels (0.05 and 50 ppm) was investigated. Five bacterial species (Pseudmonas cepacia, Enterobacter agglomerans, Arthrobacter sp., Eschericia coli and Staphylococcus aureus) isolated and identified from a heavily polluted lake (L. Mariut) were investigated as biodegraders during the present work. Also, the ability of these pesticides to challenge the growth of the selected species has been examined. The tested bacterial species found to efficiently promote the degradation of the tested compounds. Degradation of DDT, DDE, Lindaine and Endrin were mediated by all the species. At the low concentration (0.05 ppm), the pesticide mixture was diminished by P. cepacia after 24 h exposure. On the other hand, Arthrobacter sp., E. coli, S. aureus and E. agglomerans were able to degrade the pesticide mixture totally after 48, 72, 72 and 96 h, respectively. At the high concentration (50.0 ppm), the tested bacteria were able to degrade >87.0% of the pesticide mixture. The inhibitory effect (p<0.001) of the pesticides mixture (DDT, DDE, Lindane and Endrin) on the bacterial growth at 0.05 and 50.0 ppm was noticed. The magnitude of growth inhibition was found to be a function of the pesticide mixture concentration, bacterial species and the exposure time.
Pollution has been the most discussed subject in the past decade due to uninterrupted intervention of humankind in the nature’s environmental balance in the form of release of toxic substances into air, soil, and water. Overexploitation of the natural resources in the postindustrial era has led to complete destruction of the environment. Researchers and government agencies have employed various strategies to mitigate the impact of environmental damage but to a larger extent all the efforts employing physical and chemical treatment methods have been unsuccessful due to the unsustainability during treatments. The use of bioremediation for treating pollution at various levels has been contemplated in the past as well but a concerted effort from the various fields is required for the method to gain practical acceptance. Bioremediation involves the use of living organisms in neutralizing the harmful effects of pollutants. There has been exploration on the materials that aid in the degradation either by augmenting the speed of degradation or by providing a suitable environment. Hence, a concerted effort has been employed in the development of advanced techniques that have been used in the past decade for the degradation of pollutants like hydrocarbons, fertilizers, and pesticides which exist as residues in all biotic environments. Since bioremediation is one of the cheapest alternatives that is available for treating the pollutants in the environment, a review of the past studies and assessment of the possible future methods is very much important for protecting the environment and as well as repairing the already damaged environment.KeywordsBioremediationDegradationPhytoremediationElectricigensSustainability
The ultimate goal of heavy metal contaminated soil remediation is to increase crop yields on the premise of ensuring food production safety. Soil contaminated by heavy metals threatens the quality of agricultural products and human health. Hence, it is necessary to choose appropriate economic and effective remediation techniques to control the deterioration and revive the land quality. Among the methods available, biochar application for adsorption and remediation of heavy metal contaminated soil is emerging to be a sustainable approach. Biochar introduction to the soil provides organic matter and essential macro and micronutrients like C, N, P, K, Ca, Mg, etc., which enhances soil enzyme and microbial activities. Additionally, the plant root environment, soil water retention, and saturated hydraulic conductivity can be improved in the presence of biochar. This chapter is intended to present an overview of the production techniques of biochar, its properties, and characteristics required for effective heavy metal removal and the corresponding process conditions, mechanisms involved in the interaction of biochar with heavy metals, and the benefits as well as bottlenecks of biochar application in soil.
